UNIT - I BASIC CONCEPTS, MEANING AND DEFINITION

Meaning of tax
The tax is a compulsory payment that has to be made by individual or other persons to
central government, state government or local government. Tax is based on certain will
establishment rules or criteria such as income earned, property owned or expenditure made.

Direct and indirect tax

Direct tax is a payment directly made to the stable by the person who bears it. Indirect
tax is a tax which is paid by one person and burned by another person.

Income tax act

The income tax act of 1961 has been in effect from the first day of April 1962 (sec 1). It
contains 298 sec, sub sections, schedules etc. the income tax rules of 1962 were framed by central
board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)

Assessment year (sec 2(9)

Assessment year may be defined as a year in which the income tax of the previous year is
to be assessed. It is a period of twelve months starting from April 1 of every year and ending on
March 31 of the next year.

Previous year (sec 3)

For the purposes of this Act, the term “previous year” means that the financial year
immediately preceding the assessment year. ... Under Income Tax, the returns are filed by
assesses after end of the year/ period during which earnings are made and that period is called
as previous year/ financial year.

Definition of 'Assesses'
Section 2(7) of Income Tax Act. As per S. 2(7) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, unless the
context otherwise requires, the term “Assesses” means a person who is responsible for payment
of any tax or any other sum of money under this Act, and includes

Person 2(31)
It includes an individual and Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), Company, Firm, Association of
Person (AOP), Body of Individual (BOI) Local Authority & Artificial Juridical Persons.

AGRICULTURAL INCOME (SEC 2(1A))

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 In India, agricultural income refers to income earned or revenue derived from sources that
include farming land, buildings on or identified with an agricultural land and commercial produce
from a horticultural land. Agricultural income is defined under section 2(1A) of the Income Tax
Act, 1961.

Different types of Agricultural Income

 Rent or Revenue Derived from land.
 Income from Agriculture Operations.
 Income from Farm House/Building Attached to Agricultural Land.
Non-agricultural income from land
 Income from markets
 Income from stone quarries
 Income from mining royalties
 Income from land used for storing agricultural produce
 Income from supply of water for irrigation purpose
 Income from self-grown, grass and trees
 Income from fisheries
 Remuneration received as manager of an agricultural farm
 Income from interest on arrears of rent of agricultural land

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 UNIT - II INCOME EXEMPTED FROM TAX

Meaning and importance of residential status

The taxability of an individual in India depends upon his residential status in India for any
particular financial year. The term residential status has been coined under the income tax laws
of India and must not be confused with an individual’s citizenship of India. An individual may be
a citizen of India but may end up being a non-resident for a particular year. Similarly, a foreign
citizen may end up being a resident of India for income tax purposes for a particular year.
Also to note that the residential status of different types of persons via an individual, a
firm, a company etc is determined differently in this article, we have discussed about how the
residential status of an individual taxpayer can be determined for any particular financial year

How to determine residential status?

For the purpose of income tax in India, the income tax laws in India classify taxable persons as: 
A resident
 A resident not ordinarily resident (RNOR)
 A non-resident (NR)
The taxability differs for each of the above categories of taxpayers. Before we get into taxability,
let us first understand how a taxpayer becomes a resident, an RNOR or and NR.

Resident
A taxpayer would be qualified as a resident of India if he satisfies any one of the following
2 conditions:
 Stay in India for a year is 182 days or more
 Stay in India for the immediately 4 preceding years is 365 days or more and 60 days
or more in the relevant financial year
In the event an individual leaves India for employment during an FY, he will be qualified as
a resident of India only if he stays in India for 182 days or more. else the condition (b) above 60
days will not apply to him

Resident Not Ordinarily Resident

If an individual qualifies as a resident, the next step is to determine if he/she is a Resident
ordinarily resident (ROR) or an RNOR. He will be a ROR if he meets both the following conditions:
 Has been a resident of India For at least 2 out of 10 years immediately, For the
previous years
 Has stayed in India for at least 730 days in 7 immediately after the preceding years
Therefore, if any individual fails to satisfy even one of the above conditions, he would be
an RNOR.

Non-resident
An individual satisfying neither of the conditions stated in (a) or (b) above would be an NR
for the year.

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Taxability Resident:
A resident will be charged to tax in India on his global income i.e. income earned in India
as well as the income earned outside India.

NR and RNOR:
Their tax liability in India is restricted to the income they earn in India. They are not in
need to pay any tax in India on their foreign income.
Also note that in case of double taxation of income where the same income is getting taxed
in India as well as in abroad, one may resort to the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)
that India would have entered into with the other country in order to eliminate the possibility of
paying taxes twice.

Scope of total income

Section -5 of Income Tax Act, 1961 provides Scope of total Income in case a person who is
a resident, not an ordinarily resident in India and person who is a non-resident which includes.
Income can be Income from any source which (a) is received or is deemed to be received in India
in such year by or on behalf of such person; or (b) accrues or arises or is deemed to accrue or
arise to him in India during such year; or (c) accrues or arises to him outside India during such
year.

Table explaining Scope of total Income under section 5 of Income Tax Act, 1961

Sr. Particulars Resident Resident Not Non

No Ordinary Ordinary Resident
Resident Resident (RNOR) (NR)– 5(2)
(ROR) – 5(1)

1 Income received in India Taxed Taxed Taxed

2 Income Deemed to be receive in Taxed Taxed Taxed

India

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Note-
1. Residential status is as per section 6 of Income Tax Act, 1961.
2. Deemed income is not actually accrued but is supposed to be accrued notionally.
3. The income accrued is when the assesse obtains the rights to receive it.
4. Previous year means the financial year immediately preceding the assessment
year.

