Music

Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Afro-Latin American and Popular Music

LESSON 3 JAZZ
The next genre that we will discover is one of the most influential
musical genres of all genres in the world. If you are familiar with saxophone as
the main instrument used in this genre, you will be more entertained. It is one
of the hardest genres to play because of the features. It is also considered a
sexy music. Are you ready to discover this genre?

The arrival of the Jazz Music was an offshoot of the music of African slaves who
migrated to America. As music is considered a therapeutic outlet for human
feelings, the Africans used music to recall their nostalgic past in their home
country as well as to speak out their sentiments on their desperate condition at
that time. Since then, these gloomy beginnings have evolved into several more
upbeat jazz forms which the world has adopted and incorporated into other
contemporary styles.

What is Jazz Music?

Jazz Music is an American music developed especially from ragtime and

blues which originated in the African-American Community.

Characteristics of Jazz Music:

a. syncopated rhythms (making part of music off-beat)
- Jazz musicians like to emphasize the notes that they play on the
“upbeats”. Syncopation may be affected by affecting normally weak beats
in a measure, by resting on a normal accented beat, or by tying over a
note to the next measure
b. Polyphonic (producing many sounds simultaneously)
c. Improvisation (creative activity of immediate musical composition)
distortion of pitch and timbre (often utilize complex sounds)

Different Forms of Jazz:

1. Ragtime - an American popular musical style mainly for piano, originating in

the Afro-American communities in St. Louis and New Orleans. Its style was
said to be a variation of the “marching mode”, where the effect is generated
by an internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a rhythmically
straightforward bass line. Foremost exponents of ragtime were Jelly Roll
Morton who was an American ragtime and early jazz pianist and who
composed Frog I More Rag. Scott Joplin composed the popular Maple Leaf
Rag, Solace, and The Entertainer. Joplin is also known as the “King of
Ragtime.”

2. Big Band - refers to a large ensemble form originating in the United States in
the mid 1920’s closely associated with the Swing Era with jazz elements
relying heavily on percussion, wind, rhythm section, and brass instruments
with a lyrical string section to accompany a lyrical melody.
3. Bebop - a musical style of modern jazz which is characterized by a fast
tempo, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation that emerged during World
War II. The speed of the harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted in a heavy
performance where the instrumental sound became more tense and free.

4. Jazz Rock - a music of the 1960’s and 1970’s bands that inserted jazz
elements into rock music. Jazz rock is a mix of funk and R&B which stands for
“rhythm and blues”, where the music used amplification and electronic
effects, complex time signatures, and extended instrumental compositions
with lengthy improvisations in the jazz style.

Since the 1990s, jazz has been characterized by a pluralism in which no one
style dominates, but rather a wide range of styles and genres are popular.
Individual performers often play in a variety of styles, sometimes in the same
performance.

Pianist Brad Mehldau and The Bad Plus have explored contemporary rock
music within the context of the traditional jazz acoustic piano trio, recording
instrumental jazz versions of songs by rock musicians. The Bad Plus have also
incorporated elements of free jazz into their music. A firm avant-garde or free
jazz stance has been maintained by some players, such as saxophonists Greg
Osby and Charles Gayle, while others, such as James Carter, have incorporated
free jazz elements into a more traditional framework.

One of the characteristics of Jazz music is the presence of syncopated

rhythms. Syncopation is a deviation from a regular expected rhythmic pattern,
often placing stress (through dynamic accents) on weaker beats or omitting
stronger beats.

Remember that Jazz music is all about syncopation, improvisation and

polyrhythms. Now, you are ready to explore the music genre that you are
probably most familiar with, the Popular Music.

Popular music literally means “music of the populace” which is similar to

traditional folk music of the past. As it developed in the 20th century, pop music
generally consists of music for entertainment of large number of people,
whether on radio or in live performances.
Scholars have classified music as "popular" based on various factors,
including whether a song or piece becomes known to listeners mainly from
hearing the music (in contrast with classical music, in which many musicians
learn pieces from sheet music), its appeal to diverse listeners, its treatment as a
marketplace commodity in a capitalist context, and other factors. Sales of
'recordings' or sheet music are one measure.

