How to attempt questions

1. Write in points.
2. Draw diagnosis wherever needed. ( well labelled )
3. Try to explain using flow charts .
4. Highlight important words by underliving them.
5. Divide the answer into main and sub headings .
6. Try to make flow charts using sketch pen.
7. Try to draw margins before starting any answer.
( only if time allows )
8. Attempt question about which you are confident first, followed by the
question you are doubtful about.
9. Try to attempt every question because you get atleast 1 mark for
attempting question .
10.Avoid writing in paragraph.

ANS : 1 Main Heading ( examolwe jaundice )

 Introductory points
Sub Heaading ( ex. Classification )
 Points

FLOW CHART

Heading Heading Heading

 Sub heading ( ex. Causes )

Explain in points

 Diagram -> (Draw) + (Label)

 Associated disease / symptoms
 Treatment

Points
BIOCHEMISTRY

1. AMINO ACIDS – Classification , properties.

2. Falon influencing enzyme activity.
3. CABOHYDRATES – Function, L glycolysis , lactic acid cycle , gluconeogenesis ,
diabetes mellitus.
4. LIPID – Digestion of lipid , fatty liver , liver chirosis , role of ketone bodies, ketosis.
5. AMINO ACID METABOLISM – Urea cycle, phenylketourine, alkaptonuria.
6. CH. 14 - Krebs cycle + its significance
ATP ( SHORT NOTES )
7. CH. 15 - Sickel cell disease , thalassemia, hemorrhage.
8. CH. 16 - A. VIT. A :- chemistry + absorption + transport + update + adaptation
mechanism + role in retina ( all functions + role in “points” )
+ DAILY UPDATE

Vit. D (same)
Vit. E, K

CH. 17 – Thiamine + ( disease rel. To it )

RIBOFLAVINE
Vit. B6 ,B12, folic acid
Vit. C ( imp. )

CH. 13 Calccium -> role of vit. D, PTH Calcitonin

 Hypercalcemia
 Tetany
 Osteoporosis
 Role of sodium in edema
 Hypokalemia , Hyperkalemia.

IRON -> sources , Distribution , its absorption , transportation , Storage , extraction.

Anemia (imp.)

Iron toxicity

IODINE -> ( imp.)

Lead Poisoning

CH. 19 BMR

CH. 20 free radicals clinical significance

(Role of antioxidants) , (its generation)

CH. 25 Difference between RNA & DNA .

CH. 26 MUTATION -> classication & effects .

CH. 28 AIDS, HIV, Cancer.

CH. 29 electrophoresis , bio techniques , chromatography ( PCR, ELISA )

CH. 30 Jaundice - classification

L Causes tests

CH. 31 Hyperthyrodism

Hypothyrodism

Insulin -> faelon affecting its secretion + its effects.

PHYSIOLOGY
1. Homeostatsis.
2. Blood Properties
Composition
Function
( Draw flow charts to explain the same )
3. Plasma Protien.
Names
Albumin / Globulin Ratio
Origin
Function
4. RBC - Normal value. ( Morphology + its advantages )
Lifespan
Fate of RBC ( flowchart )
Function
A. Polycythemia
B. Decrease in RBC count
C. Hemolysis
5. ERYTHROPOIESIS
Stages ( flow chart imp.)
6. HEMOGLOBIN - Function ( in points )
7. ESR - Definition
Both methods
Significance
Physiological variation pathological ( 3-4 names )
8. ANEMIA - Definition
Classification ( flow chart )
Sign & symptoms ( flow chart )
9. WBC - Other name
Classification ( draw chart )
Explain each ( Morphology + Function in points )
Properties
 Leukemia

10. IMMUNITY - Definition

Innate + acquired
( Draw chart )
Antigens - Definition + Types
Diagram of structure
 Antibody - Types , mechanism of

AIDS =

11. PLATLETS - Intro

Properties
Fumetion
Fate

 Thrombocytopenia
12. HEMOSTASIS - Definition + stages ( flow chart )
Clotting mechanism ( Chart )
Anti clotting mechanism
 Heparin
 Hemophillia
 Thrombosis

13. BLOODGROUP - ABO group / system ( chart )

Landsteiner’s law
Rh Factor ( Diagram )
14. BLOOD TRANSFUSION - Precautions .

15. LYMPH NODS – Function + point about lymphatic system.

16. ELECTRIC CHANGES DURING MUSCULAR CONTRACTION - Resting membrane

potential.

 Action potential = Repolarization.

17. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION - Definition

Diagram
Transmission steps
Myasthenia gravis ( 5 marks )
18. GIT - Functional anatomy
Nerve supply
Function of mouth.
19. SALIVARY SECRETAION - Salivary glands ( chart + diagram )
Function of saliva
Nerve supply
Reflex regulation
Hyposalivation + hyper
Xerostomia
Mumps
 Sjogren’S Syndrome
20. STOMACH - Parts ( Diagram )
Glands
Function
 Function of gastric juice
 Phases of gastric secretion
 Gastritis , peptic ulcer

21. PANCREAS - Functional Anatomy

Nerve supply
Function
 Diagnosis of proteins , Carbohydrates , lipids .
 Phases ( Diagram )
 Pancreatitis
 Steatorrhoea

22. LIVER - Dia.

Blood supply
Structure function
Bile secretion , Storage + Bile salt
Function
Gallbladder Function , hepatitis , liver chirrosis , jaundice , gall stones.

23. SMALL INTESTINE - Anatomy ( Dia. )

Function
Movement

24. FUNCTION OF LARGE INTESTINE - Diarhhea

DENTAL ANATOMY
1. Classification of dentition. ( chart + diagram )
2. Landmarks of teeth.
3. Tooth numbering system.
4. Difference B/W primary & permanant dentition. ( chart )
5. Permanant maxillary cavine *
CI, PM’s , 1st molar.
( Draw diagram )
6. Curve of spee ,
“Wilson”
7. Maxilla – Body
“Processes”
8. Mandible ( Anatomy )
9. TMJ - Anatomy => (parts)
Function
Diagram.
10. Muscles of Mastication
Chart
Movement of possible
Attachment
11. Develoment of palate.
12. Meckle”s cartridge.
13. Development of teeth
Dental lamina
All 3 stages
Root formation
Anamolis – Microdontia
Macrodontia
14. Enamel -> Properties
Structures
Structural feature of enamel
 Lines of Retzius.
 Hunger schregre bands.
 Gnarled enamel.
 Dej.
15. Dentin - Properties, composition, structure .
Types.
Age changes.
16. Cementum - Functions , properties
 Classification.
17. PDL - Function.
Structure.
Fibers.
18. Oral mucosa - Function.
Epithelium.
Keratinizing oral epi layers.
(Important)
19. Lamina Propria.
20. Theories of tooth erruption.
21. Salivary Glands – Function.
Chart of major + minor glands.
MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF LAST 10 YEARS
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
HUMAN ANATOMY
(10 MARKS)

1. Describe the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of muscle of

mastication ***
2. Describe the gross anatomy, blood supply and nerve supply of
thyroid gland with its applied aspect*****
3. Describe TMJ*****
4. Describe facial nerve in detail with its applied importance**
5. Describe anatomy, relation and applied importance of cavernous
sinus*
6. Describe parotid gland nerve supply, applied anatomy,
realtion,micro anatomy, external features ********
7. Describe external features, relations, blood supply, nerve supply,
lymphatic drainage of stomach ****
8. Give details about mandibular nerve and its applied anatomy****
9. Describe tongue under following heading**
External features, movements of tongue, nerve supply, blood and
lymphatic drainage, development, muscle of tongue
10. Describe external features, blood supply,its applied anatomy of
heart**
11. Describe the lacrimal apparatus in detail and histology of lacrimal
gland**
12. Describe anatomy of scalp, blood supply, nerve supply,and
applied anatomy
13. Details about the muscles of face, nerve supply and blood supply
of face
14. Describe anatomical features, blood supply, nerve supply of
lateral wall of nasal cavity*
15. Describe the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of
extraocular muscle of eyeball**
16. Describe the origin,course,and branches of external carotid
artery
17. Describe boundaries, content and anatomy of posterior triangle*
18. Boundaries, content, anatomy of carotid triangle

SHORT NOTES
1. Sternocleiodomastoid muscle
2. Derivatives of 1st branchial arch
3. Carotid triangle**
4. Dangerous area of face*
5. Maxillary air sinuses**
6. Thyroid cartilage
7. Development of tooth ***
8. Lumbar puncher
9. Fate of branchial pouches
10. Cavernous sinus***
11. Carotid sheath
12. Ciliary ganglion**
13. External jugular vein
14. Dengerous layer of scalp ***
15. Palatine tonsils **
16. Development of tongue***
17. Greater saphenous vein
18. Spermatogenesis****
19. Otic ganglion*
20. Branchial plexus
21. Fourth ventricle of brain
DENTAL ANATOMY