Explanation 1 & 2: -
Income accruing or arising outside India shall not be deemed to be received in India within
the meaning of this section by reason only of the fact that it is taken into account in a balance
sheet prepared in India.
Income which has been included in the total income of a person on the basis that it has
accrued or arisen or is deemed to have accrued or arisen to him shall not again be so included on
the basis that it is received or deemed to be received by him in India.

Certain Examples of incomes which treated as incomes deemed to have accrued or arisen in
India:
 If Mr. X Transfer his Residential Property situated in Delhi then Capital gain arising
on transfer of such Capital Asset is deemed to accrue in India. It means Capital gain
arising on transfer of property situated in India.
 Income from business connection in India.
 Dividend paid by an Indian company.
 Income from any property, asset or other source of income located in India.

EXERCISES
Mr. Rajan left India for the first time on 15th December 2018 and returned back to India
on 2nd February 2019. Identify his residential status for the assessment year 2019-20.

Solution:

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 Mr. Rajan Singh will get the status “Ordinary Resident”, since he satisfies the first basic
condition and both the additional conditions.

MR. Williams is an Indian citizen who lives, in India since 1984.During the previous year
2018-2019 he went to Arabia for 325 days. Identify the residential status.

Solution:
Mr. Williams will get the status “Non-Resident”, since he not satisfies the basic
conditions itself as he had stayed only for 40 days in the previous year 2018-2019.

From the following details calculate the total income of Mr. Raja, if he is OR, NOR and NR
 dividend from Indian company Rs 1,00,000
 dividend from foreign company Rs 1,50,000, received in India
 income from business in Kenya but controlled from India Rs,
2,00,000
 income accrued in Switzerland Rs, 2,50,000, 2/5th received in India
 income from business in Indonesia but controlled from Bangladesh
Rs, 5,00,000 Solution:
Calculation of taxable income of Mr. Raja
S. No Income O.R N.O.R N.R.
1 Dividend from Indian company
- - -
2 Dividend from foreign company, received in
India 1,50,000 1,50,000 1,50,000

3 Income from business in Kenya but controlled

from India 2,00,000 2,00,000 2,00,000
4 income accrued in Switzerland
a. 2/5received in India {2,50,000*2/5}
b. Balance 1,50,000 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000

1,50,000 - -
5 Income from business in Indonesia but
controlled from Bangladesh 5,00,000 - -
Total income 11,00,000 4,50,000 2,50,000

Mr. Sunil earns the following income during the previous year 2018-19
a. Interest from an Indian company received in Germany rs, 1,00,000
b. Pension from former employer in India received in U.K. Rs, 2,00,000
c. Income from companies in USA and received in India 1,00,000
d. Income from agriculture in USA and received in India 10,000

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 e. Income from employment in Japan received there Rs, 20,000
f. Past untaxed profits brought to India Rs, 50,000

Compute GTI of Sunil for the assessment year 2019-20 if he is,

i. Resident
ii. Not ordinarily resident
iii. Non resident

Solution:
Calculation of taxable income of Mr. Sunil
Sr Income O.R N.O.R N.R.
1 Interest from an Indian company received in Germany
1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000
2 Pension from former employer in India received in U.K
2,00,000 2,00,000 2,00,000
3 Income from companies in USA and received in India
1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000
Income from agriculture in USA and received in India
4 10,000 10,000 10,000
5 Income from employment in Japan received there -
20,000 -
6 Past untaxed profits brought to India Rs, 50,000 - - -

Total income 4,30,000 4,10,000 4,10,000

UNIT - III INCOME FROM SALARY

Salary
Salary comes into existence as a result of employer-employee relationship. In an
employer-employee relationship, employee performs his duties and the employer provides him
salary.

Allowances

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 Allowances are part of salary given to employees to meet some particular requirements
such as house rent, conveyance, etc. Allowances may be fully taxable, partially taxable or fully
exempt.

House Rent Allowance [HRA]

The least of the following is exempt from tax:
 50% of salary, (residential house situated at Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi or Chennai) and 40%
of salary where residential house is situated at any other place;
 Actual house rent allowance received by the employee;
 Excess of rent paid over 10% of salary
NOTE: SALARY = BP + DA [partly] + COMMISION ON SALE
Leave Encashment
Encashment of earned leave while in service will be treated as income. S. 17(1)(v)(a).
Encashment of earned leave on retirement would however, be exempt to the extent of least of:
 10 months’ salary calculated on the basis of last 10 months average salary or
 Rs. 25,00,000
 Amount equivalent to earned leave
 Actual amount paid by the employer
NOTE: SALARY = BP + D PAY + DA [partly] + TAXABE ALLOWANCE + BONUS + COMMISION + OTHER
Entitlement of earned leave should not exceed 30 days for every year of actual service.
Limits provided for aggregate maximum from any number of employers. Encashment of earned
leave on retirement would be wholly exempt for employees of Central/State Government.

Special Allowances [S. 10(14)]

Following prescribed special allowances are exempt:
 Allowance, not in the nature of perquisite, granted to meet expenses wholly, necessarily
and exclusively incurred in the performance of duties, to the extent to which actually
incurred.
 Allowance granted to meet personal expense at the place where duties of his office are
ordinarily performed or at the place where he ordinarily resides or to compensate for
increased cost of living as may be prescribed in Rule 2BB.

