Plumbers Handbook 2006

THE PLUMBERS HANDBOOK
SEVENTH EDITION (mod 2006)

KE MB LA AU
ST
RA
LIA
Proudly produced by
KEMBLA
The information in this publication has been assembled for guidance only. Care has been taken to ensure accuracy, but no liability can be accepted for any consequences which may arise as a result of its application. It may not be reproduced in whole or part without the written consent of MM Kembla. All plumbing work should be performed by competent, accredited tradespersons in accordance with current relevant Standards and specifications required by the authority within whose jurisdiction the work is to be performed. To ensure an installed system will provide satisfactory performance and the expected life, Industry practitioners must give careful consideration to all aspects of: q design q operating condition q the internal and external environments q use of approved materials
Home of the famous KEMBLA brand for 90 years
THE PLUMBERS HANDBOOK

SEVENTH EDITION (mod. 2006)
Proudly produced by
KEMBLA
www.kembla.com.au
Home of the famous KEMBLA brand for 90 years
FOREWORD
MM Kembla is proud to issue the seventh edition of the Kembla Plumbers Handbook which is published as an industry aid at a time when marked changes are taking place with respect to installation practice and material specification. This revision reflects some of those changes. Although historically a manufacturer of KEMBLA copper and brass tubes, MM Kembla as a result of the combined efforts of the Port Kembla, Brisbane and New Zealand manufacturing plants and personnel, has developed a flexible copper system for domestic, residential, commercial and industrial piping applications. Through its national network of distributors, MMKembla offers a total system of reliable quality tubes, fittings, breeches and assemblies which are manufactured and marked in accordance with relevant StandardsMark and WaterMark Licences. The inherent flexibility and reliability of copper offers specifiers, designers, building owners, installers and occupiers significant benefits for an array of piping services which include plumbing, drainage, gas, refrigeration, air conditioning, fire services, air, steam and medical installations. Copper piping products are readily available with no embargo on intermixing of pipe and fitting brands. Small outside diameters offer space savings whilst light weight and ductility assists installers. The impermeability of copper prevents the ingress of external substances which could have adverse impact on health and coppers potential for 100% recycling contributes to a clean environment. In addition to these attributes, copper systems are cost effective. This Kembla Plumbers Handbook is issued with the expectation that recipients will use the information to complement design and installation skills developed by an industry responsible for copper piping systems which play essential roles in Australias development, and the health of its people.
Company commitment
Kemblas 90 Year Guarantee

Kemblas 90 years of experience in manufacturing tubing products guarantees you:
The tradition of highest quality

- to meet all internationally established standards
Proven reliability
- through many decades of experience with plumbing, refrigeration & air conditioning.
Superior service
- through support from Australias largest independent distribution networks.
Proven since 1916

2
KEMBLA Product Range

TUBE PRODUCTS
q q
q q q q
Copper tubes for water, gas, sanitation, fire services, air and steam -diameter range DN 3 to DN 250. Plastic coated Kemlag and Kemline copper tube for potable water, recycled water and gas services. Copper and brass round, square and rectangular tubes for general engineering purposes. Copper and copper alloy tubes for heat exchangers. Copper tubes for refrigeration and air conditioning. High conductivity copper tubes for electrical purposes. Kemchrome chrome plated annealed copper service tube.
FITTINGS
q
q q
q q q q q
Copper fittings, capillary, compression and large diameter, for plumbing applications (Australian, New Zealand, British, European and USA standards). Davis brand compression fittings for plumbing, gas and general purposes. Victaulic fittings for plumbing, fire and mechanical services in DN 50 to DN 150. Copper refrigeration fittings. Specialty copper U bends and air conditioning fittings. Traps, junctions, bends for plumbing. Stainless steel fittings for medical, chemical, food and industrial processing. Copper fire sprinkler droppers.
ACCESSORIES
q
Plumbing items: combinations, spouts, shower sets, laundry arms, shower arms, pipe clips, flush pipes, shower rails, breeches and pre-fabricated assemblies, exposed bath and/or shower assemblies, laboratory fittings, assemblies tapped for water saving devices, water meter assemblies. General items: grabrails and handles.
CONTENTS
Foreword Company Commitment Product Range
PAGE
1 2 3 7 9 10 10 11 14 14 15 17 18 21 21 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 26 26 27 29
Tube Specifications and Size Ranges

Copper Tube Properties
Standard Plumbing Tube Details

Copper Tube Identification Copper Tubes for Plumbing, Gas Fitting and Drainage Applications to AS1432 Bendable Temper Tubing Large Diameter Copper Tubes Kemlag Pre-insulated Copper Tube Kemline PVC Covered Copper Tube Copper Tube for Refrigeration Steam Lines Air Lines Safe Working Pressure Calculations for Copper Tubes Brass Tube for Sanitary Plumbing Tube Mass Calculation Formula AS1432 Mass Per Length
Fittings Specifications and Size Ranges Fittings Product Range

Pressure & Non-pressure Compression Screwed Brassware Victaulic Mechanical Jointing System
Accessories Corrosion Protection Systems for Pipe & Fittings Water Supply Piping Design
Water Composition Water Mains
4
30 31 31 32
CONTENTS
Dead Legs Pipe Sizing Flow Rates at Fixtures or Appliances Recommended Water Velocities Pressure Loss and Flow Data for Copper Calculation Formulae Calculation Factors for Water Flow Rates Fitting Loss Factors Pressure Loss Tables for AS1432 Type B Tubes
PAGE
32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 43 44 44 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 52 52
Water Hammer Pipe Spacing Copper Tube Exposed to Freezing Conditions Installation Practice
Safety Precautions
Electrical Earthing Roof and Trench Work Proximity of Water Pipes to Other Services
Plumbing Precautions
Installation and Design Cleaning Supply Tanks Earth Rods Protection of Potable Water Supplies
Jointing Methods
Compression Joints Soft Soldered Capillary Fittings Silver Brazed Joints Colour identification of Silver Brazing Alloys Expanded Joints Branch Forming Roll-Grooved Joints Push-Fit Joints
CONTENTS
Concealment of Copper Water Services
PAGE
53 55
Installation of Hot Water Lines Copper and Brass Tubes for Sanitary Plumbing
Material Limitations Pipe Support Expansion Joints Freedom from restraint Penetration Sealants Pipe Grade Conversions
60 60 61 61 61 63 63 64 64 64 65 66 67 67 67 68 69 70 70 70 72
Copper Tube for Fire Services

Fire Hydrant Systems Fire Sprinkler Systems
Copper for Gas Piping Test Pressures Protection During Building Construction Bending Kembla Copper Tubes
General Considerations Annealing (Softening) for Bending Stress Relief After Bending Cold Bending Hot Bending Tube Bending Calculations Temperatures by Colour
Corrosion Rating for Copper and 70/30 DR Brass Useful Conversion Factors Emergency Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
73 75 77
TUBE SPECIFICATIONS AND SIZE RANGES

Materials Within this publication, the following materials are commonly referred to as Copper and 70/30 DR Brass. Copper 70/30 DR Brass Phosphorus Deoxidised Copper, High Residual Phosphorus, Alloy C12200 70/30 Arsenical Brass, Alloy C26130 This alloy is dezincification resistant (DR) and meets the requirements for a DR brass material. Both materials are suitable for the conveyance of a drinking water as they comply with Australian Standard AS3855. Outside Diameter (mm) 3.18mm up to and incl. 254.0mm 15.88mm up to and incl. 152.4mm Thickness (mm) 0.31mm up to and incl. 3.25mm 0.71mm up to and incl. 3.25mm
Note:
Size Range Copper 70/30 DR Brass
Copper 70/30 DR Brass
Standard Lengths Straights Diameters up to and incl. 152.40mm...........6 metres Diameters above 152.40 up to and incl. 203.20mm.........................................4-6 metres Diameters above 203.20mm.....................3-6 metres Coils (copper only) Diameters up to and incl. 7.94mm.............30 metres Diameters over 7.94mm up to 31.75mm....18 metres
Standards Applicable to Copper and Copper Alloy Tubes AS 1432 Copper Tubes for Plumbing, Gasfitting and Drainage Applications AS 1572 Copper and Copper Alloys - Seamless Tubes for Engineering Purposes AS/NZS 1571 Copper - Seamless Tubes for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration AS 1569 Copper and Copper Alloys - Seamless Tubes for Heat Exchangers AS 3795 Copper Alloy Tubes for Plumbing and Drainage Applications
7
Other Relevant Standards

AS/NZS 3500 AS 2419.1 AS 2441 AS 2118 AS 2118.1 AS 2118.2 AS 2118.3 AS 2118.4 AS 2118.5 AS 2118.6 AS 2118.9 AS 2118.10 AS 4118 AS 4118.2.1 AG 601 AS 2896 National plumbing and drainage Fire hydrant installations - Systems design, installation and commissioning Installation of fire hose reels Automatic fire sprinkler systems Standard Wallwetting sprinklers (Drenchers) Deluge Residential Domestic Combined sprinkler and hydrant Piping support and installation Approval documentation Fire sprinkler systems Piping - General Gas Installation Code Medical gas systems - Installation and testing of non-flammable medical gas pipeline systems. AS/NZS 1667 Part 2 Refrigerating Systems - Safety requirements, fixed applications. AS 4041 Pressure Piping
*For more details on Fire Services, refer to the Kembla Fire Systems Handbook
COPPER TUBE PROPERTIES

PHOSPHORUS DEOXIDISED COPPER HIGH RESIDUAL PHOSPHORUS ALLOY C12200 NOMINAL COMPOSITION (%) Copper Phosphorus 99.90 minimum 0.015-0.040
TUBE SPECIFICATIONS Recommended AS 1432 Related AS/NZS 1569, 1571, 1572 EN1057 ASTM B75, 88 JISH3300 NZS3501 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Melting Point Density Thermal Expansion Coefficient Thermal Conductivity Specific Heat Capacity Electrical Conductivity (annealed) Electrical Resistivity (annealed) Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Rigidity 1083C 8.94 x 103 kg/m3 at 20C 17.7 x 10-6 per K 305-355 W/(m.K) 0.385 kJ (kg.K) 75-90% I.A.C.S. 0.0192-0.0230 microhm m at 20C 17 GPa 44 GPa
JOINTING PROPERTIES FABRICATION PROPERTIES Soldering Excellent Cold Work Excellent Brazing Excellent Hot Work Excellent Welding Hot Work Temp 750C-875C oxy-acetylene Good Annealing Range 450C-600C carbon arc Good using alloy filler rods gas shield arc Good coated metal arc Good using alloy filler rods resistance spot Not recommended resistance butt Not recommended SUITABILITY FOR SURFACE FINISHING BY Polishing Excellent Plating Excellent Machining Machinability rating (20) TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tube Temper Annealed Hardness (HV/5) 70max Yield 0.2% proof (MPa) 70 Ultimate tensile (MPa) 220 Elongation (% on 50mm) 55
9
Bendable 80-100 220 280 20
Hard drawn 100min 350 380 5
STANDARD COPPER PLUMBING TUBE DETAILS

