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Faculty Empowerment in Technology Enabled Learning

An UML based Model is suggested in this work which provides a controlled environment in which a self directed learner adopts different learning strategies and become autonomous. Continuous improvement is possible in this system where a faculty plays an important role as facilitator of learning.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views9 pages

Faculty Empowerment in Technology Enabled Learning

An UML based Model is suggested in this work which provides a controlled environment in which a self directed learner adopts different learning strategies and become autonomous. Continuous improvement is possible in this system where a faculty plays an important role as facilitator of learning.
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Faculty Empowerment in Technology Enabled Learning using UML Modeling


to foster Self Regulated Learning

Conference Paper · October 2012


DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3248.1289

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Faculty Empowerment in Technology Enabled


Learning using UML Modeling to foster Self
Regulated Learning
N. Vivekananthamoorthy Dr. E.R. Naganathan R. Sampath
Information Technology Computer Science and Engineering Information Technology
KCG College of Technology Hindustan University KCG College of Technology
Chennai,India Chennai,India Chennai, India
nvivekanand@gmail.com cse@hindustanuniv.ac.in rajaramsampath@yahoo.co.in

Abstract—Advances in Information and Communication model to make this transformation in a seamless manner. This
Technologies have opened up new challenges and opportunities in model focuses on faculty-student interaction to facilitate
higher educational institutions. There is steep rise in internet enhancement in learning outcome of a self directed learner
usage around the world during the last decade. Connectivity and with faculty empowerment as the key indicator for making this
instant access have opened up new vistas in many spheres of lives transformation happen. Faculties need new tools to monitor
of people. The traditional class room based educational system and foster self regulatory behavior of students. Google
needs transformation to catch up with technology. The learners analytics is one such tool and it helps faculties to understand
today have opportunities and the flexibility of learning at any
the needs of students by analyzing visual statistics on web
time, any where, and at any pace. Now the responsibility of
learning has been shifted from teacher to the learner. The role of
usage data. Analysis of data generated in our studies , confirm
teacher has been changed from instructor to facilitator or mentor existence of patterns in web access behavior of students on an
in learning. The faculties need empowerment to acquire new experimental e-learning web site maintained at our institution.
skills to facilitate this transformation. Many research work focus The following sections reinforce the importance of new roles to
on self regulated learning as key indicator in improving the be played by faculties in technology enabled learning as per
learning outcome of self directed learners. This research work is research work done by different authors. The subsequent
directed towards establishing faculty empowerment as a key sections high light the current research work on Faculty
indicator in fostering self directed learning . The faculties needs empowerment based on UML Modeling to foster self regulated
to get trained to acquire new ICT(Information and learning. In the beginning, a brief overview on Virtual Learning
Communication Technology) skills so as to enable him or her to Environments and the status of major E-Learning systems in
create quality content and design navigational paths for learners vogue are discussed. Also the importance of UML as a
to access content and enhance his or her learning outcome. Also language for modeling web applications is presented as
faculty has a role in monitoring the progress of the student using suggested by different authors based on their research works
assessment and feedbacks. Faculty student interaction plays an done in the past decade.
important role in success of an e-learning system. An UML based
Model is suggested in this work which provides a controlled
environment in which a self directed learner adopts different II. RELATED WORK
learning strategies and become autonomous. Continuous
improvement is possible in this system where a faculty plays an A. Virtual Learning Environments
important role as facilitator of learning. Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a learning platform
Keywords-E-Learning;Self-regulated-Learning;UML that organizes and provides access to online learning services
Modeling; Faculty Empowerment; Educational Data Mining; Web
for the students, teachers, and administrators. It provides web
Analytics; Virtual Learning Environment(VLE); Learning
management Systems(LMS); based access to content, grades, assessments and other online
learning facilities. VLE facilitates learners and tutors
participate in online interactions of various kinds including
I. INTRODUCTION
chat, discussion forums etc[22]. The study by Karen (2007),
Advancement in communication technologies and reinforce that the teachers were positive about the use of
availability of bandwidth have facilitated steep increase in communication facilities in VLEs and felt that there is
internet usage world over in Industry, Government, Business significant gains in learning and community building[15].
and Education and other sectors. Teaching and Learning
process in higher education have been undergoing major B. Problems and issues in Virtual Learning Environments
transformation. Introduction of e-learning in Universities and The next generation of Virtual Learning Environments should
colleges have resulted in shift in emphasis from instruction be able to overcome insufficiencies in current systems such as
paradigm to Learning paradigm. The faculty’s role has been information overload, lack of customization etc. Also there is a
changed to instructor to content provider and facilitator of need for high usability in VLE systems. If the usability is poor,
learning. This paper discusses a UML based faculty adoption this will lead to disengagement by students. There is also
2

