Solution Exercise – 1

1. Let number of males=n1 and number of females=n2

n1 x 1 +n12 x2
Combined Average=
n 1+ n2
10600 × n1+ 7500×n 2
8000=
n1 + n2

8000 ( n 1+ n2 )=10600 n1 +7500 n2

500 n2=2600 n 1

n1 5
=
n2 26
5
Percentage of Males= ×100 ≅ 16.129 %
31
26
Percentage of Females= × 100≅ 83.871
31

2. Change the class interval into continuous data.

Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) f×x

9.5-19.5 2 14.5 29
19.5-
4 24.5 98
29.5
29.5-
9 34.5 310.5
39.5
39.5-
11 44.5 489.5
49.5
49.5-
12 54.5 654
59.5
59.5-
6 64.5 387
69.5
69.5-
4 74.5 298
79.5
79.5-
2 84.5 169
89.5
--- --- --- ---

-- ∑ f =50 -- ∑ fx=2435

Mean ( X )=
∑ fx
∑f
2435
¿
50
 Mean ( X )=48.7

3. There are two different averages or means being considered: the mean daily sales per trip and the mean daily
sales overall. Let us break down what each of these averages means and which one might be more appropriate
in this case:
 Mean Daily Sales per Trip (Simple Average): This average gives you an idea of the consistency of the
salesman's daily performance during each trip individually. It tells you that on average, during each
trip, the salesman made Rs 540 per day. This is useful if you want to evaluate the performance of the
salesman during each specific trip.
 Mean Daily Sales Overall (Weighted Average): This average considers the overall performance of the
salesman across all trips. It tells you that on average, he made Rs 552 per day when considering all the
trips together.

In this case, both averages have their significance. The sales manager's criticism is based on the mean daily sales per
trip, which may be relevant if the manager is concerned about the consistency of the salesman's performance on each
individual trip. However, the salesman's argument is based on the mean daily sales overall, which reflects his overall
performance when you consider all the trips together.

To assess the salesman's performance comprehensively, it might be more appropriate to consider the mean daily sales
overall (Rs 552) because it considers his performance across all the trips, providing a more holistic view of his
performance. However, it is also important to analyze the mean daily sales per trip to identify which specific trips
were successful.

4.

x− A x−552
Frequency (f d= =
x h 18 f ×d
)
A=552 ,h=18
462 98 -5 -490
480 75 -4 -300
498 56 -3 -168
516 42 -2 -84
534 30 -1 -30
552=A 21 0 0
570 15 1 15
588 11 2 22
606 6 3 18
624 2 4 8

----- ∑ f =356 ----- ∑ fd =−1009

Mean ( X )= A+
∑ fd × h
∑f
−1009
¿ 552+ ×18
356
Mean ( X )=500.98
 5.
Class Frequency (f) cf
30 - 40 18 18
40 - 50 38 56
50 - 60 46 102
60 - 70 27 129
70 - 80 15 144
80 - 90 8 152
--- --- ---
n=152 --

Here, n=152

Calculation of Q 1

Q1 class:

¿ Class of ( n4 ) thobservation ∈cf column

¿ Class of (
4 )
152
thobservation

¿ Class of 38th observation∈ cf column

and it lies in the class 40-50.

Q1 class : 40-50
Now,
L=lower boundary point of median class =40
n=Total frequency =152
cf=Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class =18
f=Frequency of the median class =38
h=class length of median class =10
n
−cf
2
Median=L+ ×h
f
152
−18
4
¿ 40+ ×10
38
20
¿ 40+ ×10
38
Q1=45.26
Calculation of D 7

D7 class:

¿ Class of ( 710n ) th observation∈cf column

¿ Class of (
10 )
7 ×152
th observation

¿ Class of (106.4)thobservation∈cf column

and it lies in the class 60-70.

D7 class : 60-70
Now,
L=lower boundary point of median class =40
n=Total frequency =152
cf=Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class =102
f=Frequency of the median class =27
h=class length of median class =10
7n
−cf
10
D7=L+ ×h
f
7 × 152
−12
10
¿ 60+ ×10
27
4.4
¿ 40+ × 10
27
D7=61.63

Calculation of P80

P80 class:

¿ Class of ( 80100n ) th observation∈cf column

¿ Class of (
100 )
80 ×152
th observation

¿ Class of (121.6)thobservation∈cf column

and it lies in the class 60-70.

