ox for|2o2 tlolleon: — wunse 9ySTEN, Dighal_ ond. Computer Kyolems. yTokes a set me dixvete information inpule ord. dicerele wnternal, inbicnabon (systee state and generale a sch decree sal onal oulpats, ¥ lwo Tapes d digital systems ae, tombiaational Fai circuits omc seyrential Daye crus. * Ginbivo tonal) Dee cixtuits. = tote forazat: ~ Oucbyut = Function (Grpst) ¥ Sewuental lege exeuidts: -Sinte vit = Shiels Fuwebion (te, Dput) Datuk =Fumebon (ate, Tapa) = Two apes ‘ Synchronous , Asynchronous ~ Yynchrovous Sate update! at discrete bray, —Avypehronouss Mate updated a omy tine +Exomple 4 dagtal aystem z odometer , where inputs : an t “ outputs , Ws play 7 state: value A ehored, digitsTafocmabion | Teprerertation -Sy -% als x Toformattion wavinbles axe secjereserc tal be prysical quaritities. | & foc digital neler variable, lake on discrete values. x Most publ values india yates is hoe Judd. tor) bivasy values “ler Suton Repetaton XA mumber war vadixn eis str by » cbrg dts Pata Aihor Bb Aama Amy veh oe ae is Be -edlix we + (Wumbes) (e Au a er Ae ve - oh (rtegee Toit) \ (Fe | Geren | [- Reeival | Bena | | Reais fo | i + tase | ‘0 2 | —— _ Digits o tol i, a eden 2 e | \ ly \ S v \o 2 ey < 100 | 4 3 e 1000 zg | | zs y ont oS oe yt o-ot oa ° % 0:00} 025" |¥ a= tom is kilo, denoted by “K", is Mega, denoted 4 ian poh e rors zaere iv Gigr, denated by “GN a x22 pomsiezt Hb is Te, dented by "7 20 # = tonR sth Pasko labon: she base (vadix ) of n. wvmber debeemines he vm Pd digits avd, te value 4. dit positions, + Foemnula: w—-number of ats ja wumber + vada 4 J neramber di- digit in ih pesition in vumber AF eh 5 date ve ado OF dy a(iurber, * Bose io - decimal (0.12, 345, 6% ®) Bue a- binery (on) Bue & - octal (0,2, 3, 451614) Base Ib - hexadecimal) onay3qsht68, ABODE) Conversion fro bane v te buco: = Vse Gemula (unde gd ey 9.- dared Fad dein) tun of coal mumler 642. Ans: (o42), = oxte(ant) x (248°) = Guess (2) 42 = Ge | S Ree mal euivotbnt of (cq?) =(ai8) 0Exon: oss. Exes! _ he. Find Bo deamall eysi valk pa GER. QEr, = Ox) + (Ew) + (Faw) = (13x 250) + (ux) + (sx) = (2504, . Decimal cquinadbat of (per). 's (ast), Find Bo decimal equiva f (ror0), - @ o% 'e), = Abr oa)(1e2) (anal) + (ox2°) = tat ype 2 ¥ 240 =22)i5 cm Seiad equivalent of (iow), is he Conversion Ds base wo to base vw > Peden Long division with divderi os be given decimal number and. divisor 0s reqpsivad bare v. ~> Wale dein Py reminder: in aad step MW reverse ovdey. Convert (23)io op base a. eet rR (93), = (tom), 2B: 2|S-—o a= 2BeT 1-1| Ex05t Convert (45), ty cal. number fs Es) (90), = Lo), cron, | Find —hrorodecial eqprivalant d (oo Hos. wns (250 = 4 Py wl - 2 2 A Hi Us 1a deude. D in boxes) Biv. Nadition : Fox evgle bits, o+0 =9 o+1 = \ lto= \ yl = DOr cm cant Tadh tables. | Coxe (hye) bea * a o oO \ ° g ° o; \ \ ° \ ° \ Sum ik equivalent to YoR Goxe Gory is nin fp AND Grate : iD Odbat spo SD| Beavy Sulbyartion: Fow Single hits ‘ Himaoed Scdkmerd Difference bB-o = O |-o <3} o-\ = | batrow\ 1\ = 09 Dre's Complement: x Addictive Srdive d I's vomploment ‘eprevertntion is Md bap inverting