Nature of allowance prescribed under Rule 2BB

 For cost of travel on tour or on transfer,
 For ordinary daily charges on account of absence from normal place of duty on tour or
for journey in connection with transfer,
 For conveyance in performance of duties, where free conveyance is not provided,
 For expenditure on helper engaged for performance of office duties,

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  For encouraging academic, research and training pursuits in educational and research
institutions,
 For purchase or maintenance of uniform,
 Special Compensatory Allowance in specified areas to extent specified,
 Tribal Area Allowances in specified states up to Rs. 200 p.m.
 For meeting personal expenditure of employee of transport system running transport
vehicle, up to 70% of allowance, maximum of Rs. 6,000 p.m., provided no daily allowance
for the said duty is received.
 Children educational allowance @ Rs. 100 p.m. per child, maximum of two children,
 Children hostel allowance @ Rs. 300 p.m. per child, maximum of two children,
 Compensatory Field Area Allowance in specified areas, @ Rs. 2,600 p.m.
 Compensatory modified field area allowance @ Rs. 1,000 p.m.
 Counter insurgency allowance @ Rs. 3,900 p.m. to members of armed forces.
 Transport allowance (TA) granted to meet expenses for commuting between place of
residence and place of duty is exempt up to Rs. 800 per month and TA received by blind
or orthopedically handicapped is exempt up to Rs. 1,600 per month.
 Underground allowance granted to employee of underground coal mines: Rs. 800 per
month.
 Special allowance in the nature of high altitude to members of armed forces: Rs. 1,060
per month for altitude of 9,000 to 15,000 ft. or Rs. 1,600 per month for altitude above
15,000 ft.
 Special compensatory highly active field area allowance to members of armed forces Rs.
4,200 per month.
 Island (duty) allowance to members of armed forces – Rs. 3,250/- per month.
 Perquisites
 Perquisites are benefits such as rent-free accommodation, company’s car, etc
 Perquisites may be provided in cash or in kind.
 Reimbursement of expenses incurred during office work is not a part of perquisites.
 Unauthorized benefits obtained do not form part of Perquisites
 Perquisites may be fully taxable, partially taxable or fully exempt.
 Fully and Partially Taxable Perquisites

Perquisites not taxable in all cases

The following perquisites are not taxable under CBDT instructions or by virtue of the Act/Rules:
 The provision of medical facilities as per Para 4(i).
 Free meals provided to all employees in office up to Rs. 50 per employee provided by the
employer through paid vouchers usable at eating joints.
 Telephone including mobile phone provided to the employee.
 Perquisites allowed outside India by the Government to a citizen of India for rendering
services outside India.
 Sum payable by an employer to pension or deferred annuity scheme.
 Employer’s contribution to staff group insurance scheme.

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  Actual travelling expenses paid/reimbursed for journeys undertaken for business
purposes.
 Payment of annual premium on personal accident policy, if such policy is taken to
safeguard the employer’s interest. See CIT vs. Lala Shri Dhar (1922) 84 ITR 192 (Delhi).
 Rent-free official residence to a High Court or Supreme Court Judge.
 Rent-free furnished residence to official of Parliament.
 Conveyance facility to High Court/Supreme Court Judges.

Perquisites taxable in hands of all employees:

 Value of rent-free accommodation.
 Value of concession in rent.
 Amount paid by employer in respect of any obligation which otherwise would have been
payable by employee.
 Value of any security or sweat equity shares allotted or transferred by employer/former
employer as free or concessional cost.
 An amount of contribution to an approved superannuation fund by the employer, to an
extent it excess Rs. 1, 00,000/-.
 Any sum payable either directly or through a fund by employer (other than recognized
PF, approved superannuation fund etc.) to effect an assurance on the life of the employee
or to affect a contract for an annuity.

Determination of the value of prescribed fringe benefit or amenity Interest free or

concessional loan
Value of perquisite w.e.f. 1-4-2000, of the loan given to the employee or any member of
his household shall be at the rates charged by State Bank of India in respect of the loans for the
same purpose advanced by the employer, on the maximum outstanding monthly balance as
reduced by interest actually paid by employee – However, perquisite value for loans (net of
amount reimbursed under medical insurance scheme) given for medical treatment of specified
disease or petty loans up to Rs. 20,000 is not taxable.

Use of movable assets

Value of benefit shall be 10% p.a. of the actual cost of asset or the rent charges paid by
the employer as reduced by amount paid by the employee.

Transfer of movable assets

Value of benefit on transfer of movable asset shall be the actual cost of the asset to the
employer as reduced by the amount calculated at 10% of such cost for each completed year of
use by the employer and further reduced by the payments made by the employee. The normal
wear and tear would be computed at 50% in case of computers and electronic items, and 20% in
case of motor cars on the reducing balance method.

Perquisites taxable only in hands of specified employees

Other perquisites are taxable only in the hands of the following specified employees; i.e.,
 Director-employee

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  Employee having substantial interest in employer-company
 Employee drawing salary in excess of Rs. 50,000
GRATUTY:
• GOV EMP FULLY EXEMPT
• EMP COVERD BY THE GRATUTY ACT 1972
➢ 15 days of wage [ wage*(15/26) *service year
➢ 2000000
➢ Actual amount
• OTHER EMP
➢ Half month salary [ salary*(1/2) * service year
➢ 2000000
➢ Actual amount
PENTION:
• GOV EMP FULLY EXEMPT
• NON GOV EMP
➢ Receiving gratuity: 1/3 of full value of pention is exempt
➢ Not Receiving gratuity: 1/2 of full value of pention is exempt
Rent free accommodation:
The rent-free accommodation provided to employees by their employer is taxable. Since
the employees are provided rent free accommodation, the amount of income accruing to them
cannot be determined by them. Accordingly, there is prescribed manner for calculating income
chargeable to tax as perquisite. The manner of calculating income chargeable to tax as perquisite
for rent free accommodation is as follows:

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Concession in rent:
Some employers provide the employees with accommodation at rates lower than normal
market rates. This reduction in rates is known as concession in rent.

