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Chapter 10 Antiviral Agents

About Microorganisms Agents

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24 views11 pages

Chapter 10 Antiviral Agents

About Microorganisms Agents

Uploaded by

Claro M. Garchitorena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 10 Antiviral Agents

virus
• is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living
cells of organisms.
•Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals & plants to
bacteria & archaea.

Interferons
• Interferons (IFNs) are proteins made and released by host cells in
response to the esence of pathogens—such as viruses, bacteria, or
parasites—or tumor cells.
• They allow for communication between cells to trigger the
protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens
or tumors.

Interferons
•Are released by the host in response to viral invasion of a cell &
prevent the replication of that particular virus.

Viruses That Respond to Antiviral Therapy


• Influenza A and some respiratory viruses
• Herpes viruses
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
• Some viruses that cause warts and certain eye infections

Influenza virus
Herpes virus

Cytomegalovirus

CMV
HIV

HPV

Antivirals Across the Lifespan

Characteristics of Common Viruses


• Viral replication
– A virus cannot replicate on its own
▪ It must attach to and enter a host cell
▪ It then uses the host cell’s energy to synthesize protein, DNA, and
RNA
• Viruses are difficult to kill because they live inside our cells
– Any drug that kills a virus may also kill our cells

Stages of Virus Replication

Characteristics of Antiviral Drugs


• Able to enter the cells infected with virus
• Interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis and/or regulation
• Some agents interfere with the ability of the virus to bind to cells
• Some agents stimulate the body’s immune system

Common Respiratory Viruses


• Influenza A
• Influenza B
• Respiratory syncytial virus

Signs & Symptoms of Respiratory Viruses


• Cough
• Fever
• Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
• Inflammation of the mucosa of the respiratory tract

Signs and Symptoms of Herpes Virus


• Painful vesicles that often occur in clusters on skin, cornea, or
mucous membranes
• Usual course of primary disease is 2 weeks
• Duration of recurrences varies

Signs and Symptoms of CMV


• May be asymptomatic
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Jaundice
• If contracted during pregnancy, can result in stillbirth, brain
damage, or birth defects

Still birth

Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS


• Attach helper T cells
• Acute infection: fever, rash, and myalgia
• Asymptomatic infection: follows acute infection; duration varies
• Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy: adenopathy persists more
than 3 months
• Constitutional symptoms: fever lasting more than a month,
involuntary weight loss, chronic fatigue
• Neurologic disease: dementia
• Secondary infections: pneumocystis carinii and disseminated herpes
simplex
Lymphadenopathy

Influenza A & Respiratory Viruses


• Action: prevent shedding of the viral protein coat
• Pharmacokinetics: administered orally and excreted unchanged in
the urine
• Contraindications: allergy, pregnancy, and lactation
• Adverse reactions: dizziness, insomnia, nausea, orthostatic
hypotension
• Drug-to-drug interactions: anticholinergic agents

Herpes & Cytomegalovirus


• Action: inhibit viral DNA replication by competing with viral
substrates to form shorter, noneffective DNA chains
• Pharmacokinetics: administered orally, IV, or topically; excreted
unchanged in the urine
• Contraindications: pregnancy and lactation
• Adverse reactions: nausea, vomiting, headache, rash, and hair loss
• Drug-to drug-interactions: nephrotoxic drugs and zidovudine
Drugs Used to Treat HIV/AIDS
• Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• Protease inhibitors
• Nucleosides
• Fusion inhibitors

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors


• Action: bind directly to HIV reverse transcriptase, blocking both
RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities.
• They prevent the transfer of information that would allow the virus
to replicate & survive
• Pharmacokinetics: given orally, metabolized in the liver, and
excreted in the urine

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors


•Contraindications: pregnancy and lactation
•Adverse reactions: headache, nausea, vomiting, rash, chills, fever,
and diarrhea

Protease
•A protease (also termed peptidase or proteinase) is any enzyme
that conducts proteolysis, that is,begins protein catabolism by
hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the
polypeptide chain forming the protein.

Hydrolysis
• Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a water molecule is added
to a substance resulting in the split of that substance into two parts.
One fragment of the target molecule (or parent molecule) gains a
hydrogen ion (H+) from the split water molecule. The other portion of
the target molecule collects the hydroxyl group (OH−) of the split
water molecule. In effect an acid and a base are formed

Protease Inhibitors
• Action: block protease activity within the HIV virus
• Pharmacokinetics: agents are teratogenic except for saquinavir
• Contraindications: pregnancy and lactation

Nucleosides
• Action: interfere with HIV replication by inhibiting cell protein
synthesis
• Pharmacokinetics: given orally or IV, metabolized in the liver, and
excreted in the urine
• Adverse reactions: HA, insomnia, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, fever,
and rash

Fusion Inhibitors
• Action: prevent the fusion of the virus with the human cellular
membrane
• Pharmacokinetics: given sub-q, metabolized in the liver, recycled in
the tissues, and not excreted
• Contraindication: no true contraindication
• Adverse reactions: HA, dizziness, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea
• Drug-to-drug interactions: pimozide, rifampin, triazolam,
midazolam, and oral contraceptives

Locally Active Antiviral Agents


• Action: act on viruses by interfering with normal viral replication and
metabolic processes
• Pharmacokinetics: not absorbed systemically
• Contraindication: allergy to the drug
• Adverse reactions: local burning, stinging, and discomfort

Prototype of Respiratory Antiviral Agents


Prototype of Herpes and Cytomegalovirus Agents

Prototype of HIV/AIDS Antiviral Agents


Nursing Considerations for Respiratory Antiviral Therapy
• Assessment (history and physical exam)
• Nursing diagnosis
• Implementation
• Evaluation

Nursing Considerations for Herpes Virus and Cytomegalovirus


• Assessment (history and physical exam)
• Nursing diagnosis
• Implementation
• Evaluation

Nursing Considerations for HIV/AIDS Antiviral Therapy


• Assessment (history and physical exam)
• Nursing diagnosis
• Implementation
• Evaluation

Nursing Considerations for Locally Active Antiviral Agents


• Assessment (history and physical exam)
• Nursing diagnosis
• Implementation
• Evaluation

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