Fluid Mechanics-II

ME-221
Teacher/Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Sumair

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (UET Lahore 2014-2018)

M.Sc. Thermal Power Engineering (UET Lahore 2018-2020)
 Pumps
• The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy (or pressure energy) are called pumps. There are
many types of pumps; however, the most important to be discussed
here are:
1. Centrifugal pumps
2. Reciprocating pumps
• Centrifugal pump: If the mechanical energy is converted into
pressure energy by the action of centrifugal force acting on the fluid,
the hydraulic machine is called centrifugal pump. Centrifugal pumps
can be easily identified by their snail-shaped casing, called the scroll
casing (just like in case of reaction turbines).
 Centrifugal Pumps
• Principle of Centrifugal Pump: The centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of
inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that the flow in centrifugal
pump is in the radial outward direction. The centrifugal pump works on the
principle of forced vortex motion which means that when a certain mass
of liquid is rotated by an external torque, the rise in pressure head of the
rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any point of the
rotating liquid is proportional to the square of tangential velocity of the
𝑢2 𝑟 2 𝜔2
liquid at that point.(i.e., rise in pressure head= = ).
2𝑔 2𝑔
• Thus, at the outlet of the impeller, where radius is more, the rise in pressure
head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high-
pressure head. Due to this high-pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a
high level.
 Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)
• Main Components of Centrifugal Pump: The following are the
main components of a centrifugal pump :
1. Impeller (rotating element which we call runner in case of turbines)
2. Casing (scroll casing which acts as a diffuser)
3. Suction pipe with a foot valve and a strainer
4. Delivery pipe.
• All the main components of the centrifugal pump are shown in Fig.1
and 2.
Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)

Figure 1: Line diagram of

centrifugal pump
Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)

Figure 2: Line diagram of

centrifugal pump
 Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)
1. Impeller: The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called impeller.
It generally consists of a series of backward curved vanes to achieve
maximum efficiency. The impeller is mounted on a shaft which is
connected to the shaft of an electric motor. Therefore, an electric
motor runs the impeller.
2. Casing (scroll or volute): The casing of a centrifugal pump is like
the casing of a reaction turbine. It is an air-tight passage surrounding
the impeller and is designed in such a way that it acts as a diffuser.
Therefore, the kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet of
the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water
leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe.
Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)

Figure 3: Actual centrifugal pump coupled

with electric motor
Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)

Figure 4: Actual centrifugal pump coupled with electric

motor (left side) and pump’s main components (right side)
Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)

Figure 5: Centrifugal pump decoupled from

electric motor
 Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)
3. Suction Pipe with a Foot valve and a Strainer. A pipe whose one
end is connected to the inlet of the pump (at eye of impeller) and other
end dips into water in a sump (water reservoir) is known as suction
pipe. A foot valve which is a non-return valve or one-way type of
valve is fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe. The foot valve opens
only in the upward direction.
• To prevent the entry of unknown and unwanted bodies into the suction
pipe, a strainer is fitted at the lower end of the pipe.
Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)