In recognition of our meeting the stringent quality assurance requirements of Standards Australia, Kembla Tube & Fittings holds a licence for tube manufactured to comply with AS 1432. Kembla Tube & Fittings is proud to display the Australian StandardsMark on KEMBLA copper plumbing tubes which are all made in Australia.
COPPER TUBE IDENTIFICATION

KEMBLA copper tubes, manufactured to meet the requirements of AS 1432, are incised at 0.5m intervals along the tube with our manufacturers trademark, the StandardsMark, the Australian Standard number, nominal size, thickness type, and the letters BQ where tubes are Bendable temper, e.g. KEMBLA AS 1432 LIC.945 DN 15B BQ
In addition, Hard drawn and Bendable copper tubes to AS 1432 are colour coded, with either a legend in the designated colour for the particular thickness Type or, the legend in black and a separate distinguishing colour mark along the length.The legend includes our manufacturers trademark, Australia the country of origin, the StandardsMark, the Australian Standard Number, Standards Australia licence number, nominal size, thickness type and BQ to identify Bendable temper tubes e.g. KEMBLA AS 1432 LIC.945 DN 15B BQ
Four colours are used to represent the tube specification types: Type A - Green Type B - Blue Type C - Red Type D - Black Tables listing the nominal sizes for the 4 types of tube in AS 1432 are shown on pages 11 to 13 inclusive. It is noted that copper tubes are made from the one alloy and are of similar quality. The word TYPES refers to the 4 thickness categories with Type A being the thickest and Type D being the thinnest tube permitted for use by water authorities.
10
COPPER TUBES FOR PLUMBING, GASFITTING AND DRAINAGE APPLICATIONS TO AUSTRALIAN STANDARD 1432 - 2004
TYPE A
Nom. Size Actual Tube Size Metric (mm) Actual Tube Size Imperial *Safe Working Pressure (kPa)
DN6 DN8 DN10 DN15 DN18 DN20 DN25 DN32 DN40 DN50 DN65 DN80 DN90 DN100 DN125 DN150 DN200
6.35 x 0.91 7.94 x 0.91 9.52 x 1.02 12.70 x 1.02 15.88 x 1.22 19.05 x 1.42 25.40 x 1.63 31.75 x 1.63 38.10 x 1.63 50.80 x 1.63 63.50 x 1.63 76.20 x 2.03 88.90 x 2.03 101.60 x 2.03 127.00 x 2.03 152.40 x 2.64 203.20 x 2.64
1/ 4 5/ 16 3/ 8 1/2 5/ 8 3/ 4
x 20g x 20g x 19g x 19g x 18g x 17g
11,320 8,810 8,350 6,100 5,750 5,560 4,750 3,750 3,100 2,310 1,840 1,900 1,630 1,500 1,200 1,300 910
1 x 16g 11/4 x 16g 11/2 x 16g 2 x 16g 21/2 x 16g 3 x 14g 31/2 x 14g 4 x 14g 5 x 14g 6 x 12g 8 x 12g
*Applicable up to 50oC. For safe working pressures at other temperatures refer Page 22.
11
TYPE B
Nom. Size Actual Tube Size Metric (mm) Actual Tube Size Imperial *Safe Working Pressure (kPa)
DN6 DN8 DN10 DN15 DN18 DN20 DN25 DN32 DN40 DN50 DN65 DN80 DN90 DN100 DN125 DN150 DN200
6.35 x 0.71 7.94 x 0.71 9.52 x 0.91 12.70 x 0.91 15.88 x 1.02 19.05 x 1.02 25.40 x 1.22 31.75 x 1.22 38.10 x 1.22 50.80 x 1.22 63.50 x 1.22 76.20 x 1.63 88.90 x 1.63 101.60 x 1.63 127.00 x 1.63 152.40 x 2.03 203.20 x 2.03
1/ 4 5/ 16 3/ 8 1/ 2 5/ 8 3/ 4
x 22g x 22g x 20g x 20g x 19g x 19g
8,560 6,700 7,220 5,290 4,810 3,970 3,500 2,780 2,300 1,710 1,370 1,710 1,300 1,200 960 1,000 720
1 x 18g 11/4 x 18g 11/2 x 18g 2 x 18g 21/2 x 18g 3 x 16g 31/2 x 16g 4 x 16g 5 x 16g 6 x 14g 8 x 14g
12
TYPE C
Nom. Size DN10 DN15 DN18 DN20 DN25 Actual Tube Size Metric (mm) 9.52 x 0.71 12.70 x 0.71 15.88 x 0.91 19.05 x 0.91 25.40 x 0.91 Actual Tube Size Imperial
3/ 8 1/ 2 5/ 8 3/ 4
*Safe Working Pressure (kPa) 5,520 4,070 4,180 3,450 2,560
x 22g x 22g x 20g
x 20g 1 x 20g
TYPE D
Nom. Size DN32 DN40 DN50 DN65 DN80 DN90 DN100 DN125 DN150 Actual Tube Size Metric (mm) 31.75 x 0.91 38.10 x 0.91 50.80 x 0.91 63.50 x 0.91 76.20 x 1.22 88.90 x 1.22 101.60 x 1.22 127.00 x 1.42 152.40 x 1.63
13
Actual Tube Size Imperial 11/4 x 20g 11/2 x 20g 2 x 20g 21/2 x 20g 3 x 18g 31/2 x 18g 4 x 18g 5 x 17g 6 x 16g
*Safe Working Pressure (kPa) 2,040 1,690 1,260 1,010 1,130 970 890 830 800
BENDABLE TEMPER TUBING

In certain circumstances it may be desirable to use a straight tube which has improved bending characteristics compared to normal hard drawn temper tube. To fill this need, a selected size range of 6m straight length copper tubes is available in bendable temper. These particular tubes are capable of being bent, without local annealing, to minimum centreline radii of 45mm, 60mm and 85mm for nominal sizes DN15, DN18 and DN20 respectively. Bendable temper tubes are coded with the letters BQ to distinguish them from normal hard drawn tubes. eg. KEMBLA AUSTRALIA Available DN 15A DN 15B DN 15C Sizes: 12.70 x 1.02mm 12.70 x 0.91mm 12.70 x 0.71mm AS 1432 Lic. 945 DN 15B BQ
DN DN DN DN
18B 18C 20B 20C
15.88 15.88 19.05 19.05
x x x x
1.02mm 0.91mm 1.02mm 0.91mm
LARGE DIAMETER COPPER TUBES

Occasionally large diameter tubes, which are not included in the AS 1432 range, are specified for special applications. The following sizes are projections of the AS 1432 tables. Safe working pressures have been included for temperatures up to 50C. TYPE Nom. Size DN200 DN225 DN250 Nom. W.T mm A SWP kPa Nom. W.T mm B SWP kPa Nom. W.T mm 1.63 2.03 2.03 D SWP kPa 595 645 580
3.25 3.25
1005 905
2.64 2.64
810 730
14
KEMLAG PRE-INSULATED COPPER TUBE

A comprehensive range of pre-insulated tubes is available with a PVC sheathing for use in a variety of end use applications e.g. short run domestic hot water lines, burying in corrosive soils, laying under floors and concrete slabs (where approved), chasing into walls and masonry, pipework exposed to aggressive environments. The moisture resistant and chemically inert green insulation is clearly marked with KEMLAG, AUSTRALIA (the country of manufacture), the copper tube size in mm, the Australian Standard, the Australian Standard licence number, the tube nominal size and thickness type e.g KEMLAG AUSTRALIA COPPER TUBE IS 12.7 x 1.02mm AS 1432 Lic 945 DN 15A. All DN15, DN18 and DN20 KEMLAG copper tubes are covered with a micro cellular grooved insulation to minimise heat loss. Straight lengths in this size range are Bendable Temper. The PVC insulation will soften at elevated temperatures and the product should not be used for installations operating continuously at temperatures above 75C. When KEMLAG lines are to be exposed to aggressive and moist environments or buried, all joints must be wrapped or otherwise protected to ensure that the entire pipeline covering is water tight. Each end must also be made water tight. Where KEMLAG tubes are to be used in sizes above DN20 for the conveyance of hot water, it may be necessary to provide additional thickness of insulation to achieve acceptable heat losses - see page 45. Purpose designed insulation should be used where heat loss is critical. In localities subject to freezing conditions, additional insulation may be required to prevent water freezing in exposed pipelines - see page 45. KEMLAG alone will not prevent water freezing. The PVC insulation on KEMLAG is resistant to ultraviolet radiation and the product can be installed in situations where the pipes are in direct sunlight. No piping must be placed in direct contact with metal roofs.
15
KEMLAG TUBE SIZES

Kemlag tube is available as either 18m coils or 6m straights. The range of stock sizes is shown below. Other sizes from DN15 to DN100 may be available on application. STANDARD SIZE RANGE 6m Straights (mm) 12.70 x 1.02 12.70 x 0.91 15.88 x 1.02 15.88 x 0.91 19.05 x 1.02 19.05 x 0.91 25.40 x 1.22 25.40 x 0.91 31.75 x 1.22 38.10 x 1.22 50.80 x 1.22 101.60 x 1.63 Nominal Size DN15A DN15B DN18B DN18C DN20B DN20C DN25B DN25C DN32B DN40B DN50B DN100B 19.05 x 1.02 19.05 x 0.91 18m Coils (mm) 12.70 x 1.02 12.70 x 0.91 15.88 x 1.02
It is to be noted that lagging consisting of hair felt or other fibrous material should be used only in dry, well-ventilated places. The use of such lagging in damp or confined, poorly ventilated environments is not recommended.
16
KEMLINE PVC COVERED COPPER TUBE