eo) bet $ Saverting wall bY is ole taken oe 1s Complement # Fox esample , 3 in binary: % vocecol\ (bit rasezrinta 2>(din bivacgy 1@ W1it00 o in binary 1S 9000 C000 I's complemen & zy o ®t un, &, Wwe howe & vepectorttations d. Zero - Tacs __Soiplenontt: | aAdditive iwoue 1 38 complemen ibigee oon | be oftnined a adding rene lesan| | for erxample, Is toenplemeat ve 1% itlo nue + | m in binary ig ool KOOL (a-bit vepronnt>) als complement ori is mou = (11) | | Nowe: =. While subbothing ow Laqee mun ker trom o Swalley yumber, Py y-p = -(P-9) | te aa (S492 —(10-%) =-2 Den Cords ord Uo}, = (lore), 3 (Vel) 7 CPD. — (1919) 2 = — (Go), - bom .) ea jo 19 plo 0° oo \e z- (ory =e Fix! Sullenek (omvoiore) 5 foe (neo!) Aas: of TS a Noo oO Ltt oryy 19° lolo io J Bbioo 12 OO! Stic o , te required answer YS (oroo1cci0\), .Exox. eG Add {ivoo'), to (Wloo. tht ol h Reived aomaoer (ome) 4ioo ol : v jolt Ve | vier) to Add (noes) to tro)o wi 3 oP + Qeay, as * (loonee),. +l lo tol oo) too Find out: (onon), - [teore)a toil 0 Ws » Row tows, + 6 toe oo Rey Ong (eoreni), Loot oo \ Bro toliglation, deo =O; OF1=0; 1x5 =05 lela for eanmple 3 ‘oo \ \ aMeDiplicand (0 1 > Hablples| Ba Nasi Fired ob + (oi), x (ott), nee 1 (wo)z Con) = (ore M), frac ono. crainloet Nara Conversion do base tot boxe ve io. nub sucraively eal. Yruthionad ube tay a. Wabe sepa Re wheal pat ard eee after FP plieton in step. o- ally fradional part apne by ard de a. This will contimue watil ethon the Seadional pavt becomes 0 oF gets ‘repeated a Movivg. es to bottom, rte vile Fi integers obtained . NOE; oe Go mumber contains. belt seele rum hey jexb avd. fractional pat, do conversions seporslely avd. combine the veudls.Ena | Convert (0.395), to binwry finrion . | Frackionnl pov + (0-245) to ‘ Snbiger heachion OBIS 4a, = 0-460 0 0.750 rset = te 0:50 %& = 4J,00 \ 0.00 % (0.35) 2 (eer), Ex, Convecdd (9325) ,, te odull tachion dus: Sectegex Emadlion O-B25XS = Qboo Bi oO -boo \ o- bod AB = A-BOO 4 \ o,%oo \ oko %B = bdco b \ o-4cD \ O40 ¥S = 3200 3 \ ©2800 OR0D 848 = [-boo 1 ~ o-beo uy S Fetal pot tepals, ship haat | te (o328),,2 @-34e3),Ears Convert (o- 290825), to bme Ib. dukeger Feackion 9-290 baS tb = baSoo 6 0.460 o-asoo wtb = 40000 & {98000 6 (o-300b25) = (0-4), Convert (t-i),, +o binary number. Whole part : (AD. a\| ot atl 1, OD,= (y0000')y aye Fretion | ong = OR ° Oa ob eR =O é ae phe = 08 2 of essa = Yb ! Re obx2 = eo \ otIs (44.1) we? (0001 - oxo we, 8 Byravy Table: °) — (0% 0 9), %, Wh dee © \ ee nert det wg (Q.—3 © 2 Pa ® \ @. —? & 219 ®t @.— © oa @ O.— & 1° > ©, eos @ | (2098 +) \ @,. (0 \\ De NOTE: Observe Bo pattem above . —> LB (Bt 0) tragles On outig count —> Bibi tog les on ayy, second count: —> Biba degla on every fut countButy: hl Rpraontation Rollovers > Donsrnrtince d xed presion > Computes wae frre precision > Bis ote lost on Lebb-hamol end > Remanning digits One stl tovrech > Rellovwr stile Counting... Miter “999089, quaking. imhnumest with & bik size, takes Be nett mmbec 08 “ove000", who Pe Loft bond end, mumber 1 is dak - Conversion ad on Lrackional umber fam ; foxes r by bese to: Becienal peat Bee Pt et, vb e ve - a al -1 S, Ay aSmis Soh 4 Sa haere 4 Sa kt —— ategvo). fart frockiin pax’ —_1 Humtoer i bose 0. Conver the Elbosing to bate to: () o-d, (i) 3-17),Lvs (i (von), toyoo. Vi Brno y vad Place \ndlav, : a \ o . a} ~ Tacbinl venus va." 4 teal tox’ + 18274 1427 = by oF =b-99),o * (Uo.10), =(b-19) jo (i) @309), Octal : a 3« t Phe Nibecs: | 0 ay a Rectial rewlls. 