BALLADS
Ballads originated as an expressive folksong in narrative verse dealing
typically about love. The word is derived from both the medieval French
chanson balladee and ballade which refer to a dancing song. It was used by
poets and composers since the 18th century until it became a slow popular love
song in the 19th century. Today, it refers to a love song in a slightly pop or rock
style, with the following variations:
1. Blues Ballads - a fusion of Anglo-American and Afro-American styles from
the 19th century that deals with the anti-heroes resisting authority. The form
emphasizes the character of the performer more than the narrative content
and uses a banjo or a guitar as accompaniment.
2. Pop Standard and Jazz Ballads - a blues style built from a single verse of
16 bars ending on the dominant or half-cadence, followed by a refrain/chorus
part of 16 or 32 bars in AABA form. The B section acts as the bridge, and the
piece normally ends with a brief coda.
3. Pop and Rock Ballads - an emotional love song with suggestions of folk
music. This style is sometimes applied to strophic (verse-repeating) story-
songs.

Some enduring pop standard and jazz ballads include “The Man I Love”
(George Gershwin, above left), “Always” (Irving Berlin, above center), and
“In a Sentimental Mood” (Duke Ellington, above right).

STANDARDS
In music, the term “standard” is used to denote the most popular and
enduring songs from a particular genre or style. Its style is mostly in a slow or
moderate tempo with a relaxed mood. It features highly singable melodies within
the range and technical capacity of listeners.

Among
the foremost
proponents of
this style are the
following:
from topics.nytimes.com in Sunico,
et.al, 2015, p.69 and70

Frank Sinatra. His genre was categorized as traditional

pop and jazz. He was a successful singer, actor, producer,
director, and conductor. His hit singles include “My Way”
and
“Strangers in the Night”.
Another well-loved standards singer was American balladeer Nat King
Cole. He owes most of his popular musical fame to his soothing baritone voice.
His famous hits include “L-O-V-E” and “Unforgettable”.
 Matt Monroe was an English singer who became one of the most popular
entertainers in the international music scene during the 1960s. His hit singles
include “Portrait of My Love” and “Born Free”.

ROCK AND ROLL

from forbes.com in Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.73

from alcaldehotel.com in
Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.73

Rock and Roll is the combination of Afro-American

forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music
with the Western swing and country music. The lead
instruments were the piano and saxophone and were
eventually replaced by modern instruments. This form came
during the age when electric guitars were supplemented by
amplifiers and microphones to raise the volume. Its name is derived from the
motion of a ship on the ocean, “rock and roll.”
The greatest proponent of the rock and roll style was the legendary Elvis
Presley. His hit songs such as “Heartbreak Hotel” and “Blue Suede Shoes”
were complemented by his good looks and elaborate movements that included
hugging the microphone as he sang.

Presley’s style was the precursor of the British band known as The
Beatles, whose compositions further boosted rock and roll as the favorite
genre of the times.
Examples of The Beatles’ songs in this genre are “I Saw Her Standing
There”, “Get Back” and “While My Guitar Gently Weeps”.

DISCO

Another form of pop music known as “Disco” rose in 70s. This type of
music pertained to rock music that was more danceable, thus leading to the
establishment of venues for public dancing also called discos. The term
originated from the French word discotheque which means a library for
phonograph records. The disco style had a soaring and reverberating sound
rhythmically controlled by a steady beat for ease of dancing accompanied by
strings, horns, electric guitars, and electric pianos or synthesizers.
Famous
figures of the
disco genre
include ABBA,
Donna
Summer (“The
Queen of
from en.wikipedia.org in Sunico, et.al,
from en.wikipedia.org in Disco”), The
Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.75
2015, p.75
Bee Gees and
Gloria Gaynor,
 bringing us such hits as “Dancing Queen”, “Stayin’ Alive”,
“Boogie Wonderland”, and “Hot Stuff”.

POP MUSIC
Parallel with the disco era, other pop music superstars continued to
emerge.
Among them were Diana Ross and the Supremes (“Stop in the Name of
Love”), Olivia Newton John (“Hopelessly Devoted to You”), Elton John
(“Skyline Pigeon”) and The Carpenters (“We’ve Only Just Begun”).