A range of copper tubes with a tough outer PVC sheathing is available for use where corrosion or mechanical protection is required. KEMLINE copper tubes may be used for pneumatic or hydraulic control lines, gas reticulation and underground pipelines. The PVC covering is thinner than KEMLAG and the product is available in a biscuit colour. It is also available with a LILAC coloured coating for recycled water services. STANDARD SIZE RANGE (mm) BISCUIT 6.35 x 0.91 7.94 x 0.91 9.52 x 0.91 LILAC 12.70 x 0.91 19.05 x 1.02 25.40 x 1.22 31.75 x 1.22 38.10 x 1.22 50.80 x 1.22 63.50 x 1.22 76.20 x 1.63 101.60 x 1.63
Consideration will be given to requests for additional sizes for both KEMLAG and KEMLINE.
LP GAS PIPELINES FOR VEHICLE ENGINES

Rigid copper fuel supply piping that is subject to container pressure shall be in accordance with AS 1432 or AS 1572. A minimum nominal thickness of 0.91mm applies to DN10 copper tube or smaller, whilst for larger sizes the minimum nominal thickness is to be no less than 1.02mm. KEMLINE pre-insulated tube is used for this application to satisfy the requirements of Australian Standard AS 1425: LP gas fuel systems for vehicle engines which specifies that piping is to be protected throughout its exposed length. It is recommended that reference be made to AS 1425 to identify specific installation practice requirements.
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COPPER TUBE FOR REFRIGERATION

An extensive range of copper tube is manufactured specifically to cater for the special requirements of refrigeration gas lines. These tubes comply with the required internal cleanness limits specified in AS/NZS1571: Copper-seamless tubes for air-conditioning and refrigeration. Tubes are factory cleaned and supplied sealed to maintain the cleanness of the bore under normal conditions of handling and storage. Standard stock sizes of AS/NZS 1571 tube are incised at approx. 0.5m intervals with our manufacturing trademark, the Australian Standard number and thickness of tube e.g. KEMBLA AS/NZS 1571 0.91. Non-stock sizes may be available on request. The Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1677 addresses safety, design, construction, installation, testing, inspection, operation and maintenance of refrigeration systems. Important considerations are:
s The refrigerant must be compatible with copper. Ammonia is not compatible with copper. s Tubes must be able to withstand the maximum working pressure of the system, based on the maximum operating temperature. s Precautions should be taken, at the design stage, to accommodate movement due to thermal cycles. s Liquid hammer may produce pressures in excess of those anticipated at the design stage. The undesirable pressures could cause failure of piping, hence they should be avoided.
18
COPPER REFRIGERATION TUBE

KEMBLA AS/NZS 1571 tube for air conditioning, refrigeration and mechanical services. Actual Tube Size Metric (mm) Imperial (inch) Outside Wall Outside Wall Diameter Thickness Diameter Thickness 1/4 5/16 3/8 1/2 5/8 5/8 3/4 3/4 3/4 7/8 7/8 7/8 1 1 1 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/4 1 1/4 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.040 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.036 0.048 0.055 0.036 0.048 0.064 0.036 0.048 0.064 0.072 0.036 0.048 0.080 6.35 7.94 9.52 12.70 15.88 15.88 19.05 19.05 19.05 22.22 22.22 22.22 25.40 25.40 25.40 28.58 28.58 28.58 28.58 31.75 31.75 31.75 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.91 1.02 0.89 1.02 1.14 0.91 1.22 1.40 0.91 1.22 1.63 0.91 1.22 1.63 1.83 0.91 1.22 2.03 Copper Tube Safe Working Pressures (kPa) Service Temperature Range (C) Over 50 Up to 50 up to 65 10635 8290 6800 4995 3945 5030 3600 4150 4670 3140 4265 4930 2730 3705 5025 2420 3275 4435 5015 2170 2935 5005 9545 7440 6105 4480 3540 4515 3230 3725 4190 2815 3825 4425 2450 3325 4510 2175 2940 3980 4500 1950 2635 4495
Notes: Safe working pressures have been based on tube minimum thickness and the annealed temper design tensile stress values specified in Australian Standard AS 4041 - Pressure Piping. The calculations allow for softening when tubes are brazed or heated. The test pressure for copper piping installations shall not exceed 1.5 times the safe working pressure of the copper tube. Tubes with increased wall thickness have been included in the table to address high working pressures associated with new generation refrigerants with different pressure requirements. Operating pressures for specific refrigerants should be obtained from refrigerant suppliers. When designing and installing refrigerant piping, reference should be made to current local regulations and the joint Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1677 Refrigerating Systems. Pink = suitable for all refrigerants, including R410A.
19
COPPER REFRIGERATION TUBE

KEMBLA AS/NZS1571 tube for air conditioning, refrigeration and mechanical services. Actual Tube Size Metric (mm) Imperial (inch) Outside Wall Outside Wall Diameter Thickness Diameter Thickness 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 5/8 1 5/8 1 5/8 2 2 1/8 2 1/8 2 1/8 2 5/8 2 5/8 3 4 4 1/8 0.036 0.048 0.080 0.048 0.090 0.036 0.048 0.064 0.094 0.048 0.036 0.048 0.064 0.048 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.110 34.92 34.92 34.92 38.10 38.10 41.28 41.28 41.28 41.28 50.80 53.98 53.98 53.98 66.68 66.68 76.20 101.60 104.78 0.91 1.22 2.03 1.22 2.29 0.91 1.22 1.63 2.41 1.22 0.91 1.22 1.63 1.22 1.63 1.63 1.63 2.79 Copper Tube Safe Working Pressures (kPa) Service Temperature Range (C) Over 50 Up to 50 up to 65 1970 2660 4525 2435 4690 1660 2240 3020 4550 1810 1265 1700 2290 1375 1845 1610 1200 2015 1770 2390 4065 2185 4210 1490 2010 2710 4080 1625 1135 1530 2055 1230 1655 1445 1080 1805
Pink = suitable for all refrigerants, including R410A
20
STEAM LINES
Lightweight, ductility, ease of installation and corrosion resistance are some of the attributes which make copper worthy of consideration for steam lines. When designing steam lines it is necessary to: s Refer to the requirements of AS 4041 s Select tubes which will withstand the maximum operating pressures and temperatures of the system. Safe working pressures and temperatures for tubes are addressed on page 22. s Avoid steam hammer which could produce undesirable pressure surges. s Ensure provision is made to accommodate thermal expansion. s Take precautions to eliminate vibration from the piping. s Tubes should be no thinner than those specified in AS 1432 for Type B sizes. s Copper tube may not be suitable when steam is contaminated with chemicals and where high velocities could be involved. Saturated Steam Pressures (Absolute)
kPa 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C 45.8 60.1 69.1 75.9 81.3 85.9 90.0 93.5 kPa 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 C 96.7 99.6 120.2 133.6 143.6 151.9 158.8 165.0 kPa 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 C 170.4 175.4 179.9 184.1 188.0 191.6 195.1 198.3
AIR LINES
Corrosion resistance and ease of installation make copper an attractive alternative to steel piping for air lines. In comparison to plastics, copper resists damage, will not burn or evolve toxic gases and offers maximum scope for modification with minimum interruption to the service. At both the design and installation stages, attention should be given to selecting the appropriate tube for the maximum operating pressures and temperatures. Accommodation should be made for expansion, avoidance of vibration and hammer which might result from the operation of fast-acting solenoids.
21
SAFE WORKING PRESSURE CALCULATIONS FOR COPPER TUBES

The safe working pressures for copper tubes at temperatures up to 50C are shown on pages 11 to 13. Values for elevated temperatures may be calculated by multiplying Psw figures at 50C by the appropriate temperature factor, T. For sizes outside AS 1432, values for other tubes may be calculated by the following formula. Calculations are based on annealed tube to allow for softening at brazed joints.
PSW =
Where:
2000 x S D x tmin D - tmin
PSW = safe working pressure (kPa) tmin D SD T

= minimum wall thickness (mm) = outside diameter (mm) = maximum allowable design tensile stress for annealed tube (see below) = temperature factor
Values for SD for various temperature ranges were taken from AS 4041, Pressure Piping Code. Design strengths at intermediate temperatures may be obtained by linear interpolation. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DESIGN TENSILE STRESS ( SD ) (MPa) 41 34 33 32 28 21
Temperature Range C up to 50 over 50-75 over 75-125 over 125-150 over 150-175 over 175-200
T 1.00 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.68 0.51
The testing pressures for copper plumbing installations should not exceed 1.5 times the safe working pressure. Note: 1 kPa 100 kPa = 0.145 p.s.i = 1 bar
22
BRASS TUBE FOR SANITARY PLUMBING