possibility of “lost in cyberspace” while navigating through faced by traditional Engineering education in the light of the
web content. technological changes: (1) What do we want our engineering
students to learn?, (2) How are we going to teach it? [5]. Clive
C. Status of major E-Learning systems in vogue tells : Engineering Design is hard to learn and harder still to
From 1997 to the present two LMSs have emerged as teach[1]. Ilker Yengin et al. (2010) emphasizes the importance
forerunners namely Blackboard and Moodle, offering E- of faculty satisfaction in his End User Computing Satisfaction
Learning solutions to Higher Education Institutions. Model[9]. He raises the following concerns: There is no model
According to Blackboard, the current client base exceeds 5000 showing role of instructor satisfaction in the e-learning success
institutions and includes millions of other users. Janiess Sallee model. Hence educational institutions and policy makers
et al. (2012) in their research survey, point out that, the should consider faculty satisfaction as an important factor for
majority of the professors are primarily using Blackboard to a) making e-learning systems to be successful. He has analyzed e-
post course content, b) calculate grades, and c) Communicate learning success metrics in terms of System Quality,
with students via the Announcements tool. Advanced features Information Quality, Service Quality, and user satisfaction.
This work stressed satisfaction is one of the factors that affect
such as Rubric, Wikis, and blogs are not widely used. Further
usability of the system which also directly affect instructors’
research needed for answering questions like “Is Blackboard
performance. The authors suggest some solutions related to
meeting current instructional needs?, and “Are faculty aware faculty satisfactions and a few which are (1) Providing training
of the advanced features?”[20]. sessions, (2) Create a detailed instructor guide, (3) Develop
D. Solutions to problems in E-Learning today train-the-trainer session., (4) Conduct detailed evaluation
feedback with participants.
As per Conallen. J (1999), web applications are becoming
increasingly complex and mission critical. To help manage Jos Beishuizen (2010), stresses Teachers who are able to show
this complexity, they need to be modeled. UML is the standard how they apply heuristic strategies must have developed
language for modeling software intensive systems[18],[19]. As appropriate strategies for learning and self-regulate
per Azrul Hazri Jantan (2012), the process of designing web themselves[11]. Teachers can make use of various strategies to
hypermedia application is one of the big challenge for today’s foster self regulated learning such as (1) Structuring the
web engineering industry. He suggests an object oriented learning environment, (2) Providing outlines, (3) Providing
modeling method based on UML modeling paradigm as a feedback on the basis of attaining goals., (4) Providing models
solution to manage complexity in web application design. N. for performance standards.
Moreno et al.(2007) points out that web engineering
community has started using UML notation, techniques and III. SELF REGULATED LEARNING AND UML
supporting tools for modeling web systems which helps MODELING
interoperability and improves reuse.[21]. Qian Zhongsheng
(2011), in his research work points out that web applications A. Previous work on Self Regulated Learning
make users more convenient and efficient, but the problem of Since e-learning shifts the responsibility of learning from the
leading them to “getting lost in hyperspace”. He advocates a instructor to the learner, many researchers highlight Self
model driven approach which suggests conceptual model, Regulation as the key-Indicator that has to be included in an e-
navigation model and presentation model[24]. Koch. N learning framework for making e-learning more successful.
(2002), stress that UML is powerful enough to cover all the This section, stress the importance of self regulation and traces
requirements that arise when modeling web based the research work done on the subject by different authors.
applications[16],[23]. Zimmerman (1990) emphasizes learners as individuals should
assume responsibility and control for their own acquisition of
E. Previous work on Faculty’s role in E-learning knowledge and skill. He professes Self Regulated Learning in
The following paragraphs summarize research work on E- which a learner has to study key processes through which they
learning success in the past decade. Many authors extol the self regulate their academic learning. Virtually all researchers
virtues of E-Learning as well as raise concerns on Faculty’s agree upon that self regulation depends on continuing
role in facilitating e-learning which needs new skills to be feedback of learning effectiveness. Self Regulated Learning
learnt. systematically uses Meta cognitive, motivational, and or
behavioral strategies to improve upon student’s learning
F. Summary of Findings outcome. He emphasizes 14 self regulated learning strategies
Nicole Wagner (2008) emphasizes the change in role of that can be adopted by students to enhance their learning
Instructor who has become coordinator of the content which outcome. Some of the strategies like a) self-evaluation b) goal
the students then peruse in their own pace in contrast to setting and planning, c) record keeping, d) self monitoring, e)
traditional class room environment where the instructor seeking social assistance and e) reviewing can be effectively
delivers the content to the class and responds to their questions. adopted by students to promote self regulation in e-learning
The major concern raised by the author are : (a) How to alter scenario [25]. As per David J. Nicol (2006), intelligent self
the instructional design? (b) The amount of time that takes regulation requires that the student has in mind some goals to
instructor to create and administer e-learning courses. [10].
Clive L. Dym raises the question, In the face of challenges
3