D7 class : 60-70
Now,
L=lower boundary point of median class =60
n=Total frequency =152
cf=Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class =102
f=Frequency of the median class =27
h=class length of median class =10
80 n
−cf
100
P80=L+ ×h
f
80× 152
−102
100
¿ 60+ ×10
27
19.6
¿ 40+ ×10
27
P80=67.23
6. The question is based on the concept of weighted average.
Weights given

Attenance=.20 ,Term Paper=.30 , Mid Term=.5 0

Final Marks for each student can be calculated as:

Final Marks=.20 × Attendance+.30 × Term Paper +.50 × Mid Term

Final Marks
(
Name of Student Attendance Term Paper Mid-term Test w 1 × x1 + w2 × x 2+ w3 × x 3
)
A 22 25 42 32.9
B 20 23 40 30.9
C 19 16 37 27.1
D 24 15 25 21.8
E 25 18 30 25.4
F 18 20 32 25.6
G 16 23 45 32.6
H 21 19 38 28.9
I 25 15 30 24.5
J 23 17 27 23.2
∑ wx=272.9

Average Final Marks=

∑ wx
∑w
272.9
¿
.20+.30+.50
Average Final Marks=272.9
7. Calculation for Mason A

x Frequency (f f×x f×x

2
 )
625 1 625 390625
650 2 1300 845000
675 3 2025 1366875
700 2 1400 980000
725 1 725 525625
800 1 800 640000
--- --- --- ---

∑ f =10 ∑ f x=6875 ∑ fx2=4748125

Mean ( X )=
∑ fx
∑f
6875
¿
10
Mean ( X )=6 8 7 . 5
Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation ( δ )=√ ∑ f x 2−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

√
2
(6875)
4748125−
10
¿
10

¿
√ 4748125−4726562.5
10

¿
√ 21562.5
10
= √2156.25

Standard Deviation=46.44

δ
Coefficient of Variation= ×100
x
46.44
¿ ×100
687.5
Coefficient of Variation=6.75 %
Calculation for Mason B

x Frequency (f 2
f×x f×x
)
550 1 550 302500
575 1 575 330625
 600 2 1200 720000
625 3 1875 1171875
650 1 650 422500
675 1 675 455625
--- --- --- ---

∑ f =10 ∑ fx=6 225 ∑ fx2=3893 125

Mean ( X )=
∑ fx
∑f
6 225
¿
10
Mean ( X )=6 22 .5
Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation ( δ )=√ ∑ f x 2−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

√
2
(6 225)
3893125−
10
¿
10

¿
√ 3893 125−38750 62.5
10

¿
√ 180 62.5
10
= √ 180 6.25

Standard Deviation=4 2 . 5

δ
Coefficient of Variation= ×100
x
4 2 .5
¿ ×100
6 22.5
Coefficient of Variation=6. 83 %

Discussion about the relative consistency

A lower coefficient of variation indicates greater consistency. Since Mason A has a lower CV (6.75%) than Mason B
(6.83%), it means Mason A is more consistent in laying bricks.
If the figures for Mason A were in every case 20 more and those of Mason B in every case 10 more than the original
figures, the coefficient of variation would remain unchanged. This is because adding a constant value to all data points
does not affect the standard deviation or the mean, and therefore the CV remains the same.

8. Calculation for Factory X

 x− A x−55
Frequency (f d= = 2 cf
Class Mid value (x) h 10 f ×d f ×d
)
A=55 , h=1 0
20 - 30 15 25 -3 -45 135 15
30 - 40 30 35 -2 -60 120 45
40 - 50 44 45 -1 -44 44 89
50 - 60 60 55=A 0 0 0 149
60 - 70 60 65 1 60 60 209
70 - 80 14 75 2 28 56 223
80 - 90 7 85 3 21 63 230

∑ f =230 ----- ----- ∑ fd =−4 0 ∑ f d 2=47 8 -----

Mean ( X )= A+
∑ fd × h
∑f
−4 0
¿ 55+ ×10
230
Mean ( X )=53.26

Standard Deviation ( δ )=√ ∑ f d 2−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

