Reviewer in Ucsp

REVIEWER IN UCSP
• A state is an organized political community acting under a government and united by common
set of laws. It uses absolute power in directing the path of a society.
• ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
1. Population- It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for the state.
Without population there can be no State.
2. Territory -There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory to live and
organize themselves socially and politically. It may be remembered that the territory of the
states includes land, water and airspace
• 3. Government - It is the organization or machinery or agency of the State which makes,
implements, enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the state.
4. Sovereignty- It is the most exclusive elements of State. Without sovereignty no state can
exist.
• Authoritarian governments differ in who holds power and in how control they assume over
those who govern. An example of this type is Monarchy.
• Some monarchs hold unlimited political powers while many constitutional monarchies, such
as the United Kingdom and Thailand. Currently, 44 nations in the world have monarchs as
head of state.
• An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small-elite
segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony.
• Totalitarianism is a political system that strives to regulate nearly every aspect of public and
private life.
• Modern examples of totalitarian states include the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Nazi
Germany under Adolf Hitler, the People’s Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and North
Korea under the Kim Dynasty.
• Nonstate institutions are people and/ or organization that participate in international affairs
and relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation.
• These nonstate institutions include the following: bank and corporations, cooperatives and
trade unions, transnational advocacy groups, and development agencies and international
organizations.
• the word education is derived from the Latin word “educare” which means “to train”, “to rear
or bring-up (a child)”.
• Before the Philippines attained independence in 1946, the country’s education system was
patterned after the educational systems of Spain and the United States.
• Informal education is a lifelong process whereby every individual acquires from daily
experiences, attitudes, values, facts, skills, and knowledge or motor skill from resources in
his or her higher environment.
• Non-formal education refers to any organized educational activity outside the established
formal system to provide selected types of learning to a segment of the population.
• As a concept, non-formal education emerged in response to the world crisis in education
identified by Philip H. Coombs in 1967, who argued that the formal education system have
failed to address the changing dynamics of the environment and the societies.
• As British sociologist Herbert Spencer explains, functions are important to be performed as
they make the society whole.
• Abraham Maslow is the proponent of Hierarchy of Need and according to him self-
actualization is the highest form of human need. It was defined as “to become more and more
what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.”
• Physiological needs are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink,
shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep. If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot
function optimally
• Love and belonginess needs interpersonal relationships motivate behavior.
• Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and
adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity
• Social stratification is an inherent character of all societies. It is historical as we find it in all

societies, ancient and modern; and it is universal as it exists in simple or complex societies.
• Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social standing.
• Social differentiation refers to how people can be distinguished from one another. People in
a group may differ in skin color, hair color, race, mental and physical ability, and the like.
• The individual’s position in the social structure is called status. The higher or lower positions
that come about through social stratifications are called statuses.
• Ascribed statuses are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of some fixed
category, without regard to a person’s abilities or performance. These include sex, family
background, race, and ethnic heritage. You did nothing to earn these statuses; you have no
control over these characteristics and no opportunity or chance to choose your family, your
sex, and your race.
• According to Max Weber, most societies would favor those with power, prestige, status,
wealth or class.
• As mentioned by Ariola (2012) in his book, one may be viewed as belonging to the upper
social strata or lower social strata depending on the following dimensions:
1. Sources of Income
2. Occupation
3. Education
4. Types of dwelling
5. Location of residence
6. Kinship or family
• The class structure is an open system. It encourages people to strive and achieve something.
• Closed system accommodates little change in social position. They do not allow people to
shift levels and do not permit social relationships between levels.
• Social inequality can be described as a state of social affairs in which there is difference in
opportunity, status and treatment among the member of a given society.
• Social inclusion is a fundamental principle of social justice.
• The Philippines’ Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
(4Ps) it is a human development measure of the national government that provides
conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition, and the
education of children aged 0-18.
• The richest among all regions is the National Capital Region (NCR), where the GRDP per
capita as of 2018 stood at P253,893, a 40% jump from the P181,748 in 2009.
• The poorest is the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), with its GRDP per
capita barely improving from P14,052 in 2009 to P14,657 in 2018.
• In fact, President Obama (2013) said inequality is “the defining challenge of our time.” It has
been part of us and is ever growing and expanding as time goes by.
• The cry of the minority (any small group in society that is different from the rest because of
their race, religion, or political beliefs, or a person who belongs to such a group) roots from
the desire to achieve social inclusion. Social inclusion is a fundamental principle of social
justice

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• Social stratification is an inherent character of all societies. It is historical as we find it in all

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