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Payment by the employer in respect of an obligation of employee:
In this case, the amount is liable to be paid by the employee and the employer pays the
same.

Example: Self-Assessment Tax of the employee is paid by the Employer.

Note: If the employer pays taxes on behalf of employees on non-monetary perquisites provided
to them, then such taxes are exempt in the hands of the employee.

Valuation of benefit of provision of domestic servants

If the employee or any member of his household is provided with domestic servants such
as sweeper, gardener, watchman or personal assistant then the benefits so received by the
employee are taxable as perquisites in the hands of the employee.

Utility such as gas, electricity or water supplied by employer

If the employer pays to the utility provider on behalf of the employee or if the employer
himself provides such utilities, then the benefits so received by the employee are taxable as
perquisites in the hands of the employee.

Free or concessional educational facilities

If the employer provides free or concessional educational facilities from the educational
institutions maintained and owned by the employer or if free educational facilities are allowed in
any other educational institution, then the benefits so received by the employee are taxable as
perquisites in the hands of the employee.

However, if the educational institution is maintained and owned by the employer and the
employer provides free or concessional education facilities to the employee himself or his children
and the benefits so received by the employee does not exceed Rs. 1,000/- per month then such
amount shall not be taxable in the hands of the employee as perquisite.

Interest-free or concessional loan

The value of the benefit to the employee as a result of interest-free loan or concessional
loan for any purpose provided to the employee or any member of his household is a taxable
perquisite.

However, this perquisite will be not being chargeable to tax in any of the following cases:
 If such loan is provided for the purpose of treatment of diseases such as cancer,
tuberculosis, etc. However, out of the amount of loan provided, if the employee receives
reimbursement from any medical insurance scheme, then such amount shall not be
exempt.
 Amount of loans made to an employee does not exceed Rs. 20,000/-.

Free or concessional food and non-alcoholic beverages

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 If the employer provides free or concessional food and/ or beverages such as tea, coffee
etc., then the benefits so received by the employee are taxable as perquisites in the hands of the
employee. However, if the following are provided by the employer, then they are not taxable in
the hands of employees as perquisites:
 Free food and beverages such as tea, coffee etc. provided by the employer to an employee
during working hours at office or business premises less than Rs. 50/- per meal.
 Vouchers provided having value less than Rs. 50/- per meal
 Tea or Snacks provided during working hours
 Free food and beverages such as tea, coffee etc. provided during working hours provided
in a remote area or an offshore installation.

Gifts or Vouchers
Gift or vouchers received by employees or by member of his household on ceremonies or
occasions are taxable perquisites in the hands of the employees. However, if the value of such
gifts in totality does not exceed Rs. 5,000/- then such gifts are not taxable as perquisite in the
hands of the employees.

Reimbursement of credit card expenses

If the employer reimburses expenses incurred by the employee or any member of his
household using a Credit card then the benefits so received by the employee are taxable as
perquisites in the hands of the employee.
However, if such expenses are made by the employee exclusively for official purposes and
the employer has documented the expenses incurred using the credit card then such
reimbursements are not taxable as perquisite in the hands of the employees.

Club expenditure
If the employer pays or reimburses for the periodic subscription of a club for the employee
or any member of his household then the benefits so received by the employee are taxable as
perquisites in the hands of the employee.
However, if the following are provided by the employer, then they are not taxable in the hands
of employees as perquisites:
 If the use of health club, sports and such facilities are provided uniformly to all employees
by the employer.
 Such expenditure is incurred wholly and exclusively for business purposes and if the
expenditure is properly documented by the employer.
Gratuity
Gratuity is a payment received by an employee by his employer as a gratitude for the
employee’s services to the organization. It is over & above normal salary & other retirement
benefits received by an employee.
Taxability of Gratuity
Pension
Pension means the employer provides to the employee a fixed monthly amount after his
retirement in consideration of past services. Pension can also be called as annuity.

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There are 2 types of pensions:
Uncommuted Pension:
The employer provides the employee with monthly pension till the lifetime of the
employee starting post-retirement.

Example: Manish worked for a company for past 20 years. After retirement the company pays him
Rs. 5,000/- per month in appreciation of his past services to the company.

Commuted Pension:
The employee may request his employer to pay him a lump sum amount of money on
retirement rather than providing a monthly amount. The employee can even request that out of
the monthly pension, a certain part let’s say 50% be given to him on retirement as a lump sum
amount and receive the balance part monthly post retirement. This is known as commuted
pension.

Example: Manish worked for a company for past 20 years. After retirement the company pays him
Rs. 5,000/- per month in appreciation of his past services to the company. Now, Manish request
the Company that instead of Rs. 5,000/- per month, he requires the entire amount post his
retirement itself. This is a case of commuted pension.

Provident Fund
It is a savings scheme wherein a person saves a certain amount of money every year and
receives the cumulative amount of money on retirement. There are various types of Provident
Funds. They are as follows:

Public Provident Fund (PPF):

It is an account which may be opened from a nationalized bank. Only individual can open
such PPF Accounts with annual contributions as low as Rs. 500/-.

