The ATP-ADP CYCLE

Group 3 – XII DESCARTES

 The ATP-ADP CYCLE
a fundamental process in cellular metabolism, involving
the conversion of energy within cells.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

is the primary energy carrier in cells. is essential to the flow of energy in
ATP is composed of three parts: living organisims. Consists of a
1.A nitrogenous base (adenine) sugar backbone attached to a
2.A sugar (ribose) molecule of adenine and phosphate
3.Three phosphate groups bonded by to the fifth carbon of the ribose
“high energy bonds” sugar.
 The ATP-ADP CYCLE
• Powers cellular work
• 3 main kinds of work of a cell: chemical work, transport work and mechanical
work.

These are possible through energy coupling, where the cells use and exergonic
process to drive an endergonic reaction.

• chemical work: synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic

reactions)
• transport work: pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction of
spontaneous movement)
• mechanical work: beating of cilia, contraction of muscles
• also used to make RNA (since ATP is used as one of the nucleoside triphosphate
 The ATP-ADP CYCLE
•Cells break phosphate bonds to supply energy to carry out most cellular
functions converting ATP into ADP and a phosphate available for reuse
• When any phosphate bonds are broken or formed, energy is
involved
The ATP-ADP CYCLE

PHOSPHORYLATION
The process of adding a phosphate group (PO₄³⁻) to an
organic molecule. One of the most significant examples of
this process is the conversion of adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This reaction is
essential for providing energy to various cellular functions.
The ATP-ADP CYCLE

How does ATP works?

Step 1: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Step 2: Energy Release:
• ATP is like a battery for our cells. It • When a cell needs energy, ATP
stores energy in its high-energy releases it by breaking one of its
phosphate bonds. phosphate bonds.
• It has three phosphate groups • This process transforms ATP into ADP
(hence, "tri" in triphosphate). (adenosine diphosphate) and an
inorganic phosphate (Pi).
• The reaction looks like this:
ATP→ADP+Pi+Energy
The ATP-ADP CYCLE

How does ATP works?

Step 3: ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) Step 4: Recharging ADP
• ADP has only two phosphate groups • To turn ADP back into ATP, a
(hence "di" in diphosphate). While it phosphate group is added through a
can’t provide energy like ATP, it can process called phosphorylation.
be converted back into ATP. • This usually happens in the
mitochondria of cells, where ATP
synthase helps add the phosphate
back to ADP using energy from
protons.
The ATP-ADP CYCLE

How does ATP works?

Step 5: Cycle of Energy
• The cycle continues: ATP provides
energy, turns into ADP, and then
gets recharged back into ATP.
• This cycle allows cells to
continuously access energy as
needed.
The ATP-ADP CYCLE
2 TYPES OF PHOSPHORYLATION
Subtrate-level phosphorylation (10% ATP, 4)
This occurs when a phosphate
group is directly transferred
from a high-energy substrate
to ADP, forming ATP, primarily
during glycolysis and the
Krebs cycle.
Subtrate-level phosphorylation (10% ATP, 4)
This occurs when a phosphate
group is directly transferred
from a high-energy substrate
to ADP, forming ATP, primarily
during glycolysis and the
Krebs cycle.
The ATP-ADP CYCLE
2 TYPES OF PHOSPHORYLATION
Oxidative Phosphorylation (90% ATP, 34)
This process takes place in the electron transport chain, where
energy from electron transfer creates a proton gradient that
drives ATP synthesis.
Oxidative Phosphorylation (90% ATP, 34)
This process takes place in the electron transport chain, where
energy from electron transfer creates a proton gradient that
drives ATP synthesis.
Oxidative Phosphorylation (90% ATP, 34)
This process takes place in the electron transport chain, where
energy from electron transfer creates a proton gradient that
drives ATP synthesis.
The ATP-ADP CYCLE
2 TYPES OF PHOSPHORYLATION
The ATP-ADP CYCLE
ANOTHER TYPE OF PHOSPHORYLATION

PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
The ATP-ADP CYCLE
ANOTHER TYPE OF PHOSPHORYLATION

PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
 PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
- is the process by which light energy is used to produce ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi)
during photosynthesis. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and
some bacteria and is essential for converting light energy into chemical
energy that can be used by cells for various functions.

2 TYPES OF PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOSPHORYLATION
CHLOROPLAST
CHLOROPLAST
 CHLOROPLAST
- a part of plant
cells and some algae
that helps with
photosynthesis
CHLOROPLAST
characteristics:
Shape and Color
• Chloroplasts are round, oval, or
disk-shaped and are green due
to two main pigments,
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
• Chloroplasts are roughly 1–2 μm
(1 μm = 0.001 mm) thick and 5–
7 μm in diameter.
CHLOROPLAST
characteristics:
• captures sunlight and uses it to turn
carbon dioxide and water into glucose
that is used to make energy for the
plant, producing oxygen as a
byproduct.
• Glucose is used by plants for energy
and to make other substances like
cellulose and starch. Cellulose is used
in building cell walls.
CHLOROPLAST
characteristics:
• Think of it as a tiny solar power
factory inside the plant
• Accessory Pigments:
Chloroplasts also contain other
pigments, like carotenoids,
which help capture additional
light and pass it on to
chlorophyll.
CHLOROPLAST
Location in Plants:
Chloroplasts are found in all green parts
of plants, especially in the mesophyll
cells of leaves, where they are most
concentrated.

What is Mesophyll?
Mesophyll is found between the upper
and lower epidermis (the outer layers) of
a leaf.
CHLOROPLAST
Location in Plants:
It is made up of two types of cells:
• Palisade Mesophyll: These cells are tightly
packed and contain many chloroplasts,
making them the main site for
photosynthesis.
• Spongy Mesophyll: These cells are more
loosely arranged, allowing for gas exchange
(like oxygen and carbon dioxide) and
helping with the distribution of sunlight.
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE

Outer Membrane
A smooth membrane
that encloses the
chloroplast.
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE

Outer Membrane
A smooth membrane
that encloses the
chloroplast.