be achieved against which performance can be compared and


assessed. Specific targets, criteria, standards help define goals.
Feed back is information about how the student’s present IV. FACULTY EMPOWERMENT USING UML
state (of learning and performance) relates to these goals MODELING
and standards. Teachers transmit feedback message to As indicated in the previous sections, UML is powerful
students about what is right and wrong in their academic enough to cover the requirements that arise when modeling
work, about its strength and weaknesses, and students use web applications. E-Learning systems are inherently
this information to make subsequent improvements [26]. complex. As per Miller (1956) man cannot concentrate more
than seven plus or minus two things at a time. Modeling is
B. UML and Self Regulated Learning resorted to reduce complexity in systems. UML is Unified
Modeling Language which is used for specifying,
This paper emphasizes UML based conceptual modeling
constructing, and documenting the artifacts of systems. The
to foster Self Regulated Learning in e-Learning systems.
UML Model helps in designing a Self-Regulated E-
UML modeling gives a holistic view in conceptualizing
Learning framework. UML was developed by Booch,
an e-learning system with the inclusion of Self
Rumbaugh, and Jacobson in the mid 1990s at Rational
Regulation. Freddy Mumpadi et al. (2011), discusses in
Software Corporation to model Object Oriented Analysis
their paper on “Adaptive Hypermedia Systems” that two
and Design of real world systems[12]. The Prime actors in
important aspects of looking at system design for its
the e-learning system are Student and Teacher. The
effectiveness are a) Holist’s approach and b) Serialist’s
changing role of Teacher in the e-learning scenario as a
approach. As per them, the Holist tend to build an
facilitator of learning can be better understood using UML
overall picture of the subject area before going into
modeling.
details. Serialists tend to maintain a local focus,
concentrating one thing at a time, and building up Fig. 1 depicts a UML Domain model for the e-learning
procedural understanding step-by-step. Holists made Frame work under discussion. Using a domain model, we
great use of concept map while Serialists considerably can understand and visualize business concepts and
used Keyword Index[27]. relationships in an e-learning system easily. It shows an
abstraction of conceptual classes and shows how they are
In this paper, we propose UML modeling to foster Self related to each other. For example, the concepts Teacher and
Regulated learning. UML helps modeling an e-Learning Content have semantic relationship that involves
system with incorporation of structural and behavioral connections among their instances. A Teacher designs and
aspects of the system under study and also supports creates Content and the Course-Administrator deploys
understanding the system with both holistic and Content in the web. The student sets goals and prepares
Serialistic approach. This is the key point of to be noted schedule for his learning. He goes through the content at his
which serves in implementing the theoritical concepts own pace and adopts different learning strategies in
of Self Regulated Learning Strategies in an e-Learning learning. The student goes through different phases of
framework. Assignment, Test, Assessment and Feedback cycle. The
student monitors his or her own progress and adopts
C. How UML helps Self Regulation
different strategies to enhance his or her learning outcome.
In Object Oriented Software Design, a pattern is a
named description of a problem and solution that can be A. Faculty’s Role in E-learning
applied to new contexts. Self Regulation can be easily The changing role of faculty and his interactions in an e-
accomdated in UML using concept of Design Patterns. learning environment can be better explained using an UML
Using Observer(Publish-Subscribe) Design Pattern, the Sequence Diagram as shown in Fig. 2. A faculty selects an
publisher can dynamically register Subscribers who are e-learning course, creates content , schedules activities, and
interested in an event and notify them when an even uploads content in the course web site. The faculty receives
occurs[28]. feedback and improves content to reflect students’ needs.
Assessment and feedback also shown in the diagram play an
The above concept can be implemented in an e-Learning important role in improving learning outcome.
system, in situations like when a Teacher publishes
assessment of student work, all registered students are B. Student’s Role in E-learning
notified about their results and students adopt appropriate
self regulating learning strategies to meet their goals. Fig. 3 shows a UML state machine diagram representing
student’s role in E-Learning. The state machine diagram
illustrates the interesting events and states of student object,
and the behavior of a student in reaction to an event. An
event is a significant or noteworthy occurrence. For example,
receiving progress report by a student is an event. In the
4