2x8’ aay? 4 las le axe 1bX3 + D125 +O-WH3tS = (1a. 234318) jue tun veurd dt (olter dodo!) Marte warn 0% 9 Goi = (19-234295) | 2 (asd), Exce | Convert (10-24) 4 to bee to. Aa & 3 Jaw: Hexodeciool \ J Fs | Pico vals; ° , \ Pasliad. voullss reise tox + age sue= ALA OL ILL 84S = ae “ | > (has), gg anes), & (92-12), rle_Mel Nelhod (bore 10 2) 10 to bir) An ablomole vacthnd he cancers “p | sonal) decionll inl ger (ually les. Wom 054), lo becal by ausmbet 0s Ha are 5 ma A ty bi p binarg d vurmbers Bal axe gulch place values Pra & 7 fine s ata sate + 2 Decimal Squevdemt: 128 64 32 tb g 4 to fonverC (199), 2 bree 2 \ For example, (28 + o+ sarorot ares 1 Deana Wo = ye ft eee Binary +. [bio = (oioore), A similar insthod cam be wed fe convert a decimal Prvetatn to binary aston demovainector is a pave pa Bs Phee values: a wh 2 8 ? Relonel Sond Yo Ye Ye Yo Yaa)| = Sox craomple, te conwvil, (41) le binary, Yeimal as = bey + y+ obo “na v v 4 4 ‘Bivayy 4 ° \ \ ol) hf at) — (0, ool | (),. = (eon, | | | Spee Comenaioo | Binoy to Ocblbe | > Awvide Abs ow muvaber intD Groups 9 APoeso bits ea moving, ~ re ne park onl — nav from Lett + vl af ber dedi poiit- £ repre, add o bits to compat te arm, "Ait be of gourolity me) Replace adh pop by ts octal aypivalbat- + Oot to Binary: > Cowart ca ooh dg ton 3 digit binary wumber., Bivide the gwen nunc inlo groups 4 4 bis wad. vaoving from il to ft Vorore lhe decimal poi. ‘avd jo Aft after decimal te moving vy point Sf vequiced, add o bike tomplels the amp Y general ty = Reglhce ead group lf 4 vile) by ibs Femdetinal equivedbal.- * Woradecinnall bo binary ia > Convert ead Reredlecimall dg toa 4 digit binaxy warmer - > Combine all +B veaubbing bina groups lds bits each) into a single binage number - — Sune procedure uall be applied in Keradecimal frosted numbess abso. For Cody Comamrrion, Let (an le Le alll: | Werodecmall Binary oe ee (= aoe a —S—~SOCOLExa\: 3 oo NN 4& 0 100 5 DLO 4 ————. otto >} ——_——. oil g———___ !#00 q oo} yh !O\o0 MB for ¢ ——— te p— st e— 10 F— —— \\V\ lowest (ior. 100') to bose te . brroup d *, bits Grovring <—— breooping toot, Woo \G00 > ae wee | Himbimals 9 2 “& © > (loot 9D. = &Cpye Comer (c£-22)y, b binary: Haden. © & + Bi & \yoo. Ito + cell ole Biwary DCE 32) = (\leDIlO» o 0 (ce N (i uh DIL OOT >) }Binary Nowe, avd Bry Coding: 1 laity of xeptontaions Wilbin com braiads, \dlous, we Com nign amg binary combjciibison (oderend) do amg dato. as Jong on, dotaye Wriquely encoded . + Sulocostion ly pes pois. v thal venom dab veel + Vey daiabl, 1 copter dole. sud Bok swaple cligld red com pucduom fe crynrnen anit the cpesaians poumitled . Tight vellction b Panay, nuurbons, eo ~ Gein, fitliy since oxitnatic