Inner Membrane
Lies just inside the
outer membrane,
providing a barrier
for the stroma.
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
Chloroplast membranes are primarily
composed of phospholipids and proteins,
e forming a structure that allows for selective
ane that
roplast.
transport and various functions essential for
photosynthesis and cellular metabolism.

rane
e the outer
providing a
stroma.
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
mbrane
membrane that Stroma
he chloroplast.
The fluid-filled space inside
the chloroplast where the
Calvin cycle occurs. It contains
Membrane enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes.
nside the outer
, providing a
he stroma.
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE

Outer Membrane
A smooth membrane that Stroma
encloses the chloroplast. The fluid-filled space inside
the chloroplast where the
Calvin cycle occurs. It
contains enzymes, DNA,
Inner Membrane and ribosomes.
Lies just inside the outer
membrane, providing a
barrier for the stroma.
STROMA
CALVIN CYCLE
- a crucial part of
photosynthesis that occurs in
the stroma of chloroplasts. It is
responsible for converting
carbon dioxide and other
compounds into glucose,
which plants use as energy.
CALVIN CYCLE
STAGE 1:
Carbon Fixation: The cycle starts when
carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air is
captured by an enzyme called RuBisCO. It
combines CO₂ with a molecule called RuBP,
resulting in two molecules of a 3-carbon
compound called 3-PGA.
STAGE 2:
The 3-PGA molecules are then
changed into another 3-carbon
sugar called G3P using energy
from ATP and NADPH (which are
produced in the first part of
photosynthesis).
STAGE 3:
Regenerating RuBP: Some
G3P leaves the cycle to
eventually form glucose
(sugar), while the rest is used
to recreate RuBP, allowing
the cycle to start again. This
step uses more ATP.
 CALVIN CYCLE
The Calvin cycle must turn three times to fix enough carbon to
produce one molecule of G3P that can exit the cycle. To
synthesize one glucose molecule (which requires two G3P), the
cycle must turn six times, utilizing six CO₂ molecules.

IMPORTANCE:
Energy Storage: The products of the Calvin cycle, especially glucose,
serve as an energy source for plants and other organisms.

Carbon Fixation: It plays a crucial role in capturing atmospheric

carbon dioxide and converting it into organic compounds, helping
regulate carbon levels in the atmosphere.
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE

Thylakoids
Membrane-bound structures
stacked in groups called
grana. Thylakoids house
chlorophyll and other
pigments, playing a crucial
role in capturing sunlight.
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE

Intermembrane Space
During the process of
photosynthesis, protons (H⁺
ions) accumulate in the
intermembrane space, creating
a difference in concentration.
This gradient drives ATP
synthesis as protons flow back
into the stroma through ATP
synthase.
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
Stroma Lamellae
Help facilitate the transfer of energy and
electrons between the grana during the
light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
They play a role in maintaining the
structural organization of thylakoids.
 CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
Outer Membrane

Stroma

Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane

Granum Thylakoids

Stroma Lamellae
 CHLOROPHYLL
is a photosynthetic pigment responsible for the green color of plants and
algae. It absorbs light energy, which is then used to synthesize
carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a
byproduct. This process is fundamental to life on Earth, as it forms the
base of the food chain and contributes to the planet's oxygen supply.

TYPES OF CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
a b c d and f
 TYPES OF CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
a b c d and f

The primary pigment involved in photosynthesis. It

absorbs light mainly in the blue-violet and red
wavelengths and reflects green light, which is why
plants appear green.
 TYPES OF CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
a b c d and f

An accessory pigment that complements

chlorophyll a by absorbing additional light
wavelengths, particularly in the blue and red-
orange regions. It helps maximize the efficiency of
photosynthesis by expanding the range of light a
plant can use.
 TYPES OF CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
a b c d and f

Found in certain algae, it assists in capturing light

energy for photosynthesis.
 TYPES OF CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
a b c d and f

Less common types found in specific algae species,

adapted to different light environments.
CHLOROPHYLL
STRUCTURE
CHLOROPHYLL
STRUCTURE
Chlorophyll molecules share a similar core
structure, consisting of:

•Porphyrin Ring: A large, aromatic ring that

plays a central role in capturing light
energy. The ring is stabilized by a
magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) at its center.
•Phytol Tail: A long hydrocarbon chain
attached to the porphyrin ring, which
anchors the chlorophyll molecule within the
thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
CHLOROPHYLL
ABSORPTION SPECTRUM

•Blue (around 430-450 nm)

•Red (around 640-680 nm)

It reflects green light (around 500-550

nm), which is why plants appear green to
our eyes. The specific absorption
characteristics allow chlorophyll to
harness the energy from sunlight
effectively.
 CHLOROPHYLL
IMPORTANCE BEYOND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
•Ecological Significance: Chlorophyll is the foundation of most food webs,
as it enables plants to produce organic matter that sustains herbivores,
and subsequently, predators.
•Environmental Impact: Photosynthesis by chlorophyll helps regulate
atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, playing a role in mitigating climate
change.
•Human Applications:
• Nutrition: Chlorophyll is available as a dietary supplement and is
believed to have health benefits, including antioxidant properties.
• Industry: Used as a natural green dye in food and cosmetics.
• Research: Studied for its potential in renewable energy solutions,
such as bio-inspired solar cells.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria
convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy
stored in the form of glucose (a type of sugar). It occurs mainly
in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for life on Earth
because it produces oxygen and forms the basis of most food
chains.
YEY WE’RE
DONE!
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