A range of 70/30 DR brass tubing is available for use in sanitary plumbing work. The tubes are specially produced for this application and meet the requirements of Australian Standard AS 3795. Each tube is clearly identified at intervals along the length with an ink mark e.g. KEMBLA AUSTRALIA AS 3795 LIC 1043 DR BRASS DN50D
KEMBLA DR BRASS tubes are manufactured from an inhibited brass alloy which is virtually immune from dezincification. Individual tubes are marked DR BRASS to highlight that the material is dezincification resistant. Tubes are supplied in a special 1/2 hard temper to ensure they are free from residual stress. For restrictions on the use of brass tubes refer to page 60. Standard 70/30 DR BRASS Tube Sizes Nominal Size Actual Size (mm) Nominal Mass (kg/m) Nominal Capacity (L/m) DN40B DN40D DN50B DN50D DN65B DN80B DN80D DN100B DN100D 38.10 38.10 50.80 50.80 63.50 76.20 76.20 101.60 101.60 x x x x x x x x x 1.22 0.91 1.22 0.91 1.22 1.63 1.22 1.63 1.22 1.21 0.91 1.62 1.22 2.04 3.56 2.45 4.37 3.28 1.00 1.03 1.84 1.88 2.93 4.18 4.27 7.59 7.72
Tube Mass Calculation Formula M = (OD - T) x T x Y Where: M = Tube mass per metre (kg/metre) OD = Outside diameter (mm) T = Thickness (mm) Y = Constant MATERIAL Copper 70/30 Brass CONSTANT - Y 0.0281 0.0268
23
AS1432 COPPER TUBES APPROXIMATE MASS PER LENGTH (kg) v Nom Size DN6 DN8 DN10 DN15 DN18 DN20 DN25 DN32 DN40 DN50 DN65 DN80 DN90 DN100 DN125 DN150 DN200 TYPE A Coils Straights 18m 6m 4.17 D 5.39 D 4.39 6.03 9.05 12.66 19.60 24.83 30.07 0.83 1.08 1.46 2.01 3.02 4.22 6.53 8.28 10.02 13.51 17.00 25.39 29.73 34.08 42.77 66.66 89.27 TYPE B Coils Straights 6m 18m 3.38 D 4.33 D 3.96 5.43 7.67 9.30 14.92 18.84 22.76 0.68 0.87 1.32 1.81 2.56 3.10 4.97 6.28 7.59 10.20 12.81 20.49 23.98 27.47 34.45 51.47 68.85 TYPE D TYPE C Coils Straights Straights 18m 6m 6m 3.16 4.31 6.89 8.35 11.27 1.05 1.44 2.30 2.78 3.76 4.73 5.71 7.65 9.60 15.42 18.04 20.65 30.07 41.43 9.23x
DN225 DN250
20.58 x 22.90
16.76 x 18.65
12.92 x 14.37
v D x
Based on maximum mean outside diameter and standard thickness 30 metre length coil Projected AS 1432 large sizes (kg/metre) - see page 14.
24
FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONS AND SIZE RANGES

Kembla Tube & Fittings offers a full range of Kembla brand copper and copper alloy fittings for use in both pressure and non-pressure applications. Copper capillary pressure fittings, which are marked AS 3688, complement the safe working pressures of AS 1432Type B copper tubes of similar nominal diameter. Compression fittings have been added to the Kembla range to provide plumbers an even wider choice for making copper piping joints. These precision made brass fittings are dezincification resistant, as are non-pressure copper alloy fittings. The range of Kembla fittings complies with and is marked in accordance with the relevant StandardsMark and WaterMark requirements of SAA MP 52.
Size Ranges
Type Capillary fittings High pressure bends, tees 3D long radius bends Reducers Victaulic fittings Compression fittings SWV fittings Expansion joints Traps, gullies & fittings Pan collars Specification AS 3688 AS 3688 AS 3688 AS 3688 AS 3688 AS 3688 AS 3517 AS 3517 AS 1589 AS 1589 Copper DN 15-250 DN 32-250 DN 15-250 DN 15 x 10 250 x 200 DN50-DN150 DN 32-250 DN 32-150 DN 32-100 DN 100 & 100 x 80 Brass DN 40 x 32 100 x 80 DN10-20 DN 32-100 DN 32-100 DN 32-100 DN 100 & 100 x 80
Standards Applicable to Copper and Copper Alloy Fittings

AS 1589 AS 3517 Copper and copper alloy waste fittings Capillary fittings of copper and copper alloy for non pressure sanitary plumbing applications AS 3688 Water Supply - Copper and copper alloy body compression and capillary fittings and threaded end connectors SAAMP52 Manual of authorization procedures for plumbing and drainage products
25
FITTINGS PRODUCT RANGE

1. Pressure and Non-Pressure
Capillary Elbows Capillary Joiners Capillary Tees Copper Cap and Linings Copper Connectors Copper CTS Bend with IO Copper CTS Bends Plain Copper CTS Junction Bends Copper CTS Junction Bends Inverted Copper CTS Sweep Junction Adaptors Copper Junctions Copper Pressure Bends Copper Pressure Tees Copper Reducers - Concentric Copper Reducers - Eccentric End Caps Expansion Joints Inspection Pieces Pan Collars P Traps Palazzi Traps Cast Brass Tubular Outlet S Traps Trap Adaptors (Ruffs) Trap Components Trapscrew Rings (Brass) Trapscrew (Cleaning Eyes) Tube Bushes DR Brass Female Tube Bushes DR Brass Male 70/30 DR Brass Bends Plain 70/30 DR Brass Bends with IO 70/30 DR Brass Tubular Gully Traps 70/30 DR Brass Cap and Linings 70/30 DR Brass Connectors 70/30 DR Brass Junction Bends 70/30 DR Brass Junctions Landing Valve Adaptors 70/30 DR Brass Reducers - Concentric 70/30 DR Brass Reducers - Eccentric
2. Compression Fittings
D EZY-SEAL: UNF thread and nylon olive D OZTITE: BSP thread with copper or nylon olive D OZFLARE: 60 flare compression Range: Unions, elbows, wall elbows, tees, nuts, olives, cones, stop ends and nuts.
3. Screwed Brassware
Elbows, tees, backnuts, caps, sockets, adaptors, bushes, nipples and all thread and plugs.
26
mechanical jointing system The Copper Victaulic system is a new concept for joining large diameter copper tubing. In use since 1925 for steel (and other IPS pipe), cast and ductile iron, the grooved piping concept is now available to join copper tubing (CTS) in DN50 to DN150 sizes. The system uses a proven pressureresponsive synthetic rubber gasket to seal on the outside diameter of the tubing. This means no heat is required and no lead is used. The coupling housing surrounds the gasket gripping into grooves rolled into the tubing. The housing is isolated from the fluid but provides the gripping strength for pressure ratings up to 355 PSI (2460kPa), depending on the type of copper tubing and size. A Stub Flange Adaptor is available with Tables D and E, ASA Class 150, or DIN flanges to permit the easy adaption of flanged products. Compatible copper fittings in 90, 45 elbow, tee and reducing configurations are supplied grooved ready for installation. Standard Victaulic Vic-Easy roll grooving tools (VE-226AC and VE-26AC) can be used to field or shop roll groove all types of Australian copper tubing. Tools must be equipped only with Victaulic rolls designed specifically for grooving Australian copper tube (colour coded copper). DO NOT use rolls intended for steel pipe or joint failure may occur. All Copper Victaulic Fittings are manufactured in accordance with Australian Standards AS 3688 for use in conjunction with Hard Drawn Copper Pipe to Australian Standards AS 1432 Types A, B and D.
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A whole new way to join DN50 to DN150 copper tubing with dimensions to Australian Standard AS 1432. PRODUCT RANGE Couplings & Valves Copper Elbows 90, 45 Copper Tees - Equal, Reducing Copper Reducers Tapping Bands Copper Flange Adaptors Flanges Caps/End Plugs Roll Grooving Machines Gasket Lubricant
28
ACCESSORIES
Kembla Plumbing Fittings produce a range of plumbing assemblies and accessories , at a factory located in Brisbane. Facilities are available for forging, bending, brazing, pipe fabrication, polishing and chrome plating.
PRODUCT RANGE
q q q
q q q q q
Combinations & Breeching Pieces. Prefabricated Assemblies. Annealed & Chrome Plated Copper Tube. Bathroom Accessories. Exposed Combinations. Laundry Arms. Pipe Clips & Saddles. Recess Combinations.
08635 Extended Hose Cock Outlet
q q q q q
Recess Tees. Shower Arms. Spouts. Water Meter Assemblies. Assemblies tapped for water saving devices. Washing Machine Combinations & Adaptors. Fire Sprinkler Droppers.
08527 Shower Assembly Top Inlet/Tails Up 08530 Shower Assembly
08512 Reverse Bath & Shower Assembly
08627 Single Screwed Outlet
08616 08620 08621 Twin Screwed Outlet
PRODUCT NUMBERS SHOWN ARE INDICATIVE ONLY. LOCAL VARIATIONS APPLY.
29
CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR PIPE & FITTINGS

Under most normal operating conditions, Kembla copper and brass tubes will resist serious corrosion. However, special precautions need to be taken to protect pipelines which will be buried in aggressive soils and those exposed to corrosive atmospheres. Part of the complete Kembla plumbing system is a range of petrolatum coatings for the protection of:
s s
Either bare piping or bends and joints in Kemlag lines Complete unprotected pipelines
Petrolatum tape is a non woven bonded synthetic fabric, fully impregnated and coated with neutral petrolatum based compounds and inert fillers. Petrolatum tape is chemically inert and does not polymerise or oxidise and therefore retains its water resistance and dielectric properties over an indefinite period. Prior to the application of the tape, the surface should be cleaned and coated with petrolatum priming paste. This primer is used to displace surface moisture to passivate surface oxides and to fill small irregularities. A petrolatum mastic compound is available to improve the contour of flanges, bolts, valves and other irregular shapes prior to applying tape. While applying petrolatum tape, smooth the tape surface by hand to eliminate air bubbles and to ensure intimate contact and lap seals.
COVERAGE ESTIMATES / 100m

PETROLATUM TAPE RECOMMENDED PETROLATUM PIPE (ROLLS) D TAPE WIDTH (mm) DIAMETER PRIMING PASTE (kg)
DN20 DN25 DN32 DN40 DN50 DN80 DN100 DN150 DN200
1.7 2.1 2.7 3.0 3.8 5.6 7.2 10.6 13.8
40 50 42 47 59 65 84 83 107
50 50 75 75 75 100 100 150 150
D Allowance for 55% overlap. Note: An overlap of 55% is generally recommended, however a minimum 20mm overlap may be used on pipes DN150 and larger. 30
WATER SUPPLY PIPING DESIGN