Pop superstars in more recent years were Celine Dion (“My Heart Will Go
On”), Whitney Houston (“I Will Always Love You”), Mariah Carey (“Hero”),
Beyonce (“Listen”), Lady Gaga (“Bad Romance”), and Bruno Mars (“Just The
Way You Are”) and many more.

Michael Jackson, “The King of Pop”

Perhaps the most popular

solo performer of all time is
Michael Joseph Jackson who
was born on August 29, 1958 and
died on June 25, 2009. He was an
American recording artist,
entertainer, singer-songwriter,
record producer, musical
arranger, dancer, choreographer,
actor, businessman, and
from ocremix.org in Sunico, et.al, 2015, philanthropist.
p.76

Jackson's 1982 album

“Thriller” remains the world's best-selling album of all time,
and four of his other solo studio albums are among the
world's best-selling records: “Off the Wall” (1979), “Bad”
(1987), “Dangerous” (1991), and “History” (1995).

Today’s Pop Music Idols include music groups like Black Eyed Peas, My
Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boys, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Souja
Boy, Train, Maroon 5, One Direction including popular Kpop like BTS,
Blankpink and Astro; and solo performers include Adele, Taylor Swift, Ed
Sheeran, Rihanna, Chris Brown, Ariana Grande, Justin Bieber, Miley
Cyrus, Katy Perry, Nikki Minaj, Selena Gomez, Charlie Puth, Jessie J and
others.
 from ROYALTY FREE
NO COPYRIGHT IMAGES from ROYALTY FREE from ROYALTY FREE
NO COPYRIGHT IMAGES NO COPYRIGHT IMAGES

BTS.76 ARIANA GRANDE CHARLIE PUTH

HIP HOP AND RAP

Hip hop is a stylized, highly rhythmic type of music that usually includes
portions of rhythmically chanted words called rap. Rap is characterized by the
artist speaking along with an instrumental or synthesized beat. It has evolved
into a subculture that encompasses music like rapping, DJ’ing, scratching and

Lesso
n

5 Philippine Pop Music

beatboxing. Among the early hip hop artists were LL Cool J and Run D.M.C.
While recent popular names include Beastie Boys, Eminem and Kanye West.

From theater tunes to rock and roll, pop, standards, hip hop, rap, and
contemporary ballads- whether in the West, in the Philippines, or anywhere else
in the world- these all provided a rich and diverse musical background in the
development of Philippine contemporary music.

The development of Philippine music was also influenced by the history of

the country- from its pre-Spanish roots, through the Spanish and American
periods, up to the present. It has since evolved to have its own rich and distinct
identity.

Now, try to ask your parents who their most favorite artist is during 60’s,
70’s, 80’s or 90’s? What is their favorite song?

You have been hearing the term OPM in many entertainment portals but
are you aware of its meaning? The acronym OPM stands for Original Pilipino
Music which is a genre under Contemporary Philippine Music. It was originally
used to refer to Philippine pop songs, particularly ballads, such as those popular
after the collapse of its predecessor, the Manila Sound, in the late 1970s until
the present.
OPM started in Manila
where Tagalog and English are the
dominant languages for its texts.
However, other ethno-linguistic
from psr.ph in Sunic
o, et.al, 2015, p.81
groups such as the Visayan, Bikol,
Kapampangan, and Ilocano also
began to sing and record their
songs in their native dialects.
 Pop music in the Philippines started as an adaptation or translation, if not
complete imitation, of Western hits. It started with Bobby Gonzales’ “Hahabol-
habol” (Hot Pursuit), a local version of the rock and roll songs of the 1950s, and
Rico Puno’s “Luneta”, a local adaptation of “The Way We Were”. This
immediately clicked with the youth and eventually gained wide acceptance even
among the burgis (bourgeois or elite) crowd.