Statutory Provident Fund:

This is applicable only to individuals employed with the Government, railways or all
recognized educational institutions. The Government and the employee contribute a certain
portion of the employee’s salary to this fund monthly.

Recognized Provident Fund:

If the Provident Fund is approved by the Commissioner of Income-tax, it is known as
Recognized Provident Fund. In recognized provident fund the employer and the employee
contribute a certain portion of the salary of the employee to the fund.

Unrecognized Provident Fund:

A fund, which is not recognized by Income Tax Authorities, in which the employer and the
employee contribute a certain portion of the salary of the employee, is an Unrecognized Provident
Fund.

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Taxability of Provident Fund Public
Provident Fund:
The amount of Contribution made to PPF in a Financial Year is allowed as Deduction U/s
80C subject to specified conditions. The amount of interest accrued is exempt from tax. If the
amounts are withdrawn from PPF in specified manner then such withdrawals are also exempt
from tax.

Statutory Provident Fund:

The amount of Contribution made by the Government is exempt from tax. Employee’s
contribution to Statutory Provident Fund is allowed as Deduction U/s 80C subject to specified
conditions. The amount of interest accrued is exempt from tax. The amount received on
retirement out of such fund is exempt from tax.

Recognized Provident Fund:

It is a fund, which is recognized by the commissioner of income tax. This type of fund is
maintained by business houses, industrial undertakings and banks. Under this fund both
employee and employer will contribute. Employee’s contribution qualifies for deduction u/s 80C.
Employer’s contribution over 12% of mentioned salary is taxable. Interest is exempted up to 9.5%

Unrecognized Provident Fund:

The amount of contribution made by the employer is not taxable in the hands of the
employee during the years when such amounts are being contributed. Employee’s contribution
to Unrecognized Provident Fund is not allowed as deduction. The amount of interest accrued is
not taxable in the year of accrual. The amount received on retirement out of such fund is required
to be bifurcated in 4 categories in order to understand its taxability.

SIMPLE FORMAT TO COMPUTE SALARY INCOME

Basic items ***

1. Basic salary/wages/remuneration/pay ***
2. Special pay ***
3. Bonus ***
4. Fees ***
5. Commission ***
6. Advance salary ***
7. Arrear salary ***
Allowances
1. Fully taxable allowance ***
2. Partly taxable/partly exempted allowances ***
3. Fully exempted allowances Nil

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Perquisites
1. Taxable for all (specified and unspecified) ***
2. Taxable for specified employees only ***
3. Exempted for all (specified and unspecified) Nil
Special items
1. Gratuity ***
2. Pension ***
3. Leave encashment ***
4. Provident fund

Gross salary ***

Deduction u/s 16
(i) Standard deduction-(limit 40,000) ***
(ii) Entertainment allowance ***
(iii) Professional/employment tax *** ***
Income from salary ***

EXERCISES
House rent allowance
Problem: 1
Mr. Ram resides in Chennai and gets Rs.10, 000 per month as basic salary Rs. 8,000 per
month as DA (entering service benefits), Rs.12, 000 per month as HRA. He pays Rs. 10,000 per
month as rent. Calculate taxable HRA.
Solution:
Calculation taxable HRA
Actual HRA 1,44,000
Less: Exempted 98,000
Taxable HRA 45,600

Workings
Calculation of exempted HRA
Actual HRA = 1, 44,000
Rent paid-10% of salary = 98,400
50% of salary = 1, 08,000

Whichever less is exempted = 98,400

Problem: 2
The Following are the particulars of Mr.Priyan who is employed in Chennai.
i. Basic Salary Rs.4000 p.m
ii. DA (60% of Basic Salary)
iii. CCA Rs.250 p.m iv. House Rent Allowance Rs.450 p.m (Rent paid Rs.500 p.m)
v. During the year he paid professional tax Rs.550

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 vi. Education allowances Rs.150 p.m (Per Child) Calculate Salary
Income.

Solution:
Computation of income from salary for the A.Y-2019-20
Particulars Amount Amount
(i) Basic salary (4000*12) 48,000
(ii) DA (48,000*60/100) 28,800
(iii) CCA (250*12) 3,000
(iv) Actual HRA 5400
Less: Exempted Nil 5,400
(v) Educational allowance (150*1*12) 1800
Less: Exempted (100*1*12)
1200 600
Gross salary 85,800
Deduction U/S 16
(i) Standard deduction 40,000
(ii) Professional tax 550 40,550

Taxable salary 45,250

Problem: 3
The Following are the particulars of income of Mr.Ramesh (an employee of an Individual)
st for the
previous year ended on 31 March2017.
i. Salary Rs.4500p.m
ii. Bonus equal to two month spay
iii. Dog allowance – Rs.75p.m iv. Special Allowance – Rs.60 p.m
v. Employee’s contribution to a recognized provident fund @ 15% of salary
vi. Employer’s contribution to the fund @ 15% of the salary
vii. Interest credited to the provident fund @ 9.5% p.a. is Rs.2,800
viii. He is provided with free lunch in office. The cost per meals Rs.30
ix. The employer has given him the use of small car which he uses for personal and
official purpose. He meets the expenses for personal purpose from out of his
pocket.
Compute the income of Mr.Ramesh from salaries for the A.Y. 2019-2020.