Copper tube is renowned for its satisfactory performance in plumbing systems. However, when occasional problems have occurred, subsequent investigations revealed that, in general, failures were either associated with system design or an aggressive operating environment. At the design stage, all aspects of the internal and external service conditions must be considered if failures are to be avoided.
WATER COMPOSITION
Long term performance of copper water pipes is dependant on the establishment of a natural, protective, internal surface film. The quality of some waters may preclude the development of protective films. Untreated waters which do not have buffering capacity and transient conditions are both potential contributors to the non-development or degradation of desirable films in copper pipes. Low pH of water, less than 7, can contribute to the internal deterioration of water mains and service pipes. Linings on cement-lined mains may be attacked and calcium carbonate deposit on copper piping and initiate corrosion cells. The potential for cuprosolvency increases as water pH decreases below 7. In acidic water, there is likelihood of small traces of copper going into solution. Elevated pH water is now also suspected of being a contributor to cuprosolvency. In the 1996 Australian Drinking Water guidelines, it is stated that, New concrete tanks and cement-mortar lined pipes can significantly increase pH.... The effectiveness of some chlorination treatments may be diminished in high pH waters and result in deterioration of the waters microbiological quality. The composition of untreated supplies and bore waters should be examined to ensure compatibility with copper prior to installation of piping. Untreated tank water may not be compatible with copper due to the waters lack of stability and potential microbiological variability.
31
WATER MAINS
It is important to examine the layout and condition of the water mains which will service the building. Properties with extensive distribution systems should not be connected to the end of a large water main as accumulated sedimentary matter may settle on pipes and develop into corrosion cells. Ring mains are essential. In situations where there is a low draw off rate from the mains a flushing facility may be necessary.
DEAD LEGS
Copper pipe systems must be free from sections in which potable water may remain stagnant for long periods. Particular attention must be given to pipeline design in laboratories, the location of drinking fountains, domestic bar sink taps, ensuites, ice making machines etc. Where possible, such fixtures should be connected with short length to a main flow line or if such is impractical, connected close to a downstream regularly used water service.
32
PIPE SIZING
Pipe sizing is critical. Pipes must not be oversized as low velocities, less than 0.5m/sec, may allow undesirable suspended solids in the water to deposit on pipes. Excessive velocities will cause turbulence and may destroy protective films. All piping should be accurately sized to ensure acceptable flow rates to fixtures and appliances without exceeding maximum velocity limits. Information required for sizing calculations include: 1. Minimum and maximum pressure available at the main; 2. Minimum and maximum pressure requirements for outlets to fixtures and appliances. AS/NZS 3500.1.2 specifies a minimum pressure of 50kPa at the most disadvantaged fixture and a maximum static pressure of 500kPa at any outlet. 3. Head losses through tubes and fittings; 4. Static head losses. Accurate pipe sizing may require full hydraulic calculations. More information on this subject is contained in the following publications: 1. AS/NZS 3500 - Australian National Plumbing and Drainage Part 1.2 - Water Supply: available from Standards Australia 2. Selection and Sizing of Copper Tubes for Water Piping Systems: available from the Institute of Plumbing Australia.
FLOW RATES AT FIXTURES OR APPLIANCES

The flow rates from taps, valves and to cisterns should not be less than the values given below.
Fixture/Appliance Water Closet Bath Basin Spray Tap Shower Sink (standard tap) Sink (aerated tap) Laundry Tub Washing Machine Hot Water System Hose Tap (DN20) Hose Tap (DN15)
33
Flow Rate (L/s) 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.03 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.20
RECOMMENDED WATER VELOCITIES

Section of Water Service Installation (i) Pipelines at mains pressure (ii) Pipelines from storage tanks serving the next two floors below the next two floors (iii) Pipelines (pumped supply) suction pipelines delivery pipelines Acceptable Velocity (m/s) 1.0 to 3.0
0.1 to 0.5 1.0 to 1.5
1.2 to 2.0 1.5 to 3.0
Exclusive of fire services, the recommended maximum water velocity in piping shall be 3 m/s. These velocities are related to acceptable sound levels of moving water containing entrained air and to minimise the effects of erosion. Erosion in water tubing results from the impingement of rapidly moving water, sometimes containing air bubbles or suspended solids, and can result in complete penetration of the tube wall. The problem of impingement is more noticeable at sharp changes in direction (bends, tees) where localised turbulence can lead to high water velocities. Irregularities in the bore caused by dents, misalignment, distortion at bends, solder globules, etc, can lead to erosion damage downstream.
34
PRESSURE LOSS AND FLOW DATA FOR COPPER PIPES AND FITTINGS CALCULATION FORMULAE
The following formulae may be used in conjunction with the tables on page 36 and 37. CAPACITY How many litres of water in 65 metres of DN80A tube. CAPACITY (C) = L x N L = tube length in metres N = calculation factor for DN80A C=LxN = 65 x 4.087 = 265.7 litres To determine the overall mass of a pipe filled with water, add the appropriate value from the Table on page 24. VELOCITY Determine the velocity of water in a DN20B tube with 0.25 litres/sec flow rate. VELOCITY (V) = Q N Q = flow rate in litres/sec N = calculation factor for DN20B V = Q = 0.25 N 0.227 = 1.10 metres/sec FLOW RATE Calculate the flow rate in a DN15B tube with 1.5 metres/sec water flowing. FLOW RATE (Q) = V x N V = velocity in metres/sec N = calculation factor for DN15B Q=VxN = 1.5 x 0.093 = 0.14 litres/sec FRICTION LOSS Find the friction loss in DN100B tube with water at 15C flowing at 18 litres/sec. 1.8 FRICTION LOSS (H) = F x Q 15 F = calculation factor for DN100B 15 at 15C Q = flow rate in litre/sec H = F x Q 1.8 15 = 0.0266 x 181.8 = 4.83 metres/100metres Note: 1kPa = 0.102 metres head 4.83 ... Pressure loss = 0.102 = 47.4 kPa/100 metres
ALLOWANCE FOR FITTINGS Find the pressure loss in a DN100 line flow tee fitting at 10 litres/sec flow rate. HEAD LOSS (H) = A x
( Q) N
A = fitting loss factor (see table) Q = flow rate in litres/sec N =calculation factor for DN100B H=Ax
( Q)2 N 2 10 =0.046 x ( 7.595 )

= 0.08 metres 0.08 0.102 = 0.78 kPa
Pressure loss =
35
WATER FLOW RATES

CALCULATION FACTORS FOR WATER FLOW RATES IN AS 1432 COPPER TUBE C A L C U L AT I O N
TYPE NOMINAL SIZE DN 6 8 10 15 18 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200 6 8 10 15 18 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200 10 15 18 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 N (CAPACITY) L/m 0.016 0.029 0.044 0.089 0.142 0.206 0.385 0.637 0.953 1.775 2.850 4.087 5.653 7.472 11.871 16.999 30.766 0.019 0.033 0.047 0.093 0.150 0.227 0.414 0.675 0.999 1.837 2.928 4.179 5.760 7.595 12.026 17.283 31.146 0.052 0.100 0.155 0.233 0.437 0.704 1.034 1.884 2.988 4.273 5.871 7.723 12.107 17.469
FAC TO R S
CONSTANTS FOR FRICTION LOSS BASED ON WATER TEMPERATURE F at 15C F at 60C F at 82C F at 4C
73970 17460 6660 1215 400 162.7 36.43 10.86 4.134 0.9299 0.2985 0.1256 0.05768 0.02953 0.009723 0.004107 0.000989 49280 12880 5797 1103 347.4 129.1 30.6 9.48 3.7 0.857 0.28 0.119 0.0551 0.0284 0.00942 0.00395 0.00096 4546 927 322 121 26.9 8.57 3.40 0.806 0.268 0.113 0.0527 0.0273 0.00927 0.00385 69390 16380 6250 1140 375 152.6 34.18 10.19 3.878 0.8723 0.2800 0.1178 0.05411 0.02770 0.009121 0.003853 0.000928 46230 12085 5438 1035 325.9 121.1 28.7 8.89 3.47 0.804 0.262 0.112 0.0517 0.0268 0.00884 0.0037 0.0009 4264 870 302 114 25.3 8.04 3.19 0.756 0.25 0.106 0.0494 0.0256 0.0087 0.00361 58230 55000 13740 12980 5245 4955 958 905 315 297 128.1 121 28.68 27.09 8.549 8.074 3.254 3.074 0.7321 0.6914 0.2350 0.2219 0.09890 0.09341 0.04541 0.04289 0.02325 0.02196 0.007654 0.007229 0.003233 0.003054 0.000778 0.000736 38795 36640 10140 9575 4563 4310 868 820 273.5 258.3 101.6 95.99 24.1 22.7 7.46 7.05 2.91 2.75 0.674 0.637 0.22 0.208 0.0938 0.0888 0.0434 0.041 0.0224 0.0211 0.00742 0.00701 0.00311 0.00293 0.00076 0.000714 3579 3380 730 690 254 240 95.6 90.3 21.2 20.0 6.75 6.37 2.68 2.53 0.634 0.599 0.211 0.198 0.0889 0.084 0.0415 0.0392 0.0215 0.0203 0.0073 0.0069 0.00303 0.00286
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
36
FITTING LOSS FACTORS A

Diameter DN15 FITTING ELBOW BEND 90
Long Radius
DN20
DN25
DN32
DN40
DN50 DN65
DN80 DN100 DN150
A VALUE
0.112 0.087 0.076 0.071 0.061 0.051 0.046 0.041 0.036 0.031 0.061 0.048 0.041 0.033 0.027 0.021 0.018 0.015 0.012 0.010 0.122 0.107 0.097 0.092 0.082 0.076 0.071 0.061 0.056 0.051 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.714 0.51 0.434 0.408 0.367 0.357 0.332 0.306 0.255 0.204
Branch
TEES
Flow
Reducers
Outlets
Stop Taps
Gate Valves 0.018 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.009 0.0087 0.0082 0.0071 0.0066 0.006
Globe Valves Lift Check Valves Swing Check Valves
0.714 0.51 0.434 0.408 0.51 0.434 0.382 0.357 0.321 0.276 0.280 0.189 0.153 0.138 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.459 0.332 0.255 0.204 0.138 0.122 0.112 0.107 0.102 0.098
Angle Valves
37
PRESSURE LOSS ESTIMATES FOR TYPE B COPPER TUBES

