Python Comprehensive Learning Guide: From Basics to Advanced
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Python
2. Python Basics (Code Examples)
3. Data Structures in Python (Code Examples)
4. Functions in Python (Code Examples)
5. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
6. Exception Handling and File I/O
7. Libraries and Frameworks (Code Examples)
8. Advanced Python Concepts
9. Best Practices in Python
10. Projects and Applications
1. Introduction to Python
- Python Overview: Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity
and readability.
- Why Python?: Python is versatile, used in web development, automation, AI, data science, and
more.
- Setting Up Python: Install Python from python.org or use package managers like Homebrew or
apt-get.
- IDEs: VSCode, PyCharm, Jupyter Notebook.
2. Python Basics (Code Examples)
- Variables: Variables store data. Examples of declaring variables:
Example 1: int_variable = 10 # Integer
Example 2: str_variable = "Hello, Python!" # String
Example 3: float_variable = 3.14 # Float
- Data Types:
int: 10
float: 3.14
str: "Hello"
bool: True or False
- Operators:
Example 1: Arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, / )
x = 10
y=5
result = x + y # Output: 15
Example 2: Logical operators (and, or, not)
if True and False: # Output: False
3. Data Structures in Python (Code Examples)
- Lists: Ordered, mutable collection of items.
Example:
my_list = [1, 2, 3, "Python", True]
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 'Python', True]
- Tuples: Ordered, immutable collection.
Example:
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print(my_tuple) # Output: (1, 2, 3)
- Sets: Unordered, mutable collection of unique items.
Example:
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3}
- Dictionaries: Key-value pairs.
Example:
my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30}
print(my_dict["name"]) # Output: John
4. Functions in Python (Code Examples)
- Functions: A block of code that only runs when called.
Example:
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"
print(greet("Alice")) # Output: Hello, Alice!
- Lambda Functions: Short anonymous functions.
Example:
add = lambda x, y: x + y
print(add(5, 3)) # Output: 8
5. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
- Class: A blueprint for creating objects (a particular data structure).
Example:
class Car:
def __init__(self, make, model):
self.make = make
self.model = model
def display(self):
print(f"{self.make} {self.model}")
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")
my_car.display() # Output: Toyota Corolla
6. Exception Handling and File I/O
- Exception Handling: Using try-except blocks to manage errors.
Example:
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.") # Output: Error: Division by zero is not allowed.
- File I/O: Reading and writing files.
Example:
with open("file.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Python is awesome!")
with open("file.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content) # Output: Python is awesome!
7. Libraries and Frameworks (Code Examples)
- NumPy (Numerical computing library):
Example:
import numpy as np
array = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(array) # Output: [1 2 3]
- Pandas (Data manipulation):
Example:
import pandas as pd
data = pd.DataFrame({"name": ["Alice", "Bob"], "age": [25, 30]})
print(data) # Output: name age 0 Alice 25 1 Bob 30
- Flask (Web framework):
Example:
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def home():
return "Hello, Flask!"
app.run() # Will run a web server, accessible at localhost:5000.
8. Advanced Python Concepts
- Generators: Used to create iterators in a memory-efficient way.
Example:
def my_gen():
yield 1
yield 2
gen = my_gen()
print(next(gen)) # Output: 1
print(next(gen)) # Output: 2
- Metaclasses: A class of a class.
Example:
class Meta(type):
pass