course life cycle, a student can be in any one of different above discussions it is apparent that UML Diagrams can be
possible states. A transition is a relationship between two used for modeling a Faculty’s role and a student’s role in an
states that indicates that when an event occurs, the student E-Learning system. This principle can be used in designing
moves from the prior state to the subsequent state. For web based E-Learning systems.
example, when a student browses through the E-Learning
content, he moves to the self-learning state. When a student
gets a pass in final examination, he moves to the certified
state. The state changes of a student in E-Learning can be
notified to different observers as shown in Fig. 11. From the

* Feedback receives
gives 0..1
having Goals
* Assignment .
sets *
0..1 *
0..1 0..1
0..1 * 0..1 * 0..1 adopts *
Teacher Test Student Learning Strategies
designs takes
0..1 conducts
* 0..1 0..1
Assessment
conducts * receives
* *
Course Progress Statement
supervise
0..1
* Classtakes
* runs 0..1
Content

0..1 * deploys Course Administrator


0..1

contains Topic *
* browses

Figure 1.
UML Domain Model illustrating Faculty’s role in Self Regulated Learning

C. Actors in Elearning Framework A. Faculty Student Interaction


The roles and responsibilities of the actors involved in the A guest book has been created in the web site for
e-learning framework are given in Table 1 which gives a getting student feedback. A form created using Google docs as
holistic picture. The faculty plays an important role as shown in Fig. 5 was used to collect feedback from students
facilitator of learning and his major responsibility is fostering regarding usefulness of the e-learning Site and the data is
self regulated learning traits in students. accessible to the faculty who has uploaded the content in the
web site. The feedback helps the faculty to understand the
V. PILOT STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS student needs[7]. The feedback also reflects self regulatory
An experimental setup was made which illustrates a typical e- learning strategies of students.
learning system. A pilot study was done to understand the self
regulatory behavior of under graduate students of Information
Technology course. A departmental web site is hosted and the
faculties upload contents on many subjects and topics. The
tools used are Google Sites, Google Docs etc. Google Sites is
an easy way to create and share web pages. Fig. 4 shows snap
shot of activities of an e-learning site. It is a plot of the web
usage statistics for the month of April for the years, 2010,
2011, and 2012. It can be seen from the graph that there is a
steady increase in visitors and pages referred for the last three
years. It can be inferred that more and more students use the
web site as an additional resource for better understanding and
learning the subject matter.
5

