Stem B Chemistry Reviewer Pre Finals

STEM B CHEMISTRY REVIEWER PRE-FINAL
 Atoms are dense and solid, with no internal structure or subatomic particles considered.
-Building blocks of matter.
Made up of subatomic particles protons (positively charged), electrons (negatively charged),
and neutrons ( neutral).
 Atomic Theory- According to this theory, atoms have a nucleus with a positive charge and most
of the mass, surrounded by electrons that orbit like planets. It explains why particles can pass
through or bounce off atoms, and is the basis of our current understanding of atomic structure.
 Molecule
-It is the smallest particle of a substance that has all of the physical and chemical properties of the
substance.
- It is held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds
-Molecules are made up of one or more atoms.
 Ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge.
 Cations- positively charged ions are called
 Anions- negatively charged ions are called anions.
 Monatomic- containing only one atom.
 Polyatomic- containing more than one atom.
 John Dalton- conclude that the behavior of matter could be explained only if matter was
composed of atoms.
-All matter is made of extremely small particles called atoms (in constant motion).
-Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of a
different element differs in size, mass, and other properties.
- Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed
-Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole- number ratios to form chemical
compounds.
-In exchange reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
 ATOMIC STRUCTURES -Atoms consists of an extremely small, positively charged nucleus

surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
 THREE POSTULATES:
1 All matter is composed of exceedingly small indivisible particles called atoms.
2 No two elements or atoms of different kinds have exactly the same properties.
3 Atoms combine in simple, fixed whole number ratios to form compounds.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

- Introduced by a French chemist, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier- Father of Modern Chemistry
-He performed experiments involving chemical reactions and found out that during a chemical
reaction, the total number of mass off reactants was equal to the total mass of the products.
-He concluded that matter could neither be created nor destroyed, therefore, it was conserved.
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
-Formulated by French chemist, Joseph Proust (1754-1826)
-Law show that a given compound always contained the same element in the same proportion by
mass.
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
-States that if two elements can be combined to form more than one compound, the masses of one
element that combined with a fixed mass of the other elements are in ratios of small whole numbers.
 Protons- are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They carry a positive electric
charge and, along with neutrons, make up the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons in an
atom's nucleus determines its atomic number and defines the element.
 Electrons- are subatomic particles with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom. They
are much smaller than protons and neutrons and are involved in chemical reactions and bonding
between atoms. The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons,
balancing the positive and negative charges
 Neutrons- are subatomic particles that have no electric charge (neutral) and are found in the
nucleus of an atom alongside protons. Neutrons contribute to the mass of the atom but do not
affect its charge. They help stabilize the nucleus, especially in larger atoms, by reducing the
repulsive forces between positively charged protons.
 Atomic Number- Is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of the elements. It is
denoted by the symbol Z. The atomic number determines the chemical properties of the
elements and its place in the periodic table
 Mass Number- (denoted as A) is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom. While the atomic number only counts the protons, the mass number provides the sum
and both protons and neutrons, which are the particles contributing to the atom’s mass.
 Isotopes- are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (same atomic
number) but different number of neutrons, resulting in different mass number.
-Although they have different masses, isotopes of an element have same chemical properties
because they have the same number of electrons.

Stem B Chemistry Reviewer Pre Finals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stem B Chemistry Reviewer Pre Finals

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stem B Chemistry Reviewer Pre Finals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STEM B CHEMISTRY REVIEWER PRE-FINAL

 ATOMIC STRUCTURES -Atoms consists of an extremely small, positively charged nucleus

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

You might also like