Long questions
1. Describe the morphology of maxillary first premolar in detail***
2. Chronology of permanent teeth in detail
3. Details morphology of mandibular first premolar with diagram
4. Difference between permanent maxillary first molar and max.2nd
molar
5. Morphology of mand. 1st permanent molar***
6. Difference between permanent max and mand canine teeth
7. Tooth numbering system*
8. Describe morphology of permanent max. 1st molar with diagram*
9. Difference between permanent and deciduous dentition*
10. Difference between max. And mand molar
11. Describe theories of tooth eruption*
12. Mechanism of shedding of deciduous teeth*

Short notes
1. Fossa
2. Embrasures****
3. Grooves***
4. Succedaneous teeth
5. Mammelons
6. Ridge***
7. Line angle and point angle**
8. Development of palate*
9. Elevated landmarks of the crown*
10. Occlusion
11. Curve of spee*
12. Contact area and contact point **
13. Leeway space of nance
14. Compensatory curves
15. Tooth numbering system****

BIOCHEMISTRY IMPORTANT

LONG QUESTIONS
1. Define carbohydrate classify carbohydrate with examplesand
properties and functional importance**
2. Describe general catabolism and function of amino acid
3. Define and classify lipids.write down structure, function, products
formed from cholesterol
4. Define and classify enzyme, factors affecting enzyme activity and
regulations of enzymes activity**
5. Describe beta oxidation of fatty acids*
6. Details about glycolysis
7. Urea cycle*
8. Describe the synthesis and oxidation of ketone bodies and discuss
the regulation of ketogenesis*
9. Metabolic pathways of gluconeogensis*
10. Define and classify vitamin describe biochemical role of fat
soluble vitamin
11. Glycolysis

SHORT NOTES
1. Classification of carbohydrates
2. Vit D
3. Beta oxidation of lipid
4. Enzyme classification
5. Essential amino acid
6. DNA
7. Diabetes mellitus
8. BMR
9. Liver function test
10. Classification of protein
11. Factors affecting BMR
12. Genetic code
13. Immunoglobulin
14. Protein energy malnutrition
15. Enzyme inhibition
16. Heteroglycans
17. Lactose intolerance
18. Von gierke disease
19. Anion gap
20. Bile salt
21. Pepsin
22. Chaperone
23. Vit k
24. Nitrogen balance
25. Porphyrias
Physiology
Long questions
1. Define GFR . How is it regulated*
2. Enumerated stages of erythropoiesis and its regulation. What are
maturation factor***
3. Function of hypothalamus
4. Draw label diagram of nephron.describe mechanism of urine
formation**
5. Describe composition and function of saliva
6. Define BP.describe regulations of blood pressure**
7. Details about blood transfusion
8. Describe cardiac cycle in detail and mention heart sound.****
9. Discuss connection and function of cerebellum
10. Various mechanism of regulations of respiration**
11. Details about blood group and its determination*
12. Explain intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism of blood clotting**
13. What is hypoxia describe cause and effect of different types of
hypoxia
14. Define cardiac output and describe various factors affecting
Cardiac output**
15. What is erythropoiesis. Describe process of erythropoiesis.factor
affecting erythropoiesis*
16. Describe structure of neuromuscular junction and mechanism of
transmission across neuromuscular junction*
17. Regulations of body temperature how it is regulated
18. Describe composition, function, regulations of bile secretion*
19. Hormone secreted by pituitary gland
20. Describe types of anemia.and detail about anemia **
SHORT NOTES
1. Dyspnoea
2.Diabetes Mellitus*
3.Functions of CSF
4.Heart sounds**
5.Hypoxia
6.Growth Hormones*
7.Structure and function of WBC*
8.Post. pituitary hormones
9. Physiology of parturition
10.Periodic breathing
11.Synaptic Transmission
12.GFR*
13.Functions of saliva*
14.Anaemia*
15.Platelet
16.Clotting factor
17.Heparin
18.Function of cerebellum* & hpothalamus*
19.Pain pathways
20.Movement of small intestine
21.Function of thyroid hormone*
22.Neuromuscular junction
23.Refractive errors of eye
24.Micturition Reflex*
25.Classification of nerve fibers*
26.Functions of middle ear
27.Bohr’s effect
28.Juxtaglomerular apparatus
29.Referred Pain
30.Myopia & it’s correction
31.Cushing’s Syndrome
32.Functions of placenta
33.Enzymes of pancreas
34.Nephron
35.Disorder of secretion of growth hormones
36.Vital capacity
37.Functions of ovary
38.Clasification &Properties of receptors*
39.Passive transport across cell membrane
40.Factors affecting erythropoesis
41.molecular mech. Of skeletal muscle contractions
42. Regulation of gastric juice secretion
43. Renal mechanisms of conc.of urine
44. Neural control of respiration