TUBE SIZE DN10B TUBE SIZE DN15B TUBE SIZE DN18B Flow Rate HEAD LOSS HEAD LOSS HEAD LOSS Velocity Velocity L/s Velocity 15c 60c 15c 60c 15c 60c m/s m/s m/s kPa/m kPa/m kPa/m kPa/m kPa/m kPa/m
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 1.06 1.28 1.49 1.70 1.91 2.13 2.55 2.98 2.43 3.37 4.45 5.65 6.99 8.45 11.73 15.48 2.04 2.83 3.73 4.74 5.87 7.09 9.84 12.99 0.54 0.65 0.75 0.86 0.97 1.08 1.29 1.51 1.72 1.94 2.15 2.37 2.58 2.80 3.01 0.46 0.64 0.85 1.08 1.33 1.61 2.23 2.95 3.75 4.63 5.60 6.65 7.78 8.89 10.26 0.39 0.54 0.71 0.90 1.12 1.35 1.87 2.47 3.14 3.89 4.70 5.58 6.52 7.53 8.61 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.53 0.60 0.67 0.80 0.93 1.07 1.20 1.33 1.47 1.60 1.73 1.87 2.00 2.13 2.27 2.40 2.53 2.67 2.80 2.93 3.07 0.15 0.20 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.51 0.70 0.93 1.18 1.46 1.76 2.09 2.45 2.83 3.23 3.66 4.11 4.58 5.08 5.60 6.14 6.70 7.29 7.90 0.12 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.35 0.42 0.59 0.78 0.99 1.22 1.48 1.76 2.05 2.37 2.71 3.07 3.45 3.85 4.26 4.70 5.15 5.63 6.12 6.63
38

TUBE SIZE DN20 TUBE SIZE DN25 TUBE SIZE DN32 Flow Rate HEAD LOSS HEAD LOSS HEAD LOSS Velocity Velocity L/s Velocity 15c 60c 15c 60c 15c 60c m/s m/s m/s kPa/m kPa/m kPa/m kPa/m kPa/m kPa/m
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 0.44 0.66 0.88 1.10 1.32 1.54 1.76 1.98 2.20 2.42 2.64 2.86 3.08 0.19 0.39 0.66 0.98 1.36 1.79 2.28 2.82 3.41 4.05 4.73 5.47 6.25 0.16 0.33 0.55 0.82 1.14 1.51 1.91 2.37 2.86 3.40 3.97 4.59 5.24 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.72 0.85 0.97 1.09 1.21 1.33 1.45 1.57 1.69 1.81 1.93 2.05 2.17 2.29 2.42 2.90 0.04 0.09 0.16 0.23 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.67 0.81 0.96 1.12 1.30 1.48 1.68 1.88 2.10 2.33 2.57 2.81 3.91 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.27 0.36 0.45 0.56 0.67 0.79 0.93 1.07 1.24 1.41 1.56 1.76 1.95 2.15 2.36 3.28 0.22 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.59 0.67 0.74 0.81 0.89 0.96 1.04 1.11 1.19 1.26 1.33 1.41 1.48 1.78 2.07 2.37 2.67 2.96 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.65 0.72 0.79 0.87 1.21 1.60 2.03 2.51 3.04 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.34 0.38 0.44 0.49 0.55 0.61 0.67 0.73 1.02 1.34 1.70 2.11 2.55
39

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 0.06 0.07 0.14 0.23 0.34 0.47 0.62 0.79 0.98 1.18 1.41 1.64 1.90 2.17 2.46 0.02 0.05 0.11 0.19 0.29 0.40 0.52 0.66 0.82 0.99 1.18 1.38 1.59 1.82 2.06
0.33 0.44 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.87 0.98 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.42 1.52 1.63 1.91 2.18 2.45 2.72 2.99
0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.75 0.96 1.18 1.43 1.70
0.03 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.48 0.63 0.80 0.99 1.20 1.42
0.34 0.41 0.48 0.55 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.82 0.89 0.96 1.02 1.20 1.37 1.54 1.71 1.88 2.05 2.22 2.39 2.56 2.73 2.90
0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.24 0.31 0.39 0.47 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.97 1.09 1.21
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.54 0.63 0.72 0.81 0.91 1.02
40

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 0.24 0.48 0.72 0.96 1.20 1.44 1.68 1.91 2.15 2.39 2.63 2.87 3.11 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.28 0.36 0.46 0.57 0.69 0.82 0.96 1.21 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.48 0.58 0.69 0.81 0.93 0.35 0.52 0.69 0.89 1.04 1.22 1.39 1.56 1.74 1.91 2.08 2.26 2.43 2.60 2.78 2.95 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.75 0.83 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.62 0.70
0.39 0.53 0.66 0.79 0.92 1.05 1.18 1.32 1.45 1.58 1.71 1.84 1.97 2.11 2.34 2.37 2.50 2.63 2.70 2.76 2.83 2.90 2.96 3.03
0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.71 0.74
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.34 0.44 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.57 0.60 0.62
41

5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5 40.0 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 0.42 0.62 0.83 1.04 1.25 1.46 1.66 1.87 2.08 2.29 2.49 2.70 2.91 3.12 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.59 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.50
0.58 0.72 0.87 1.01 1.16 1.30 1.45 1.59 1.74 1.88 2.03 2.17 2.31 2.46 2.60 2.75 2.89 3.18
0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.49
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.41
0.48 0.56 0.64 0.72 0.80 0.88 0.96 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.36 1.44 1.53 1.61 1.77 1.93 2.09 2.25 2.41 2.57
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.23
0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
42
WATER HAMMER
Hydraulic shock in pipelines is commonly referred to as water hammer. However, water hammer is only one result of the harmful effects created by hydraulic shock. Hydraulic shock occurs when fluid flowing through a pipe is subjected to a sudden, rapid change in velocity. The pressure wave generated travels back and forth within the piping until the energy is dissipated.
Large diameter riser Branch Flow Quick Closure Shock Quick closure valve
Pressure Wave Enlarges Pipe Enlarged Pipe
When the tubes are not adequately secured or supported, or the tube runs are particularly long, these rebounding pressure waves cause the tubes to vibrate and hit against the supporting structure causing the noise referred to as water hammer. The noise is objectionable but not, in itself, inherently dangerous. Noise may not be as noticeable in plastic pipes but damaging shock stresses are still imposed on pipes and fittings. Hydraulic shock can cause damage to joints, taps, valves, meters and even to the pipeline itself. Water hammer effects can be generated by foot action taps, solenoid valves in clothes and dishwashing machines, quick acting quarter-turn taps and pumps. Tube should be fixed in position securely at the spacings shown in the table on page 44 to minimise noise associated with hydraulic shock. Water hammer effects may be minimised by reducing the velocity of the water flow in the tubes, reducing the inlet pressure of the water in the system, closing manually operated taps slowly and by fitting slow acting solenoid valves. In certain cases it may be necessary to fit a water hammer arrestor as close as possible to the source of the problem. These devices are available from plumbing merchants. Additional information on this subject is outlined in the Water Hammer Booklet produced and supplied by the Copper Development Centre Australia: phone - 02 9380 2000 and fax - 02 9380 2666. A Copper Industry toll free Help Line 1800 426637 is available if assistance is required to resolve persistent existing water hammer problems.
43
PIPE SPACING
The following MAXIMUM FIXING distances apply to horizontal and vertical runs of copper piping for water supply:
NOMINAL SIZE DN15 DN18 DN20 DN25 DN32 DN40 DN50 MAXIMUM FIXING (m) 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 NOMINAL SIZE DN65 DN80 DN90 DN100 DN125 DN150 MAXIMUM FIXING (m) 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
COPPER TUBES EXPOSED TO FREEZING CONDITIONS

Freezing of water within the tube can result in bursting and precautions should be taken to prevent direct exposure of piping to these conditions. When the ambient air temperature regularly falls below freezing, all piping located outside buildings should be buried to a minimum depth of 400mm. Any exposed sections should be covered with a continuous waterproof insulation. In very cold climates, it will be necessary to provide additional insulation over the normal pre-insulated tubes. Piping within the building may also freeze up if it is located in positions which are difficult to keep warm. These areas would include on the outside of roof or wall insulation batts, unheated roof spaces, unheated cellars, locations near windows, ventilators or external doors where cold drafts occur, and any location in direct contact with cold surfaces such as metal roofs, metal framework or external metal cladding. Tubes installed in any of these locations should be insulated to minimise the possibility of water freezing. Where it is unavoidable to install copper tubes on metal roofs, special care must be taken to insulate the pipeline to prevent bi-metallic corrosion. It is recommended brackets be used to lift the tube off the roof and the entire pipeline be covered with a waterproof insulation which will withstand the anticipated environmental conditions. Factory pre-insulated tubes will not provide adequate protection to prevent water freezing in exposed pipes. The suggested minimum thickness of the insulation required to minimise freezing problems is given on page 45. It should be noted that the presence of insulation will not prevent water freezing if the conditions are particularly severe over an extended period of time. In situations where the building is not in use over the winter months, and no heating of the inside area is maintained, it may be necessary to completely drain the pipes to prevent damage by water freezing.
44
MINIMUM THICKNESS FOR THERMAL INSULATION

Thermal conductivity of insulating material (W/m.K) Pipe Size DN15 DN18 DN20 DN25 DN32 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Minimum thickness required (mm) 9 6 4 3 2 14 9 6 4 3 20 12 8 5 4 29 15 10 6 5 40 20 12 8 6
These insulation thicknesses were calculated, using the formulae given in BS 5422, to just prevent freezing of water initially at 15C if exposed to an ambient temperature of -5C for a period of 8 hours. If temperatures fall below -5C or freezing conditions extend for periods of longer than 8 hours, additional thickness of insulation may be necessary. It is important to note that water will freeze first in small diameter pipelines.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING MATERIALS

