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UNIT 1

Changing Concepts, Nature, Purpose and Types of Curriculum

Curriculum
-dynamic as the changes that occur in society.
-viewed merely as a listing of subject to be taught in school.
-refers to the total learning experiences of individuals not only in schools but in society as well.
-standard based sequence
-produce good and productive citizen.
-came from the Latin word currere which means to run or to run a course.
-synonymous to the “course of study” and “syllabus”

The definitions are influenced by:

* mode of thoughts
*pedagogies - art of teaching
*political as well as cultural experiences

Robert M. Hutchins views curriculum as “permanent studies” where the rule of grammar, reading,
rhetoric and logic and mathematics for basic education are emphasized. Basic Education should
emphasize the 3 Rs ( reading, writing, arithmetic ) and college education should be grounded on
liberal education. Arthur Bestor as an essentialist, believed that the mission of the school should be
intellectual training. Joseph Schwab that discipline is the sole source of curriculum. The traditional
curriculum is evolving to meet the demands of the 21st century.

Learning
-Acquiring knowledge through experiences
-occurs when there is a specific change in the behavior.

3 Domains of learning

*affective- values, morals, behavior, feelings


*psycho motor- physical movement and skills
*cognitive- intellectual and mind (internal abilities)

The Progressivists

John Dewey
- as the total learning experiences of the individual.
-reflective thinking

Caswell & Campbell


-as “all experiences children have under the guidance of teachers”

Smith, Stanley, & Shores


-as a sequence of potential experiences set up in the schools for the purpose of disciplining children
and youth in group ways of thinking and acting”
-sequential and remedial

Marsh and Willis


-as all the “experiences in the classroom which are planned and enacted by the teacher, and also
learned by the students.
Avoid these verbs when formulating objective

U- understanding
K-know
L-learn
A-appreciate

Objective should be:

S- specific
M- measurable
A- attainable
R- Realistic
T-Time around

Characteristics of a Good Curriculum

1. is continuously evolving.
2. is based on the needs of the people
3. is democratically conceived.
4. is the result of a long-term effort
5. is a complex of details.
6. provide for the logical sequence with other programs of community
7.it has quality
8. it’s flexible

Distinction Between Curriculum and Other Related Terminologies

Curriculum and Syllabus


-is the content of the school subjects offered in the school, and it is a sub-set of the curriculum.

Curriculum and Scheme of Work


-is a breakdown of the contents of what students are expected to learn in a given period.

Curriculum and Course of Study


-an educational program leading to the award of a certificate at the end of the program for a
particular set of learners.

Curriculum and Lesson Note


-or lesson plan, is a guide for teachers to assist them in the orderly presentation of a lesson to the
learners in order to facilitate learning.

Traditional Curriculum Model

Teacher-Centered
-the traditional curriculum was focused on teacher-led instruction and rote learning

Content-Driven
-The emphasis was on mastering a fixed body of knowledge outlined in textbooks and curriculum
guides.

Standardized Assessment
-Student progress was primarily measured through standardized tests and exams.

Shift Toward Competency Based Learning


*Skill Development
-The focus is on building practical skills and competencies instead of just memorizing facts.

*Flexible Pacing
-Students progress at their own pace, demonstrating mastery of concepts before moving on.

*Authentic Assessment
-Students showcase their learning through performance-based assessments and real-world projects.

Interdisciplinary Approach

*Cross-Cultural Connections
-Curriculum integrates multiple subjects to reflect the interconnected nature of the real world.

*Holistic Understanding
-Students develop a deeper, more comprehensive understanding of topics by examining them from
diverse perspectives.

*Collaborative Learning
-Students work together to tackle complex challenges, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving
skills.

Personalized Learning Pathways

Tailored Content
-Curriculum and instruction are customized to each student's unique needs, interests, and learning
styles

Flexible Pacing
-Students have the freedom to move through content at their own pace, accelerating or slowing
down as needed.

Student Agency
-Learners are empowered to take an active role in shaping their educational journey and goals.

Project-Based Learning

Authentic Problems
-Students tackle complex, meaningful problems that mirror real-world challenges.

Collaborative Inquiry
-Learners work together to research, design, and create solutions through an iterative process.

Public Presentation
-Students demonstrate their learning by sharing their work with a wider audience.

Emphasis on Soft-Skills

Communication
-Emphasis on developing effective written, oral, and interpersonal communication skills.

Collaboration
-Opportunities for students to work together, share ideas, and learn from one another.

Critical Thinking
-Fostering skills in analysis, problem-solving, decision-making, and creative thinking

Adaptability
-Preparing students to be flexible, resilient, and able to navigate uncertainty.

Integrating Technology

Digital Literacy
-Equipping students with the skills to effectively use and understand digital technologies.

Blended Learning
-Combining traditional classroom instruction with online and digital learning experiences.

Personalized Pathways
-Leveraging technology to provide customized learning opportunities for each student.

Adaptability and Lifelong Learning

Continuous Learning
-Developing a growth mindset and the ability to acquire new skills throughout one's life.

Transferable Skills
-Emphasizing the importance of adaptable, cross-disciplinary competencies applicable in various
contexts.

Agile Mindset
-Fostering the capacity to embrace change, navigate uncertainty, and thrive in a rapidly evolving
world.

Types of Curriculum

1. Recommended Curriculum
-proposed and recommended by scholars and professional organizations.

2. Written Curriculum
-appears in school, district, division or country documents.
-Ex: lesson plan

3. Taught Curriculum
-what teachers implement or deliver in the classrooms and schools.
-how teachers deliver his/her lesson in the classroom

4. Supported Curriculum
-resources textbook, computers, audio visual

5. Assessed Curriculum
-that which is tested and evaluated
-using assessment tools such as test, quizzes,portfolio
-project based

6. Learned Curriculum
-what the students actually learn and what is measured

7. Hidden Curriculum
-the unintended curriculum.
-what student learned from the physical environment
-not planned

8. Null Curriculum
-not being taught
-academic freedom to ignore some content or skill
-omitted content

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