 Adopts different self


regulating learning strategies

 Designs Instruction
 Creates Content
 Gives assignment
 Evaluate students
 Gets Student Feedback
2 Faculty  Analyses Web usage statistics
 Improves content
 Prepares and conduct quiz &
tests
 Fosters self-Regulated-
Learning of students

 Authenticate User
 Uploads course content
Figure 2. UML Sequence Diagram depicting Faculty Course  Maintains the Web Site
3
Administrator  Monitors users and their
Interactions
actions
 Provide Security

 Provides moral and financial


support
4 Stake Holders
 Authorize users
 Set Policies& guidelines

 Provide technology support &


Technology services for content creation,
5
Providers periodic generation of web
usage statistics

Figure 3. UML State Machine Diagram showing student’s


role in E-Learning

TABLE 1. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITES OF ACTORS OF E-


LEARNING FRAMEWORK

Sl.
N
Actor Roles & Responsibilities
o

1 Student
 Browses or downloads
content and learns Figure 4: Web Site Visitor Statistics
 Submits assignment
 Gives feed back on course
 Participate in quiz & tests
6

following sections highlight analysis of web usage patterns of


students in different perspectives. The web usage statistics are
automatically collected by Google analytics software and
different reporting options are available through which the
faculties can collect and get plots of Visits, Page Views, and
time of stay for different periods etc.
1) Patterns in visitor statistics:
Fig. 6 depicts pages visited by students for referring Object
Oriented Analysis course materials in the web site for the
period 10th April 2011 to 25th April 2011. Fig. 7 depicts pages
visited by students for referring Object Oriented Analysis
course materials in the web site for the period 17th May 2012
to 1st June 2012. It can be noted that patterns exist in web site
access. Fig. 8 shows the access pattern of the same web site
for two years. For example, the course spans from
December-2011 to May-2012. It can be seen from the chart
that there are peaks and valleys in web access pattern. The
Peak occurs during examination period and the page views
drastically reduced once the course ends. It can be inferred
from Fig.8 that there was improvement in site usage in the
year 2012. That is, more and more students access web
material for their study in recent times.
Figure 5. Feedback form for collecting Student Feedback

B. Student Feedback
The following are typical feedback received from students:
a) Requesting to upload specific course material.
b) Students perceive the contents are useful.
c) Students who missed the class lectures find this web
site useful.
d) Students perceive the web content are helpful for
exam preparation.
e) The contents can be useful for faculties also.
f) Students want course material for all subjects as per Figure 6. Page Views for OOAD (April 2011)
syllabus.
The student feedback triggers two way communication and
faculties can understand student’s needs based on this. There
can be further communications via email, chat etc which is
asynchronous. Faculties can plan, web site improvements or
up gradations, add new course materials.
C. Educational Data Mining
Recently Educational Data Mining has become an emerging
research field used to extract knowledge and discover patterns
from E-Learning systems[15]. Teachers can know the
students’ learning processes and their knowledge states in
order to give some effective educational introductions to the Figure 7. Page Views for OOAD (May-2012)
learners. Teachers can analyze the contents in order to improve
the content[14].
D. Web Analytics
Faculties can improve the usefulness of the web site if they
get the statistics on web site usage and user behavior. The user
behavior patterns can be viewed by faculties using which the
faculties can adopt alternate strategies for content redesign and
suitably alter the navigational paths used by the students. The
7

Figure 8. Site usage statistics of OOAD Course for 2011 & 2012 Figure 9. Plot of visits made and Pages viewed
for 2011 & 2012

Fig. 9 shows the combined plot of visits and pages viewed


by students for the period starting from 1st December 2010 to
1st June 2012. It can be inferred, that there is a pattern exists
on the visits made and the pages accessed by students. It can be
seen that when there is peak in visits there is also peak in pages
accessed also. Fig. 10 shows the scatter plot of visits versus
Pages visited and it can be inferred that there is strong
correlation exist between these two variables.

