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UPSC Civil Services Main 1999 - Mathematics

Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

January 30, 2010

, (x,y) = (0,0) 0, (x,y) = (0,0) v(x,y) = Imf(z) = {

, (x,y) = (0,0) 0, (x,y) = (0,0) Now u(x,0) u(0,0) x =0= v(0,y) y v(0,0) , therefore u
x

(0,0) = v
y

(0,0) = 0. Similarly u
y

(0,0) = 0 = v
x

(0,0). Thus the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised at (0,0). However f(z) is not analytic at (0,0) because z0 lim f(z) z f(0) = z0 lim x4 x2y5 + y10 does not exist when we take y5 = mx2, then z0 lim f(z) z f(0) m dierent values of m. = 1 + m2 which is dierent for 1

Additional notes: Let z = 0. It can be calculated that

u x 3x2y15 x6y5 (x4 + y10)2 4x2y15 + 6x6y5 (x4 + y10)2 v x = v y = 2xy16 2x5y6 (x4 + y10)2 5x7y4 5x3y14 (x4 + y10)2 Now u
x

= u y = = y = 0.
v y

3x2y15 x6y5 = 4x2y15 + 6x6y5 x2y15 = x6y5 x4 = y10 or x = 0 or Also, u

= are satised at x
v

when all those z x4 = y10 or x = 0 or y = 0. for which x4 = y10 or x = 0 Thus the or y = 0. Cauchy-Riemann equations But f(z) is not analytic at any of these points because f(z) is not dierentiable in any neighborhood of these points, as we can nd points in every neighborhood which are not of this kind, so there are no neighborhoods in which the Cauchy Riemann equations are satised everywhere. Question 1(b) For the function f(z) = (i) 1 < |z| < 2 (ii) |z| > 2. z2 1 3z + 2 , nd the Laurent series for the domain

Show further that

f(z)dz = 0 where C is any closed contour enclosing the points z = 1 and z = 2. Solution. (i) 1 < |z| f(z) < 2 = z |1 1
z

|1 < 1,|z z2 1 |2 < 1. f(z) = ( 1 )

+ ( 1 )
1

= 1 z 1 z 1 2 z 2
n=0 n=0

zn 2n

= 1 z 1 zn + 1 2
n=1 n=0

zn 2n+1 (ii) |z| > 2 |1

1 zn + | < 1,|2
z

|<1 f(z) = ( 1 )
1

( 1 )
1

= 1 z 1 z 1 z 2 z

n=0 n=0

2n zn = 1 z 1 zn 1 z
n=0

1 2n zn+1 2


C C

f(z)dz = ( z1 1 z1 2 ) dz = 2i [ residue of 1
z1

at z = 1 residue of 1
z2

] = 2i[1 1] = 0 Question 1(c) Show that the transformation w = at z = 2 0 into the straight line 4u + 3 = 0 where w = u + iv. 2z z + 4 3 transforms the circle x2+y24x = Solution. The point z = 4 goes to the point at , showing that the given circle 0 = x2 + y2 4x = zz 4(z+z
2

) = zz 2z Now zw4w = 2z+3 zw2z = 2z = 0 is mapped 3+4w z = 3 onto a line, as z = 4 lies on it. goes to + 4w w2 . Thus the circle zz2z2z = 0 0= 3 + 4w w2 3 + 4w w2 2

3 w + 4w 2 2 3 w + 4w 2 =0 0 = 9 + 12w + 12w + 16ww 2(3 + 4w)(w 2) 2(3 + 4w)(w 2) 0 = 9 + 12w + 12w + 16ww 6w + 12 + 16w 8ww 6w + 12 + 16w 8ww = 33 + 22w + 22w 0 = 2(w + w) + 3 Thus 4u + 3 = 0, as required. Alternate solution: The given circle is |z 2| = 2 z = 2 + 2ei. Substituting in transformation expression, w= 4 + 4ei + 3 2 + 2ei 4 7 + 4ei 2(ei 1) (7 + 4ei)(ei 1) 2(ei 1)(ei 1) = 2z + 3 z4 = = = 7ei 4ei 3 2(2 ei ei) 7(cos isin) 4(cos + isin) 3 2(2 2cos) = = 3cos 3 11isin 4(1 cos) 3 4 11sin 4(1 cos) Thus u = 3
4

= i 4u + 3 = 0, hence all points on the circle |z 2| = 2 are mapped onto the line 4u + 3 = 0. Question 2(a) Using the Residue Theorem show that

xsinax x4 + 4 dx = 2 ea sina (a > 0) Solution. 3

We consider I = f(z)dz where f(z) = as shown.

circle z4 zeiaz +4 of and radius the contour R with consists of a semi center (0,0) lying in the upper half plane bounded by the real axis (R,0) (0,0) (R,0) Thus by Cauchys residue theorem,

f(z)dz = 2i(sum of residues at poles of f(z) inside ). 2e Clearly 5i

, 2e f(z) 7i has simple poles at z4 = 4e(2n+1)i 2e

for 2e n 3i
4

= 0,1,2,3, or z = 2e
i 4

, 2e
3i 4

, Residue 4 at . Out 2e
i 4

of ( these only the ) poles , lie inside .