Figure 6: Foot valve with strainer

 Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)
• Since the pressure at the inlet of the pump is suction i.e., negative
pressure; and its value is limited to avoid cavitation, it is therefore
essential that the losses in the suction pipe should be as small as
possible. For this purpose, bends in the suction pipe are avoided and
its diameter is often kept larger.
4. Delivery Pipe. A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the
pump and other end delivers the water at a required height is known as
delivery pipe.
 Work Done by the Impeller on the Water
• In case of the centrifugal pump, work is done by the impeller on the
water (in contrast to the turbines in which work is done by the water
on the runner). The expression for the work done by the impeller on
the water is obtained by drawing velocity triangles at inlet and outlet
of the impeller in the same way as for a turbine. The water enters the
impeller radially at inlet for best efficiency of the pump, which means
the absolute velocity of water at inlet makes an angle of 90° with the
tangent at inlet. Hence angle α = 90° and Vw1 = 0. For drawing the
velocity triangles, the same notations are used as that for turbines.
• Fig. 7 shows the velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet tips of the
vanes fixed to an impeller.
Work Done by the Impeller on Water (Cont’d)
Work Done by the Impeller on Water
(Cont’d)
 Work Done by the Impeller on the Water
(Cont’d)
• As the water enters the impeller radially which means the absolute
velocity of water at inlet is in the radial direction and hence angle α =
90° and Vw1 = 0. A centrifugal pump is the reverse of a radially inward
flow reaction turbine (Remember in case of Francis turbine, the
water leaves the runner radially and β=90°, Vw2 = 0). As we had
already seen in case of a radially inward flow reaction turbine, the
work done by the water on the runner per second is given by equation:
= 𝜌𝑄[𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 − 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 ]
• Therefore, the work done by the impeller on the water per second can
be written as
 Work Done by the Impeller on Water
(Cont’d)
W. 𝐷 𝑝𝑒𝑟 sec 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑄[𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 − 𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 ]
• As the water enters the impeller radially i.e., α = 90° and Vw1 = 0
Therefore, the work done by the impeller on the water per second can
be written as
W. 𝐷 𝑝𝑒𝑟 sec 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2
• The work done per sec per unit weight of water per second can be
written as
𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2
=
𝜌𝑄𝑔 𝑔
• The work done per second per unit weight of water per second has the
unit of meters and is known as the “Head imparted by the impeller to
the water”.
 Different Heads of Centrifugal Pumps
1. Suction Head (hs). It is the vertical height of the centre line of the
centrifugal pump above the water surface in the tank as shown in
Fig. 1 and 2. This height is also called suction lift and is denoted by
'hs'.
2. Delivery Head (hd). The vertical distance between the centre line of
the pump and the water surface in the tank to which water is
delivered is known as delivery head. This is denoted by “hd”
3. Static Head (Hs). The sum of suction head and delivery head is
known as static head. This is represented by “Hs” and is written as
Hs = hs + hd.
 Different Heads of Centrifugal Pumps
(Cont’d)
4. Manometric Head (Hm). The manometric head is defined as the
head against which a centrifugal pump has to work. It is denoted by ‘Hm
and is given by the following expression:
Hm = Head imparted by the impeller to the water - Loss of head in the
pump or
 Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pumps
• In case of a centrifugal pump, the power is transmitted from
electric motor to the shaft of the pump (S.P or mechanical
power) and then to the impeller. From the impeller, the power is
given to the water (in the form of the head imparted to the water
by impeller). Thus, power is decreasing from the shaft of the
pump (S.P) to the impeller and then to the water. Remember the
following:
1. Input power to the pump=mechanical power or S.P
2. Power available at the impeller=W.D per sec by impeller on
water= 𝜌𝑄Vw2u2
3. Power output of the pump=power given to water at outlet of
pump= 𝜌𝑄gHm
Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)
• The following are three important efficiencies of centrifugal pump:
1. Mechanical efficiency (𝜂𝑚 )
2. Manometric efficiency (𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛 ) and
3. Overall efficiency (𝜂𝑜 )
• Mechanical Efficiency (ηm). The power at the shaft of the centrifugal
pump (S.P) is more than the power available at the impeller of the
pump which is used to do work on the water (W.D/sec). The ratio of
the power available at impeller to power input to the pump is known
as mechanical efficiency. It is written as
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑄Vw2u2
𝜂𝑚 = =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑆.𝑃
Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pumps (Cont’d)
• Manometric efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of power given to
water at outlet of pump to the power available at the impeller.
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻𝑚 𝑔𝐻𝑚 𝐻𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛 = = = =
𝜌𝑄Vw2u2 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟
𝑔
• Overall Efficiency: It is defined as ratio of power output of pump
(power given to water at the outlet of pump) to the power input to the
pump through motor (S.P)
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻𝑚
𝜂𝑜 = =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑆.𝑃
 Numerical Problems
• Problem 1: A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.118 m3/s at a speed
of 1450 r.p.m against a head (manometric head) of 25 m. The impeller
diameter and width at outlet are 250 mm and 50 mm respectively; and
manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine the outlet vane angle.
Assume water is entering radially. (Ans: 59.7°)
• Problem 2: A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two
times the inner diameter and running at 1000 r.p.m. works against a
total head of 40 m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is
constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. The vane angle at outlet is 40°. If the
outer diameter of the impeller is 500 mm and width at outlet is 50 mm,
determine : (i) Vane angle at inlet, (it) Work done by impeller on water
per second, and (iii) Manometric efficiency. [Ans: (i) 10.8°, (ii) 119.3
kW, (iii)64.4%]
 Numerical Problems (Cont’d)
• Problem 3: A centrifugal pump discharges 0.15 m3/s of water against a
head of 12.5 m, the speed of the impeller being 600 r.p.m. The outer and
inner diameters of impeller are 500 mm and 250 mm respectively and the
vane angle is 35° at exit. If the area of flow remains constant as 0.07 m2
from inlet to outlet, calculate : (i) Manometric efficiency of pump and (ii)
Vane angle at inlet [Ans: (i) 61.8%, (ii)15.2°]
• Problem 4: The outer diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump is 400
mm and outlet width is 50 mm. The pump is running at 800 r.p.m. and is
working against a total head of 15 m. The vane angle at outlet is 40° and
manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine : (i) velocity of flow at outlet, (ii)
absolute velocity of water leaving the vane, (iii)angle made by the absolute
velocity at outlet with the tangential direction and (iv)discharge. [Ans: (i)
4.23 m/s, (ii) 12.45 m/s, (iii) 19.80°, (iv) 0.265m3/s]
Thanks for Listening