Here are the following artists in Philippine Pop

Music by decades:
1960s-
1970s -
Nora
Aunor,
Pilita
Ryan Cayabyab
Corrales,
Eddie
Peregrina,
Victor
Wood,
from dokumentaryonijuantagalog.weebly.com in Sunico,
From getnetworth.net in
Asin, APO
From getnetworth.net in
Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.77 Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.77 Hiking
GARY V. MARTIN NIEVERA Society,
and others were highly popular OPM singers.
1970s - 1980s. Major commercial Philippine
pop music artists were Claire dela Fuente,
Didith Reyes, Rico Puno, Ryan Cayabyab,
Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi, Hajji Alejandro,
Rey Valera, Freddie Aguilar, Imelda Papin, Eva
Eugenio, Nonoy Zuñiga and many more.
1980s to 1990s. This is regarded as the “Golden Era of Philippine Ballads”.
Among the classics that emerged were those created by Ryan Cayabyab, “Kay
Ganda ng Ating Musika”; George Canseco, “Kastilyong Buhangin”; Willie Cruz,
“Bituing Walang Ningning”; Jose Mari Chan, “Please Be Careful With My Heart”;
and Gary Valenciano and Regine “Sana Maulit Muli”.

We also have Martin Nievera, Lea Salonga, Regine Velasquez, Sharon

Cuneta, Vina Morales, Francis Magalona, Pops Fernandez, Janno Gibbs, Ogie
Alcasid, Joey Albert, Leah Navarro, ZsaZsa Padilla and many other singers in this
period.

1990s to Present. The famous

solo artists and bands included
The Eraserheads, Smokey
Mountain, Donna Cruz, Ariel
Rivera, Southborder, Afterimage,
Andrew E., Jaya, Rivermaya, and
Parokya ni Edgar. More recently,
From getnetworth.net
OPM stars also included Yeng
From getnetworth.net
Sunico, et.al, 2015,
p.77
Sunico, et.al, 2015, Sunico, et.al, 2015, Constantino, Sarah Geronimo,
From get SARAH G.networth.ARNEL PINEDA CHARICE Aiza Seguerra, Eric Santos,
Christian Bautista, Morissette
Amon, Darren Espanto, Acapellago and international singers Arnel Pineda, and
Charice Pempengco.
PHILIPPINE JAZZ
Philippine musicians have also been inspired by jazz music. Among them
are jazz pianist and recording artist Boy Katindig, who comes from the well-
known clan of musicians that includes jazz piano legend, Romy Katindig and
saxophonist, Eddie Katindig. The Katindig family pioneered Latin jazz in Manila.
Other notable Filipino jazz musicians include Lito Molina, Angel Peña, Emil
Mijares, and internationally known jazz pianist, Bobby Enriquez.
©HORIZONS Grade 10 Learning

PHILIPPINE ROCK
The year 1973 saw the birth of Philippine or “Pinoy” rock music which
successfully merged the rock beat with Filipino lyrics. This new sound was
introduced by the legendary Juan de la Cruz Band, with their song “Ang Himig
Natin”.
Continuing this legacy of Pinoy rock today are vocal groups and bands
that include River Maya, The Dawn, True Faith, The Eraserheads, Wolfgang,
Bamboo, Parokya ni Edgar, Hale, Sandwich, SugarFree, Sponge Cola and others.

PHILIPPINE ALTERNATIVE FOLK MUSIC

The Philippines also saw the rise of

alternative folkmusic which was different from
the traditional and popular form. This new
form combined ethnic instrumentation with
electronic accompaniment, while presenting
themes or issues of society and the
environment.
from philnews.ph in Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.83

Some of the Filipino composers who championed this style were Joey Ayala,
Grace Nono, and Edru Abraham. Among other Filipino composers whose styles
ranged from folk to semi-ethnic were Freddie Aguilar “Anak”, Yoyoy Villame
“Magellan”, and Florante “Ako’y Isang Pinoy”.

PINOY RAP
In the Philippines, rap was also made
popular by such composers and performers as
Francis Magalona “Mga Kababayan Ko”,
“Watawat” and Andrew E “Humanap Ka ng
Pangit”.
Francis Magalona is also
known as Francis M., “Master Rapper,”
and “The Man from Manila.” He was a
Filipino rapper, songwriter, producer, actor, director,
television host, and photographer. He is often hailed as the
“King of Pinoy Rap” and is considered a legend in the
Philippine music community. Magalona was the first Filipino
rapper to cross over to the mainstream. He is also credited
for having pioneered the merging of rap with Pinoy rock,
becoming a significant influence on artists in that genre as
well.