zeiaz at z =
dz

2e
i 4

eia 43 2e
i 4

= 1+i. Residue at is (z4 + 4) , which is where = 2e

Sum of these residues is eia 42 is where =

2e
3i 4

= 1 + i. 1 4 [ eia 2 + eia 2 ] = [ eia(1+i) 2i ] = 1 4 + eia(1+i) (2i) [ eia eia ] = ea 4 sina Thus ea 8i

zeiaz dz z4 + 4 ea 4 sina . Now

 = 2i

ReieiaRei z4 + 4
0

R2 R4 4 because |z4 + 4| |z4| 4 = R4 4 on , and eaRsin 1 as sin 0 on [0,]. Thus

zeiaz dz z4 + 4 = iRei d R2 R4 4 eaRsin d

f(z)dz 0 as R . Thus

x4 xeiax +4 dx = R lim

z4 zeiaz +4 dz = ea 4 sina 2i Taking the imaginary parts of both sides, we get

xsinax x4 + 4 dx = ea 2 sina as required. 4

Question 2(b) The function f(z) has a double pole at z = 0 with residue 2, a simple pole

at z = 1 with residue 2, is analytic at all other nite points of the plane and is bounded as |z| . If f(2) = 5 and f(1) = 2, nd f(z). Solution. Since f(z) has only poles as singularities in the extended complex plane, it is well known that f(z) has to be a rational function. Since f(z) has a double pole at z = 0 and a simple pole at z = 1, it has to be of the form f(z) = z2(z (z) 1) . where (z) is a polynomial such that (0) = 0,(1) = 0. Moreover degree of (z) is 3 as we are given that f(z) is bounded as z . Let (z) = a
0

z2 + a
3

z3. Then f(2) = 5 +a

z+a
2

a
0

+ 2a
1

+ 4a
2

+ f(1) = 2 a
0

a
1

+4 a
2

2 8a
3

= 5 (1) a
3

= 2 (2) Residue of f(z) at z = 1 is z1 lim (z z2(z 1)(z)

 1) = (1). This value is given to be 2, so a

+a
1

+a
2

+a
3

= 2 (3) Residue of f(z) at z = 0 is given by 1 1! d ( (z) dz z1 ) at z = 0, or (z 1)( (z (z)) 1)2 (z) = a

a
0

. Since this is given to be 2, a

a
1

= 2 (4) Adding (2),(3) we get 2a

+ 2a
2

= 2 a
2

= 1 a
0

. Substituting a

= 1 a
0

,a
1

= a
0

2 in (1), we get a
0

2a
0

444a
0

+8a
3

= 20 8a
3

= 5a
0

+28. Substituting in (3), we have a

a
0

21a Hence f(z) = 4 + 0 + 2z 5a +0

3z2 = 2 3a
0

+28 = 40 a
0

= 4 a
1

= 2,a
2

= 3,a
3

= 1. z2(z 1)

+ z3 is the desired function. Note: If f(z) has only poles in C, then it is a rational function. If
1

(z),
2

(z),...,
r

(z) are at nal f(z) , function principal then = f(z) and r

parts (z)
j

(z) of + f(z) is r
j=1

(z) a polynomial.
j

at (z) + the C. (z) polesz Thus being f(z) 1 ,z

,...,z is bounded a r and (z) is the principal part of f(z) and analytic in C is constant rational function, as each
j

(z) is a ratioQuestion 2(c) What kind of singularities do the following functions have? 1. 1 1 ez at z = 2i. 2. 1 sinz cosz at z =

. 5

cotz

3. (z a)2 at z = a and z = . What happens when a is an integer (including a = 0)? Solution. 1. Clearly ez 1 has ez a simple 1 = ez2i zero at 1 z = = (z 2i. 2i) Thus + the (z given 2! 2i)2 function + (z 3! 2i)3 + ..., showing that z = 2i. Now residue at z = 2i is given by
1 1ez

has a simple pole at

lim z 2i 1 ez = 1 2. f(z) = 1 sinz cosz . We know that sinz = ( z

)
2

2! ) cosz = 1 2 + ( z 4 )

 1 2 ( z
4

1 2 + ... + Higher powers of ) ( z 4

2! ) sinz cosz = 1 2 ( z 4 ) 1 2 1 2 + ... + Higher powers of 2 ) (

z 4 ( z 4 ) 2 ( z 3!
4 3

+ ... + Higher powers of ( z 4 ) Since sinz cosz has a simple zero at z = 4 1 sinz cosz has a simple pole at z = , the given function 4 . Residue at z = 4 z
4

sinz cosz 1

2 . 3. f(z) = is given by z lim

= (z cotz a)2 . f(z) has a simple pole at each z = n,n Z,n = a, with residue
1 (na)2

. f(z) also has a pole at z = a, whose nature is as follows: (a) a is not an integer and a = n + 1
2

. In this case, cosa = 0,sina = 0 and therefore f(z) has a double pole at z = a. (The residue at z = a is dz d [(z a)2f(z)]
z=a

= csc2 a.) (b) a is not an integer and a = n + 1

. In this case cosz has a simple zero at a, and sinz = 1, therefore f(z) has a simple pole at z = a. (The residue at z = a is za lim .) cosz 1 za sina sina sina = 6 =

(c) a is an integer.

sinz has a simple zero at z = a and cosa = 0, then f(z) has a triple pole at z = a. The residue in this case is
3

, because sinz = (1)a [ (z a) 3 ] cosz = (1)a [ (z 3! a)3 + Higher powers of(z a) 1 2 ] f(z) = (z 2! a)2 + Higher powers of(z a) 1 1 2 (za)2
2!

+ Higher powers of(z a) (z a)2 (z a)[1 2

+ Higher powers of(z a)] = (z 1 a)3 [ 1 2 ][ ] 1 + 2 The coecient of 1

(z 2! a)2 + ...

(z 3! a)2 + ... in the Laurent series of f(z) (formed by multiplying the above series) is 1

[ 2
2

+ 2
6

] =
3

, which is the required residue. (Note that the computation of residues was not required for this problem.) Finally, n + 1
2

whose f(z) limit has an point essential is . singularity at , because f(z) has zeros at z = n+ 1
2

,a = 7