Solution:
Computation of income from salary for the A.Y-2019-20
Particulars Amount Amount
(i) Basic salary (4,500*12) 54,000

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(ii) Bonus (4,500*2) 9,000
(iii) Dog allowance (75*12) 900
(iv) Special allowance (60*12) 720
(v) Employer contribution to provident fund 8,100
(54,000*15/100)
Less: Exempted up to 12% 6,480 1,620
(vi) Interest on EPF 9.5 % 2,800
Less: Exempted up to 9.5% 2,800 Nil
(vii) Lunch allowance Nil
(viii) Small car up to 1600 cc (1,800*12)
21,600
Gross salary 87,840

Page 19 of 33
 UNIT - IV INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY
Basic of charge
Annual value of any property is assessable under this head it, 
Assessee is the owner of the property.
 Property is building and attached land.
 Property should not be used by the owner for his business or profession.

Incomes - Exempted from 'House Property Income'

Under section 10 of the Income-tax Act 1961 following incomes from house property are
exempted from tax. These incomes are not to be included in the total income of assessee.
Hence no tax is payable on such incomes. These incomes are:

Agricultural House Property [Section 2(1)(c)].

Income from such house property which is situated on or in the immediate vicinity of
agricultural land which is used for agricultural purposes by cultivator is exempted from tax.

Income from Property held under Trust Wholly for Charitable or Religious Purposes [Section
11(1)(a)]:
Income derived from property held under trust, wholly for charitable and religious
purposes, shall be exempt. To the extent such income is applied in India for such purposes;
andwhere any such income is accumulated or set apart for application to such purposes in India,
to the extent to which the income so accumulated or set apart is not in excess of 15% of the
income from such property.

Income from Property held under trust which is applied in part only for Charitable or Religious
purposes [Section 11(1)(b)]:
Income derived from property held under trust in part only for such purpose, shall be
exempt:To the extent such income is applied in India for such purposes, provided, the trust in
question is created before the commencement of Income-tax Act, 1961 i.e. before 1.4.1962;
andWhere any such income is finally set apart for application to such purposes in India, to the
extent to which the income so accumulated or set apart is not in excess of 15% of the income
from such property.

Income from Property held under trust which is applied for Charitable Purposes outside India
[Section 11(1)(c)]:
Income derived from property held under trust, created on or after 1.4.1952 for charitable
purpose which tends to promote international welfare in which India is interested, shall be
exempt to the extent to which such income is applied to such purpose outside India. Religious
trusts are not covered here.

Income derived from property held under a trust for charitable or religious purposes,
created before 1.4.1952, shall be exempt to the extent to which such income is applied to such
purposes outside India.

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In the above two cases, it is necessary that the Board, by general or special order, has directed
in either case that it shall not be included in the total income of the person in receipt of such
income.

Self-Occupied but Vacant House [Section 23(3)]

In case an assesse keeps one of his own houses reserved for self-occupation but is living
in a rented house elsewhere due to his employment or profession the income from such house
is taken to be NIL.

The annual value of self-occupied house shall not be NIL:

If such house or part of the house is actually let during the whole or any part of the
previous year; or
Any other benefit there from is derived by the owner from such house.

In the above cases, the annual value shall be determined as per provisions applicable for
let out properties i.e. under clause (a), (b) or (c) of section 23(1).

House used for Own Business or Profession.

There is no income chargeable to tax under this head from such house property.

Property held by Registered Trade Union [Section 10(24)].

Income from a house property owned by a registered trade union is not to be included in its G.T.I.

Income from House Property held by following shall be exempted:

 House property held by a local authority.
 House property held by a scientific research institution.
 House property held at a political party.
 House property held by a university and any other educational institution working
for spreading education and not to earn profit.
 House property held by a hospital or medical institution working for the spreading
of medical services to people and is not meant for earning profit.
 It is income from a farmhouse.

One House Property (a palace) owned by a former ruler of Indian states.

Ex-rulers of Indian states may own many palaces but only one palace of their choice shall
be treated as a self-occupied house and shall be exempted.

One Self-Occupied House

In case assessed owns one residential house, the net annual value of the same shall be
taken as nil but in case he owns more than one house, then only one of his choice but normally
of higher value shall be treated as a self-occupied one and other/others are treated as deemed to
be let out.

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Income from house property specimen / important provisions For
self-occupied:
Gross Annual Value(GAV)/ Annual Rental Value(ARV) Less: Nil
Municipal tax paid during the year by the owner Nil
Net Annual Value(NAV) Nil
Less: Deduction u/s 24
(i) Standard deduction-not applicable
(ii) Interest on loan of pre-construction *** ***

Loss from house property ***

Overall chart for computation of house property income For

letout property:
(i) Municipal value (or)
Fair Rent (whichever is higher)
(ii) Expected Rent (or)
Standard Rent (whichever is lower)
(iii) Expected Rent (or)
Actual Rent (whichever is higher)
***
Gross Annual Value ***
Less:
(iv) Local taxes (or) Municipal taxes paid by the Owner during
the previous year ***
(v) Unrealized rent conditions of rule 4 are satisfied
*** ***
Annual value ***
Less: Deduction u/s 24
(i) 30% of Annual value ***
(ii) Interest on borrowed capital-paid or due *** ***
Income from House Property ***

Problem: 1
From the following calculate Gross Annual Value, assuming that there is no vacant period.
particulars House 1 House 2
MRV 1,05,000 1,05,000
FRV 1,07,000 1,07,000
SR under rent control act 1,35,000 1,35,000
Actual Rent (AR) 1,12,000 98,000
Period in the previous year 12 months 12 months