Example of material Rockwool or fibreglass sectional pipe insulation (prefabricated sections) Rockwool or fibreglass loose fill or blanket material. Foamed nitrile rubber Loose vermiculite (exfoliated) Flexible foamed plastic (Kemlag) Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.032 0.032-0.045 0.040 0.06-0.07 0.070-0.075
45
INSTALLATION PRACTICE
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
ELECTRICAL EARTHING Do not break, cut or remove sections of metallic water tubing used as an earth electrode for an electrical installation or remove a water meter before suitable precautions have been taken to ensure that it is safe to do so and minimise the risk of electric shock. The main switch or switches on the premises shall be switched off and a tag reading DANGER DO NOT SWITCH ON attached over the switch. A bridging conductor, fitted with suitable clamps and having a current rating of not less than 70A, shall be connected across the intended gap. The pipe shall be cleaned to bare metal where the clamps are to be connected. The electrical bridge shall not be broken or removed until all work on the water service is completed and continuity of the metallic service pipe is restored. Where any existing metallic service pipe is to be replaced in part or in its entirety by plastics pipe or other non-metallic fittings or couplings, the work shall not commence until the earthing requirements have been checked by an electrical contractor and modified, if necessary. ROOF AND TRENCH WORK Special care must be taken by a plumber engaged in roof or trench work. Before commencing such work, it is imperative that the job be planned carefully with specific attention given to worker safety. All trench and roof work must be performed in accordance with safe practice and requirements specified by the regulatory authority. PROXIMITY OF WATER PIPES TO OTHER SERVICES Above and below ground water services shall be installed so that no potential safety hazard is created when in close proximity to other services. Access should be provided for maintenance and modifications to piping. Detailed information is outlined in AS/NZS3500.1.2.
46
PLUMBING PRECAUTIONS
INSTALLATION AND DESIGN If the life expectancy of a copper system is to be maximised, it must be designed correctly and installed by professional, trained personnel using established practices. Care is to be taken to ensure piping is free from damage and distortion. Bends are to be of uniform radius and joints made without internal obtrusions. Also: q Fluxes must be flushed from pipes and fittings. It is unnecessary to use flux for copper to copper joints if silver-copper-phosphorus filler rods are used. q Overheating is to be avoided. q Pipes are to be clamped securely within specified spacing limits. q Potential sources of vibration are to be eliminated to avoid noise and possible premature failure due to fatigue. Water hammer is an area of concern [see page 43]. q Forces due to expansion and contraction must be calculated and accommodated in the design. CLEANING Piping must be flushed regularly with clean compatible water during installation and prior to commissioning of the building. If water is allowed to stagnate, deposits may interfere with the formation of protective films on copper. SUPPLY TANKS Tanks should be flushed on a routine basis to prevent sludge build-up and subsequent pollution of water services. Protective coatings on lined tanks must be inspected regularly for deterioration. EARTH RODS Electrical earths must be installed properly if associated corrosion problems are to be avoided. Pipe and earth rod connection clamps must be clean, secure and positioned correctly. The use of electrical isolation fittings at water main tappings have reduced currents flowing from mains into properties and vice versa. PROTECTION OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLIES All water supply systems shall be designed, installed and maintained so as to prevent contaminants from being introduced into the potable water system. Only potable water shall be supplied to plumbing fixtures for drinking, bathing, culinary use or the processing of food, medical or pharmaceutical products. Backflow prevention devices are used to prevent contamination of potable water supply. Special references to hazard ratings and the requirements for use of backflow prevention devices are outlined in AS/NZS3500.1.2.
47
JOINTING METHODS
Copper tubes can be easily joined using compression fittings, capillary fittings and either soft solders or silver brazing alloys, or by fittingless plumbing techniques using silver brazing alloys. When joining the ends of pipes of different diameters, a reduction fitting shall be used. It is unacceptable to crimp the larger tube and fill the cavity. In order to ensure high quality, leakproof joints are made, the following precautions should be taken: (a) COMPRESSION JOINTS Compression fittings are available in various forms, ie olive, flared and croxed types. It is important:
q q
tube ends should be square and de-burred. flaring, swaging and croxing tools should be well maintained and free from scores or damage. care must be taken to avoid twisting or distortion of tube by not overtightening. tube shall not be crimped or grooved.
The EZY-SEAL fittings distributed by Kembla offer significant installation advantages including:
q q q q q q
no need to dis-assemble the fitting. fine thread for ease of application. custom designed as a nylon olive fitting. use DN10 for both 3/8 and metric tube mixer tails. re-usable joint. suitable for 95C maximum temperature and 2MPa pressure.
To install EZY-SEAL fittings:

i. ii. iii. iv. Loosen the nut of the fitting approximately 1/2 turn. Insert the tube fully to the tube stop. Hand tighten the nut onto the body. Securely tighten the nut using two wrenches, one on the nut and one on the fitting body. Continue to tighten the assembly until a firm feeling is encountered [approximately 40 ft/lb torque]. v. Check for leaks.
48
(b) SOFT SOLDERED CAPILLARY FITTINGS

q
q q
q q
Soft soldered fittings are to be of the long engagement type complying with AS3688. Tube ends must be square, de-burred and thoroughly cleaned. Flux should be applied uniformly around the tube surface and residues removed immediately the joint has cooled. F luxes containing ammonium compounds, amines or its derivatives must not be used. Uniform heating should be applied to joints and overheating avoided. The joint should be made in such a way that globules of solder are not retained on the inside or outside surfaces of the tube. A solder containing not more than 0.1% lead must be used. Compositions of some suitable lead-free soft solders are given below: % Tin 96.5 95 99 96.5 %Silver 3.5 0.5 %Antimony 5 %Copper 1 4
q q
Soft solders are not to be used with annealed coiled copper tube. The chemical composition of water in some areas may preclude the use of soft soldered joints.
(c) SILVER BRAZED JOINTS Tube ends are to be square, de-burred and thoroughly clean. Fully engage the tube and fitting or expanded end of mating tube. q Tube and joint are to be well supported. q Apply heat in a uniform manner to the tube and joint area until bright red. q Brush the filler metal rod into the shoulder of the fitting. It should melt on contact and flow by capillary action around the joint. q Maintain a cherry red colour until joint penetration is complete. q Avoid overheating and the formation of filler metal globules inside and outside the joint. q When the joint is complete, either allow to cool in air or, if necessary, quench in water or with a damp cloth. q The silver brazing filler metal must contain a minimum of 1.8% silver and maximum 0.05% cadmium. q Flux is not necessary for copper-to-copper joints when a silver-phosphoruscopper filler metal is used but must be used for brass fittings and pipes. q When flux is used, it should be applied uniformly and sparingly.
q q
49
Flux should be non-aggressive and water soluble. It must not contain ammonium compounds, amines or its derivatives. In fabricated fittings, branches are not to penetrate main lines where flow conditions apply. During the brazing process, surrounding combustible structures must be protected from heat by using a heat shield. Filler rod ends should be disposed of thoughtfully.
(d) COLOUR IDENTIFICATION OF SILVER BRAZING ALLOYS IN ACCORDANCE WITH AS1167
Colour Identification
Alloy Classification
Silver Content %
Melting Range C
Silver-Copper-Phosphorus Alloys for Flux-Free Brazing of Copper Canary [Yellow] Silver Tan [Brown] B2 B3 B4 2 5 15 645-704 645-740 645-700
Silver-Copper-Zinc Alloys [Cadmium-free] for intermediate temperature brazing Pink Gold (e) EXPANDED JOINTS Tubes of the same diameter may be joined end-to-end by expanding the end of one length with a purpose-built expansion tool to form a socket into which the mating tube is inserted, prior to brazing as in Section (C). When making expanded joints:
q q
A3 A8
50 40 + 2%Ni
688-744 660-780
Tube ends must be cut square and internal burrs removed. Prior to expansion, the tube ends should be softened [annealed] uniformly to a dull red colour using a heating torch, then cooled. Use only purpose-built expansion tools that have been maintained in good working order.
50
(f) BRANCH FORMING This practice reduces the need for fittings and the number of brazed joints. It is ideal for pre-fabrication, retrofit projects and where piping modifications are required during construction. Hand and electric forming tools are available for rapid production of branches up to DN50. When using tools, follow the manufacturers instructions. Tools may be available to make branches larger than DN50 or alternatively large branches for pressure piping and angled junctions in sanitary plumbing pipes may be manually formed by:
q q
q q
q q
Cutting an undersized oval hole in the main tube. For tee connections at 90, the dimension of the larger diameter of the oval hole should be equal to the diameter of the branch tube less allowance for an overlap which will form a collar not less than 4 times the main tube thickness once the socket has been formed. With entries at 45 or greater, the diameter measurement is taken from the angular cut branch tube, making similar allowances for socket overlap. Heat the surface around the hole to a dull red colour and cool with a wet cloth. Insert a dressing pin into the oval hole then carefully and evenly form the socket to accept the branch tube. The pin can be manipulated by either hand or use of a mallet. If required, heat can be applied to soften metal around the hole during dressing out. Copper must not be over-heated past dull red, whereas brass is not to be worked in the 250-550C range to avoid embrittlement. The inserted branch must not penetrate or obstruct the main pipe bore. Branch formed joints must be silver brazed.
51
(g) ROLL-GROOVED JOINTS Roll-grooved joints have been in use since 1925. A roll-grooved system has recently been developed for Australian Standard DN50-DN150 copper tube diameters. Special copper tools are available to produce joints as are pre-grooved tees, elbows and reducing fittings. When installing roll-grooved tube, refer to the special system installation instructions. Some precautions are: Cut the pipe square. It must be free from distortion and de-burred. Groove the pipe with the appropriate Australian copper grooving tool. Steel grooving roll sets must never be used. q Ensure the gasket landing is smooth and clean. q Measure the accuracy of the groove against the specification. Check pipe is not out of round. q Apply lubricant to inside and outside of gasket. q Slide gasket onto the end of one pipe. q Bring pipe ends together and slide gasket into place between grooves. q Undo one bolt on the coupling and place coupling over gasket. q Make sure that the coupling sits squarely in the grooves. q Tighten bolts. q Only Australian size couplings are to be used. q Never dis-assemble joints unless they have been depressurised.
q q
(h) PUSH-FIT JOINTS Various types of push-on fittings are approved for copper piping. It is important when using such fittings that:
q q q
Tube ends are cut square and de-burred. The fitting manufacturers installation instructions are followed. Attention must be given to whether such fittings will break electrical earth continuity.
52
CONCEALMENT OF COPPER WATER SERVICES