E. Notification of student states

Figure 10. Scatter plot of visits versus Page Views for 2011 & 2012

CONCLUSION

In Technology Enabled Learning, the responsibility of


learning has been shifted from teacher to the learner. The role
of teacher has been changed from instructor to facilitator or
mentor in learning. This research work highlighted faculty
empowerment as the key indicator in fostering self regulated
learning. A UML based e-learning model was suggested in this
work which provides a controlled environment in which self
director learners can become autonomous. This study
Figure 11. Observer Design pattern hypothesizes that an UML based model helps in
conceptualizing an e-Learning framework with holistic and
Fig. 11 shows mechanism by which significant changes in
serial-based view and also Self Regulation can be implemented
student states can be notified to observers using Observer
with UML Design Patterns. A pilot study was done using a web
Design pattern concept.
based experimental set up where a faculty was empowered for
Sometimes non visit to site indicates lack of interest on creating content, provided with tools for monitoring states of
student’s part and it is the faculty’s job to motivate students to student learning processes. The student feedback and reports on
improve web usage. The faculty needs to make the web site web analytics confirm that there are interesting pattern exists in
interesting and useful and improve content and frequently student learning behavior. Using these patterns, student needs
upgrade content that will satisfy needs of the students. can be inferred and continuous improvement is possible and
there exists a faculty’s role in making improvements. It can be
concluded that, the faculty’s role as facilitator in E-Learning is
the key-factor for making e-Learning more effective and the
8

faculties need to be empowered in learning new ICT skills and [7] N.Vivekananthamoorthy, S.Sankar, R.Siva and S. Sharmila (2009), ”An
to foster Self Regulated Learning. effective E-Learning Framework Model – A case study”, 7th
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University, Bangkok, December,1-2,2009.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS [8] Terry Quatrani, and Jim palistrant, “Visual Modeling with IBM Rational
Software Architect and UML”, Pearson Education, Inc., 2006.
The present work is preliminary and concrete experimentation
[9] Ilker Yengin, and Adem Karahoca (2010), “E-learning Success Model
can be deigned in future to support the proposed UML based for Instructors’ Satisfactions in Perspective of Interaction and Usability
Self Regulated Learning E-Learning Framework. The Outcomes”, World Conference on Information Technology 2010.
following points suggest some future work that can be [10] Nicole Wagner (2008), “Who is responsible for E-Learning success in
initiated : Higher Education – A Stake holder’s Analysis”, Journal of Educational
Technology and Society,Vol. 11 No. 3,pp. 26-36.
a) Since UML Modeling, Self-Regulated Learning, and
[11] Jos Beishuizen (2010), “Lessons on Learning : Guidelines for Teachers
Faculty Empowerment are separate concepts, more fostering self-regulated learning in a technology enhanced learning
experiments and evidence needed to prove that the environments”, Proc of Stellar-Tachonet Conference, Barcelona,
suggested model improves learning outcome of students October 1, 2010.
when applied. [12] Grady Booch et al (2007), “Object Oriented Analysis and Design with
b) Also the pilot study has to be scaled up covering a larger Applications”, 3rd Ed, Pearson.
audience. Also more studies are needed to establish [13] Maomi Ueno (2004), “Data Mining and Text Mining Technologies for
collaborative learning in an ILMS “Samurai””, Proc of the IEEE Int
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Environments : Perspective of Early Adopters”, ED-MEDIA 2007, 25-
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[16] Nora Koch and Andreas Kraus (2002), “The Expressive Power of UML
based Web Engineering”, Second Int. Workshop on Web Oriented
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[20] Janiess Sallee et al. (2012), “ Satisfied with the basics : 2012 Faculty
Evaluation of Blackboard”, Seattle Pacific University.
[21] N. Moreno, P. Fraternali, A. Vallcillo (2007), “ WebML modeling in
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[22] Hilary Page-Bucci (2002),” Developing an Evaluation Model for Virtual
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