Page 22 of 33
Solution:
Computation of Gross Annual Value
particulars Amount Amount
MRV 1,05,000 1,05,000
FRV 1,07,000 1,07,000
Whichever is higher 1,07,000 1,07,000
SR 1,35,000 1,35,000
ER (Whichever is higher) 1,07,000 1,07,000
AR 1,12,000 98,000
GROSS ANNUAL VALUE 1,12,000 1,07,000

Problem: 2
Mr.Ganesh owns two house properties at Madurai the first house is self- occupied and the second
house is let out for residential purpose. The other details of the properties givenbelow.
Particulars First House (Rs) Second House (Rs)

Municipal value 5,000 6,000

Municipal Tax 600 800

-
Rental Income 7,200

Land revenue 100 125

Fire insurance premium 150 200

-
Interest on mortgage 300

-
Collection charges 100
The second house remained vacant for a period 2 months during the year. Compute the income
from house property.
Solution:

Page 23 of 33
A. Computation of self-occupied house property (HOUSE-1)
Particulars Amount Amount

Gross annual value of the house Nil

Less: Municipal tax paid by owner Nil

Annual value Nil

Less: standard deduction of annual value Nil

Interest on loan for self-occupied house Nil Nil

Loss from self-occupied house Nil

B. Computation of Income From House Property for the A.y-2019-20 (HOUSE-2)

Particulars Amount Amount

Municipal value 6,000

Actual Rent(7,200-2 months vacant(600*2)
whichever is higher 6,000 6,000
Gross Annual Value 6,000

Less:
Municipal tax paid by Owner 600
Unrealized Rent Nil 600
Annual value 5,200

Less: Deduction U/S 24

(i) 30% of annual value (5,200*30/100)
(ii) Interest on loan 1,560
300 1,860
Income From House Property 3,340

Problem: 3
Mr.Senthil is the owner following house Property particulars in respectof which for the year
ended31/03/2019.
Particulars House A House B House C
Actual Rent 12,000 2,000 Twillingof the
House
Standard rent 8,000 2,400 Nil
Municipal Tax 900 200 3,800
Municipal Value 900 2,000 40,000
Municipal Tax paid by Senthil 900 100 Nil

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 Municipal Tax paid by Tenant Nil 100 Nil
Repairs 600 2,000 3,000
Vacancy Period 1 Month Nil Nil
Interest on Loan for repairs loans 600 900 16,000

House A
Unrealized rent allowed in assessment year 2015-16 received during the year for the House in
Rs.5, 000

Solution:
C.Computation of self-occupied house property (HOUSE-1)
Particulars Amount Amount
Gross annual value of the house Nil
Less: Municipal tax paid by owner Nil
Annual value Nil
Less: standard deduction of annual value Nil
Interest on loan for self-occupied house 16,000 -16,000
Loss from self occupied house -16,000

A. Computation of Income From House Property for the A.y-2019-20 (HOUSE-2)

Particulars Amount Amount

Municipal value 90,000
Standard rent 8,000
(Whichever is higher)
Expected rent 8,000
Actual rent(12,000-one month vacant ) 11,000
(Whichever if higher)
Gross Annual Value 11,000
Less:
Municipal tax paid by Owner 900
Unrealized Rent Nil 900
Annual value 10,100
Less: Deduction U/S 24
(i) 30% of annual value (10,100*30/100) 3,030
(ii) Interest on loan 600 3,630
6,470
Add: unrealized rent 5,000

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 Income From House Property 11,470

B. Computation of Income From House Property for the A.y-2019-20 (HOUSE-2)

Particulars Amount Amount
Municipal value 2,000
Standard rent 2,400
(Whichever is lower)
Expected rent 2,000
Actual rent 2,000
(Whichever is higher)
Gross Annual Value 2,000
Less:
Municipal tax paid by Owner 100
Unrealized Rent Nil 100
Annual value 1,900
Less: Deduction U/S 24
(i) 30% of annual value (1,900*30/100) 570
(ii) Interest on loan 900 1,470

Income From House Property 11,470

UNIT - V INCOME FROM BUSINESS OR PROFESSION

Introduction
Provision regarding calculation of profits and gains of business or profession is dealt under
section 28 to 44 of income tax act 1961. This head of the act is a major source of revenue to the
government.

Business [section 2(13)]

Definition of “Business” includes any trade, commerce or manufacture or any venture or
concern in the nature of trade, commerce or manufacture.

Profession [section 2(36)]

Profession involves an exercise of intellect and skill based on learning and experience.
Vocation refers to any work performed on the strength of one’s natural ability for the work.
Regularity and profit motive are not necessary for an activity to be called a vocation.

OVER ALL CHAT FOR CALCULATION OF INCOME FROM BUSINESS

Particulars Amount Amount

Page 26 of 33
Net profit as per P & L A/c ****
Add:
1.Disallowed Expenses ****
2.Business Income not credited in P & L A/c ****
3.Under valuation of closing stock ****
4.Over valuation of opening stock ****
Less:
1.Non business income credited in P & L A/c ****
2.Allowed expenses not debited in P & L A/c ****
3.Over valuation of closing stock ****
4.Under valuation of opening stock **** ****
Income From Business ****

Problem: 1
From the following P&L A/c calculate Income from Business
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
To Rent 40,000 By gross profit 2,50,000
To Salary to employees 25,000 By house property income By
To Depreciation 10,000 income from other sources 1,50,000
To Donation 8,000
To Net profit 5,17,000 2,00,000
6,00,000 6,00,000

Adjustments:
 Depreciation to be allowed as per income tax provision Rs. 8,000.
 Business income of Rs. 12,000 is not shown in the P&L A/c.
 Rs. 8,000 of the rent is of personal nature.

