Introduction CS cx The rise of the village is bound up with the rise of agricultural economy in history. The emergence of a village signified that man passed from the nomadic mode of collective life to a settled one. cA large proportion of India lives in villages. India can rightly be called the land of Villages. As per population profile 2001, about 72.18% of the total Indian population lives in villages.Village types cz ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE: The Nucleated Village The Linear ea The Dispersed Village ca ON THE BASIS OF RESIDENCE: Migratory Village oma Permanent Agricultural Village ermanent Agricultural Village c ON THE BASIS OF ORGANISATION: Co-operative Villages Semi-Collective Villages Collective Villages ca ON THE BASIS OF LAND OWENERSHIP Landlord Villages Ryotwari VillagesVillage Types on the Basis of Structure THE NUCLEATED VILLAGE cz Habitation area is well marked cx The boundaries of the village together with its fields are never percieved cx The fields owned by one village merge into those owned by another except where a hillock or ee stream or a highway forms a boundary / cz These villages are situated on high / y plateau of the Deccan :Village Types on the Basis of Structure ce This type is found all over the Maharashtra and certain parts of India such as Uttar Pradesh, Gujrat, Andhra, Orissa, Mysore, Tamil Nadu. Poombarai Village, ‘amil Nadu (left)Village Types on the Basis of Structure THE LINEAR VILLAGE OS c These villages are strung along length-wise on two sides of the roa & The houses stand on their own compounds with their gardens and are fenced from all sides cg One walks or drives through the fences on both sides of the road all the time cg This type is found on the west coast (the Konkan) cg No sharp distinction between the cultivated area and the habitation area observed Key BH Dwelling A Road verVillage Types on the Basis of DISPERSED VILLAGE a a Structure og ‘The houses are situated in their own fields in clusters of two . or three huts all belonging to a single close kinship group. They are either huts of the father and grown up sons or . brothers and their wives. . . The next cluster of huts may be as far as a furlong or too Key away depending upon how big the holding of each cluster is. So, a scattered or dispersed dwelling is formed. The village boundaries are many times not defined by streams of hillocks because the houses belonging to one village are situated on separate hillocks or divided by streamlets. The habitation area is not distinguished from the cultivat area and the widely scattered houses of these villages are many times nearer to the houses in the next village than tq the houses of its own villages. Found in Satpura mountains on the NW boundary of the Marathi speaking region MAHABALESHWAR MAHARASHTRA.Village Types on the Basis of Structure a 034—________ FUNCTION OF ROADS The function of roads is different in the three types. cx In the nucleated villages, there are two types of roads: 1. the roads connecting different villages meant for inter-village communications; 2. internal streets or narrow alleys connecting housing areas; Deccan villages are the typical example. cx In the linear villages, the main road is generally the main arterial road joining the villages of the coast from miles & miles ina linear direction. The road from Cape Comorin to Trivandrum in the extreme SW of India is a tvvical example.Village Types on the Basis of Structure CS FUNCTION OF ROADS cx In the dispersed type, there are no village streets because no houses are aligned along the streets. There are only footpaths leading from one house to the another and the continuation of these leads to houses in the next village.Village Forms 3 cg The inhabitants of a village may be farmers or traders or artisans or priests; and a village can be classified according to the occupation of the majority of its inhabitants. Villages may belong to a single tribe or may differ from one another in caste or religious persuasion. c& One of the most useful and objective means of classification is furnished by the physical form taken. by a village.Village Forms Thus, the following orders can be distinguished in India: ca SHAPELESS CLUSTER or agglomerate with streets not forming an integral part of the design. These may be of two types: Massive, or Dispersed; in which the village is reckoned to consist of an assemblage of discrete clusters of comparatively smaller size. Bete pe SMALL CLUSTERS OF HUTS IN THE PUNJAB HIMALAYASVillage Forms cx LINEAR CLUSTER or assemblage with a regular open space or straight street provided between parallel rows of houses Linear Closer Huts with horizontal roofs-Kurnool District, Andhra PradeshVillage Forms Fig. 9 : Linear Cluster-Nellore District, Andhra PradeshVillage Forms CB cz SQUARE or RECTANGULAR CLUSTER or agglomerate with straight streets running parallel or at right angles to one another mpes Cluster Huts with tiled roofs Varanasi District, Uttar PredeshVillage Forms CB ca An example of shapeless cluster may be enclosed by a protective stone wall for defence. Linear asi he vet \ - *a4 clusters may grow in size Se as the population Ss we 6 § increases and parallel ST Be = streets may be added or ha streets even set at right 104 angles to the old streets so that, eventually, square ug, , form results which may $+ Linear Cluster Huts with central courtyand-Purt Distt, pppoe like a shapeless cluster from a distance.Village Forms OS ca Houses and farms may be isolated on high hills or deserts, etc. cg In the high Himalayan Range, where people live with their flocks, villages tend to be clustered. cx Settlements formed of isolated farmhouses or homesteads are thus found in various parts of India irregularly. Fig. 4; Isolated huts with conical roofs Cuddaph District, Andhra PradeshVillage Forms CB cx These areas include various portions of the western Malwa plateau, where they occur in association with dispersed clusters, in portions of the Western ghats and some portions of high Himalayan mountains both in Kashmir and UP. Fig. 5 : Isolated Homestead Central courtyard with huts all round 24 Parganas District, West BengalCaste Hierarchy CS c The Jati-division of Indian society is represented by immutable social units demarcated from each other by three attributes: 1. Hereditarily fixed occupations 2. Endogamy 3. Commensality c These Jatis showed the unique character of Indian social organisation along with the village community system. c& The previous division of Aryan society into four varnas of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras, presented a social ranking based on birth qualification.Caste Hierarchy CB c& For the village community system, it was a social need that the village units should not burst as under by the tension generated within them by the contradictory aspirations of the people in social and material life; and this division was fulfilled by the Jati Division of the society where everybody had a socio-spiritual position and a specific work to do. cx Such positions of respective individuals remained stationary for generations. c@ Therefore, a Brahmin priest’s son became a priest and likewise.Caste Hierarchy —____©% c Therefore, from one village when it was over- saturated, houses belonging to various castes would separate and form another village c This way Jati-division of society supplied social foundation to the village community system of India by providing “an unalterable division of labour” in societyCaste and Habitation Area in a Village cx A village in India is socially a far more complicated structure and the complexity is reflected in the way houses are built and the roads existed. @ A village generally has more than one caste. There may be one lineage of caste or more. c The habitation area of each caste is separated from other by a greater or a lesser distance. The castes which are always separated from the others are those whose touch was supposed to pollute the rest - the untouchables. Their habitation area has generally a distinct name.oosxxonoooo oo Characteristics of Villages Small Size of the village community. Intimate Relations- (Face to Face contact) Social Homogeneity — Simple life style Informal Social Control- Local Self Government Panchayat System Dominance of Joint Family Occupation- Dominance of Agriculture associated with different works. Faith in Religion Self Sufficiency idespread