√
2
(−4 0)
478−
23 0
¿ ×10
23 0

¿
√ 471.04
230
×10

Standard Deviation=14.3 1

Calculation for Factory Y

x− A x−55
d= = 2
Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) h 10 f ×d f ×d
A=55 , h=10
20 - 30 25 25 -3 -75 225
30 - 40 40 35 -2 -80 160
40 - 50 60 45 -1 -60 60
50 - 60 35 55=A 0 0 0
60 - 70 20 65 1 20 20
70 - 80 15 75 2 30 60
80 - 90 5 85 3 15 45

∑ f =20 0 ----- ----- ∑ fd =−15 0 ∑ f d 2=570

 Mean ( X )= A+
∑ fd × h
∑f
−15 0
¿ 55+ × 10
2 00
Mean ( X )=47.5

Standard Deviation ( δ )=√ ∑ f d 2−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

√
2
(−15 0)
570−
200
¿ × 10
2 00

¿
√ 4 57.5
2 00
× 10

Standard Deviation=15.12
Factory Arithmetic Mean of Wages Standard Deviation of
Wages
X 53.26 14.31
Y 47.5 15.12

Answer 8 (a):
Factory X pays higher average wages than Factory Y. The arithmetic mean of wages for Factory X is 53.26, while for
Factory Y, it is 47.5. The difference in average wages is: 53.26 - 47.5 = 5.76 So, Factory X pays, on average,
approximately Rs. 5.76 more in wages than Factory Y.
Answer 8 (b):
Factory Y has more variable wages as indicated by the higher standard deviation of wages. The standard deviation for
Factory Y is 15.12, whereas for Factory X, it is 14.31. A higher standard deviation means that the wages in Factory Y
are more spread out from the mean, indicating greater variability in wages.
Answer 8 (b):
To calculate the total wages paid by each factory in a month, assuming both work for 25 days, you can use the
following formula:
Total Wages = Average Wage * Number of Days Worked
For Factory X:
Total Wages for Factory X = 53.26 * 25 = $1,331.50
For Factory Y:
Total Wages for Factory Y = 47.5 * 25 = $1,187.50
So, Factory X would have to pay approximately $1,331.50 in wages in a month, while Factory Y would have to pay
approximately $1,187.50 in wages for the same duration.
9. Solution:

x− A x−4 5
d= =
Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) h 10 2
f ×d f ×d
A=4 5 , h=10
 10 -
12 15 -3 -36 108
20
20 -
18 25 -2 -36 72
30
30 -
26 35 -1 -26 26
40
40 -
32 45=A 0 0 0
50
50 -
14 55 1 14 14
60
60 -
8 65 2 16 32
70
--- --- --- --- --- ---

∑ f =110 ----- ----- ∑ fd =−68 ∑ f d 2=252

Mean ( X )= A+
∑ fd × h
∑f
−68
¿ 55+ × 10
110
Mean ( X )=38 . 82

Standard Deviation ( δ )=√ ∑ f d 2−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

√
2
(−68)
252−
110
¿ × 10
110

¿
√ 209.96
110
×10

Standard Deviation=13 . 82

To find Mode Class

Here, maximum frequency is 32.

The mode class is 40-50.
L=lower boundary point of mode class =40
f1= frequency of the mode class =32
f0= frequency of the preceding class =26
f2= frequency of the succeeding class =14
h= class length of mode class =10

f 1−f 0
Mode=L+
(f ¿ ¿ 1−f 0 )+(f 1−f 2)×h ¿
 32−26
¿ 40+ × 10
(32−26)+(32−14)

6
¿ 40+ ×10
24

Mode=42.5
Mean−Mode
Coefficient of Skewness=
Standard Deviation
38.82−42.5
Coefficient of Skewness=
13.82
Coefficient of Skewness=−0.27
10. Solution:

Clas 2
Frequency (f) Mid value (x) fx fx
s
0-5 8 2.5 20 50
5-10 42 7.5 315 2362.5
10-15 26 12.5 325 4062.5
15-20 10 17.5 175 3062.5
20-25 4 22.5 90 2025
-- ∑ f =90 -- ∑ fx=925 ∑ fx 2=11562.5

Mean ( X )=
∑ fx
∑f
925
¿
90
Mean ( X )=10.28

Standard Deviation ( δ )=√ ∑ f x 2−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

√
2
( 925)
11562.5−
90
¿
90

¿
√ 20 55.56
90
Standard Deviation=4.78