é sperihionn are nk appted . e Net Sel to bivany Wiests Nen- nunait Bang Codes: Given ne binary digits (or bits digits ox bits), 0 Dina cole it a wabpive from a ut ofseyrenetbed elements 40 0. wwback fe a" Moray vuumbers, For exaxnple ,, thea Coloiede d vawnbour Can be veprenenled as, Orange ie | Bite on Blue Lorin lho wight wy [bode loo 18 not use] fluor of clement _vepresenbed : Siven on dhgits wm Yodix x, ton axe y" distnd, elewnents Hist ante xp vatorited . > We tm vepragat m Danone, 2c", => for exarnple, ’ Repreaeriting 4 hinents, NA, ER, digits: 00,01, 10, ) » Repsaonbing 4 elemarbs, A= 1 2, digits: (cc0\, ole, 0100, 1000) ONE Hor ENtoDING, os all digits bo bits are Bevo, except doy bib.Lal us take yea, nw vepraont tlt lo 2, 340 bagi}. lo do Vs, uml we fre he decimal digits Sp 3 noo ways “These ave ove Some useful enced ings @) codes ares : ls (Binary) | (Bery)lo, | [Wo.. Decimal Bah] Excess [84,-34 Gray | | 1 ° poco OIL {| CC® | Oto t oo0o\ 0100 Ol jo loo & | oro | pior |ouo jew | 3 ool one lator oll | 4 | Oloo oN lee joo | 5 | eto loool onto | 6 | oOo | Lert told eit % ol loto ool eoey g \ooo Lol 1000 \aol 4 | joo} | hoo JIM Lee | iy)> Usiede ojlowk ASC do ucoub univoual cdhsoclors tole. = lox weeding dosnrker, my world Darnguoges 7? Kunilatle in many. wudexn aplicacions Fk byte (-bit) tele woords,. BL Corer — Datedion (dor: x Relurdaey (21, extra ittoemation) jn te Bom ¢ exbva, bits, cam be incacporeted into Kin code words to debeck and weet COONS aA svmple fern df vedardarncy ‘& joxty om gabe bt appended oto the Code. od. te wake the wunnber u ts od or extn, Taviy ton debect alll Single kb enon ond vore wutbliple- lit CIOS + A cde wool has ext poy , if fe wumber 4 Ih nthe vowde urd ix avin. wR coke uwrd. hos odd pity, if Be wunnler gee te in Be cole esord ye odd | x For ex, fe code wn hax extn pasty ant te de 10 has’ edd pastydab. bits Suen fen Odd pan — Colt peetg bt ae pest tt 4 4 ooo goo 0 ooo \ vol pot | oolo o1o ola \ O10 0 ow Dio owt det) loo \ loo 0 sol to. oO Vou.) We oo 110 \ wt wh Tito gh BED wuenellen, wb just a milter kvary emtadina ef decimal. di its Eon tf 4 oy en abit rebesontttlor. x BCD ib a wstighted cede becouse each decimal digit cna be ef tained. fom ds | code wooed by oasiguivy a fred welt do end. cede - uso bib. | | + te wstiglbs fe the BCD bits axe Aja amd fo this reason the cole | ie sometimen called tho sar tode. x Yor example, 54 im BCD is vepreuontsl “yy 03, ofol [ool he, (jy >/ (p= vo),| otha cde bso oll complementing bre Aaal code. x Micah Bix tole in, uct usd A bmn om aslRonebic vebabowhin with the wep ode - xthe tole work dw oth. deriwal dag a the | Covvespondig Bed ude usecd pn Gort - | x fer cam ple, a ia ereoa2 tle % vol (= (0019, Ws rae Bary i +(00i), Z— Add (oot!) Fras 2) > {ol Oia. Gray Code. | * Geng cle ie 0 Code whee ovklg ene bt henge ot atime le bavsaing from oto ony tectinell pun bee in Sepure - Tha is a useful papedy whom anole allies into dipital vollues, Sinte IE dinindbs the prot en A ruisintexbeclong async sconous dlarges do bits bebveen | valid values. § Arevor-> Preh lode 9.