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Solution:
Calculation of Income from Business
Date Particulars Amount Amount
N\P as per P&L A/c 5,17,000
Add:
Donations 8,000
Depreciation 10,000
Business income not shown P&L A/c 12,000
Rent 8,000 38,000
5,55,000
Less:
H/P Income
IFOS
1,50,000
Depreciation
2,00,000
8,000 3,58,000
Income from Business 1,97,000

Problem: 1
From the following P&L A/c calculate Income from Business
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
To General expenses 20,000 By Gross profit 5,00,000
To Bad debts 25,000 By Sundry receipt
To Advance income tax 24,000 By Bad debts recovered 50,000
To Salary to staff 40,000 (earlier allowed as deduction)
To Drawings 40,000 By Interest on debentures By 12,500
To Interest on capital 24,000 Interest on deposit with a 40,000
To Advertisement 9,000 company
To Excise duty 12,000 25,000
To Expenditure on
acquisition of patent right (in
2016) 10,000
To Net profit 4,23,000
6,27,500 6,27,500

Adjustments
 General expenses include Rs. 2,300 spent as marriage expenses by the proprietor.
 Advertise an expense was spent on 31st august 2018.
 Income of Rs. 12,000 accrued during the PY 2018-19 is nit recorded in the P&L A/c.

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  An expenditure of Rs, 1,000 relating to business is not show in P&L A/c.
 The proprietor owns two houses from which he gets the income of Rs, 1,80,000
Solution:
Calculation of Income from Business
Date Particulars Amount Amount
N\P as per P&L A/c 4,23,000
Add:
Advance income tax 24,000
Drawings 40,000
Interest on own capital 24,000
General expenses 2,300
Income accrued during 2018-19 12,000
Patents Less: 10,000 1,12,300
Depreciation for patents (10,000*25%)
5,35,800
Expenditure relating to business
2,500
Interest on debentures
1,000
Interest on deposit with a company
40,000
25,000
68,500

Income from Business 4,67,300

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 OVER ALL FORMAT FOR PROFESSIONALS LIKE DOCTORS, LAWYERS, ACCOUNTANTS, TAX
CONSULTANTS.
Particulars Amount Amount
PROFESSIONAL INCOMES:
1.Fees [for all professional] ****
2.Operation fees, Visiting fees [for doctors] ****
3.Institute fees [for accountants] ****
4.Legal fee, practicing fees [for lawyers] ****
5.Gift from clients [for all professionals] ****
6.Gift from patients [for doctors] ****
7.Examiner fees [for all professional] ****
8.All other professional receipts ****
Less:
PROFESSIONAL EXPENSES:
1.Office and administrative expenses ****
[for all professionals]
2.Clinic expenses and dispensary expenses ****
[for doctors]
3. Cost of books for professional purposes. ****
[for all professionals]
4. Subscription for journals. ****
[for all professionals]
5.Depreciation ****
a) For office equipments (for all professional)
b) For surgical equipments ( for doctors) 6.Any
membership fee (for all professionals) ****
7.Cost of medicine [for doctors] ****
[opening stock +purchases-closing stock]
8.All other professional payments **** ****
Income From Profession ****

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Problem: 3
From the following receipts and payments A/c of Mr.Vasanth, a tax consultant, calculate
income from profession.
Receipts Amount Payments Amount
To balance 3,50,000 By office and admin expenses By 60,000
To fees from clients salary to staff:
2019-20 1,00,000 2019-20 40,000
2018-19 50,000 1,50,000 2018-19 30,000
By repairs 70,000
To presents from clients 40,000 By interest on loan for business 8,000
To winning from lotteries 28,000 By income tax
To rent from let out property 75,000 By purchase of car(purchased 12,000
To share of income from firm 12,500 during January 2019) 6,000
By balance
1,50,000
3,49,500
6,55,500 6,55,500

Solution:
Calculation of Income from Profession of Mr. Vasanth
Date Particulars Amount Amount
Professional receipts:
i) Fess 2019-20 1,00,000 2018-19
50,000 1,50,000
ii) Presents from client Less: Professional payments 40,000
iii) Office and admin expenses 1,90,000
iv) Staff salary: 2019-20 40,000 2018-19 60,000
30,000
v) Repairs 70,000
vi) Interest on loan for business 8,000
vii) Depreciation on car purchased during January 2019 12,000
(1, 50,000*15%=22,500*50%)

11,250 1,61,250

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 Income from Profession 28,750

Problem: 4
From the following income and expenditure A/c of Ramana& Co, charted accountants,
calculate income from profession from the details below.
Expenditure Amount Incomes Amount
To charity and donation 1,00,000 By audit fee 3,00,000
To subscription to journals 2,000 By examiner fee 25,000
To institute fee 4,000 By fee for other accounts work 40,000
To office rent 5,000 By dividend from UTI
To drawings 50,000 35,000
To electricity bill 9,000
To salary to trainee 20,000
To net income 2,10,000

4,00,000 4,00,000

Solution:
Calculation of Income from Profession of Ramana& Co
Date Particulars Amount Amount
Professional Receipts:
i) Audit fees ii) 3,00,000
Examiner fees 25,000
iii) Fees for other accounting work
40,000
Less: Professional Payments 3,65,000
i) Subscription to journal
ii) Institute fee iii) 2,000
Office rent iv) Bill of 4,000
electricity 5,000
v) Salary to trainee 9,000
vi) Depreciation as per provisions 20,000

5,000
45,000

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Income from Profession 3,20,000

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