In order to provide accessibility for maintenance, it is recommended that all hot and cold lines be concealed, wherever possible, within areas such as cornices, pelmets, cupboards, skirtings or ducts. As a matter of principle, it is not recommended that service lines be cast into or buried under reinforced concrete slabs. Reference should be made to the specific regulations and codes of practice laid down by the local responsible authority when any tubes are to be concealed. Particular attention should be given to requirements specified in the National Plumbing and Drainage Code. The following general information is provided for guidance when tubes are to be concealed in relatively inaccessible locations. (i) TUBES IN WALLS Copper water services located in walls shall not be less than Type C. In timber framework, holes are to be accurately sized to firmly locate fully lagged pipe. Alternatively, neutral cure silicon sealant is to be used to completely fill the annular space and secure unlagged pipes. Holes drilled in metal frames are to be accurately sized to accommodate lagged pipes, suitable grummets or sleeves compatible with copper. There should be no direct contact between pipes and framework or restriction of movement. (ii) TUBES IN CHASES, DUCTS OR CONDUITS All tubes should be lagged with an approved flexible foamed plastic material. Pipelines should be clipped and held in place in chases with easily removable mortar. Ducts must have removable covers. Proper provision should be made for expansion of hot water lines. Care should be taken to prevent damage to the tube. (iii) TUBES UNDER CONCRETE Pipelines laid under concrete should be no thinner than Type B. Joints should be kept to a minimum and made using approved silver brazing alloy. Tubes are to be either Kemlag or placed in a water-tight conduit. The ends of the conduit and Kemlag should be sealed to prevent ingress of water. Where tube penetrates a slab it is to be lagged with a minimum thickness of 6mm flexible water-tight lagging. Soft soldered joints are not permitted. All joints are to be kept to a minimum but it is preferable to have no joints beneath concrete slabs.
53
(iv) TUBES IN CONCRETE
When there is no suitable alternative to embedding tubes in concrete walls or floors, they should be located in chases or ducts with removable covers. All tubing should be no thinner than Type B and covered over its complete length with an approved foamed plastic material. Tubes should not extend through any expansion joint in the concrete. Proper provision should be made for expansion of the concealed tubes and the connecting tubes outside the concrete structure. Note: Kemlag pre-insulated tube is an approved flexible foamed plastic material for use in concealed piping. (v) TUBING BELOW GROUND Water supply tubes laid below ground shall have a minimum cover as follows: In PUBLIC AREAS 450mm covering is required for unpaved, paved or road surfaces whilst 300mm depth is required for solid rock. In PRIVATE PROPERTY a 300mm cover applies to areas subject to vehicular traffic, 75mm under houses or concrete slabs and 225mm for all other locations. Copper and copper alloy tubes and fittings should not be used unless suitably protected against external corrosion where they might be in contact with such materials as: ash, sodium chloride [salt], magnesite, ammonia and its compounds or derivatives, nitrates, nitrites, mercury salts, foundry sands, animal excreta, urine or any other identified or potential aggressive environment. In such cases tube and joints should be continuously protected by a tough waterproof covering. Kemlag pre-insulated tube is ideally suited to these adverse environments provided joints are adequately protected and ends sealed. Unprotected tubes should not be laid in or allowed to cross rubble drains or similar waste disposal systems.
54
PROTECTION FOR JOINTS

Loose fitting Kemlag sheaths are available in one metre lengths which can be cut and slipped over breaks in DN15 and DN20 nominal size Kemlag tubes. Dimensions of these sheaths are such that they may be slipped over Kemlag and fittings as shown below:
Overlaps to be taped
Kemlag Sheath or petrolatum tape products
Kemlag Insulation
Copper Tube
Fitting
Copper Tube
Heat shrink sleeving could be used to protect straight joints in larger diameter Kemlag installations. Petrolatum products are recommended when covering tees, bends and other bulky fittings.
INSTALLATION OF HOT WATER LINES

The operating conditions for hot water lines differ in many respects from those for cold water, and consideration of the important differences will help avoid failures from incorrect pipeline design or unsatisfactory installation techniques. Two important factors which must be considered are: 1. Movement of the tubes due to expansion and contraction. 2. Corrosion rates increase with increasing temperature. On occasions, due to incorrect design, longitudinal expansion and contraction results in a repeated alternating stress concentrating in the tube and ultimate failure by corrosion fatigue.
55
During planning, special attention should be given to location of fittings, bends, ends of runs, branch joints, and to those areas where heat from brazing or soldering has softened the tube causing a localised loss in strength. The stressing produced from expansion effects usually concentrates in these regions and these are the most likely sites for corrosion fatigue failures. To minimise the effect of localised stressing, it is necessary to make sufficient allowance for the free movement of the tube. This implies not only a loose fit between the tube and its surroundings, but also that adequate allowance is made for the increase in length resulting from thermal expansion. The amount of longitudinal movement depends on the length of the run and the expected temperature change. Minimum practical values can be obtained from Table 1.
Table 1
ALLOWANCE FOR LENGTH INCREASE [mm]
Tube Length [metres] 40 Up to 3 Over 3 to 5 Over 5 to 9 Over 9 to 12 Over 12 to 15 Over 15 to 20 Over 20 to 25 3 4 7 9 11 15 18
Temperature Increase C 50 3 5 8 11 14 18 23 60 4 6 10 13 16 22 27 70 4 7 12 15 19 25 31 80 5 8 13 17 22 29 36 90 5 8 15 20 24 32 40 100 6 9 16 22 27 36 45
Table based on the formula: Expansion [mm] = tube length (m) x temperature rise (C) x 0.0177 A useful rule of thumb for normal hot water lines is to allow for 1mm expansion for every 1 metre of straight run. The effects of expansion and contraction may be minimised by installing tubes in ducts or clear space and this should be done wherever possible.
56
Expansion loops, bellows or bends may also be used for larger installations which have relatively long runs and for tubes of large diameters or in situations where significantly large temperature differences occur repeatedly. The following diagrams show standard dimensional loops and offsets with suitable radii being given in Table 2.
U-Bend R R R
4R Coiled Loop Offset Bend 4R R R
'Lyre' Bend R R 3.41R 45 R R
2.83 R
Expansion loops and offsets must be placed horizontally to avoid forming air locks at the top of the loops and to ensure proper circulation of the water. It is preferable to locate the bend or loop as close to the mid point of the straight run as possible.
57
Table 2
RADII FOR EXPANSION LOOPS AND BENDS R (mm)
Expansion
(mm)
DN15 DN20 DN25
NOMINAL TUBE SIZE

DN40 DN50 DN65 DN80 DN90 DN100 DN125
10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
180 220 250 300 320 340 400 450 460 510 610 680
210 270 300 350 370 430 480 530 560 610 640 760
250 290 380 400 430 490 550 630 660 710 740 840
320 370 430 500 530 620 680 760 790 860 920 990
350 410 510 550 610 720 780 880 910 990 1020 1120
400 440 560 630 660 770 880 960 1020 1120 1150 1190
430 500 620 680 740 870 1000 1060 1130 1220 1250 1340
470 540 670 730 780 920 1050 1160 1220 1320 1350 1420
510 600 710 810 840 1000 1150 1260 1320 1410 1430 1470
560 650 790 910 950 1130 1300 1350 1450 1530 1550 1570
* For pipe sizes DN18 and DN32 the next larger pipe is used. Provision for expansion must be considered when designing tube runs and fixing points by allowing freedom of movement at bends, branches and offsets. Allowance for expansion should incorporate: i. A clear space to permit movement - refer Table 3 [B] ii. Sufficient free length of tubing around the bend or along the branch to prevent over-stressing the tube - refer table 3 [A].
Table 3
L (run length) m Up to 4.5 Over 4.5 to 9 Over 9 to 18 A (free length) Min. mm 600 900 1200 B
(for 60C temp rise)
Min. mm 5 10 20
58
Fatigue cracks have sometimes occurred at bends in hot water lines where the tube passes from one structure to another, eg from a concrete floor up into a wall. To reduce stressing of the tube in this region, the bend radius should be as large as possible. These cracks usually occur on the sides of the bend where the tube is oval and result from flexing of the wall of the tube at these points. Additional precautions should be taken to ensure that hot water lines are not damaged by flattening or twisting as these faults can act as stress concentrators and lead to failure by fatigue.
59
COPPER AND BRASS TUBES FOR SANITARY PLUMBING

It is well known that copper and brass tubes offer significant advantages to designers of sanitary plumbing systems. Some attributes are the materials light weight, ease of installation, flexibility, space saving capacity, corrosion resistance and ability to be prefabricated. Nevertheless, careful attention must be given to material selection and installation practice if a system is to perform satisfactorily. The complete internal and external operating environment is to be considered when selecting pipeline materials. Corrosive discharge liquids or aggressive surrounds could reduce the life of a system.
MATERIAL LIMITATIONS:
COPPER PIPES AND FITTINGS
q
q q
q q
Pipes and fittings shall not be used for urinal discharges only, but may be permitted where the flow is diluted by discharges from regularly used upstream fixtures. They shall not be used in conjunction with grease arrestors. Type B pipes shall not be field bent beyond a 10 degree offset angle. Type D pipes shall be used in straight lengths only and shall not be offset by bending. Type D pipes shall not be used for sanitary drainage below ground. Bends and junctions at the base of stacks up to 9m in height shall be formed from no thinner than Type B pipe. For stacks greater than 9m in height, bends and junctions at the base are to be cast or hot pressed copper alloy.
BRASS PIPES AND FITTINGS

q q q q q
Pipes shall only be used in the as-supplied 1/2 hard temper. Pipes shall not be bent, offset or misaligned. Pipes shall not be used with compression fittings. No fitting other than a junction shall be fabricated in the field. Local annealing is only permitted where necessary for making joints.
It is important to note that some cleaning chemicals have contributed to the corrosion of metal pipes. Both copper and brass may be affected by some undiluted discharges from commercial dishwashers, glass washers and bar sinks.
60
PIPE SUPPORT
Vertical and graded pipes are to be supported at maximum intervals of 3 metres. Pipes are not to be supported or spaced by means of brazing or welding short sections of material to the surface of each pipe. All brackets are to be lined with an inert, non-abrasive material where they contact pipes. Other than at expansion joints, the brackets shall, when fully tightened, permit tube to move longitudinally. Brackets are to clamp expansion joints securely and prevent their movement.
EXPANSION JOINTS
STACKS Where a stack passes through more than 2 floors, whether above its base or above any offset bend, expansion joints are to be fixed: q At the base of the stack or in the vertical pipe above an offset bend. q At alternate floor levels where the stack is unrestrained or at each floor level except the top floor when the stack is restrained or is subject to hot discharges. q The expansion joint at any intermediate floor is to be placed immediately above the junction of the highest discharge pipe connected to the floor concerned. GRADED DISCHARGE PIPES An expansion joint is to be installed as close as practicable to the stack in any restrained, graded discharge pipe exceeding 6 metres in length. BED PAN SANITIZER AND WASHER An expansion joint is to be installed at each floor in any soil stack, soil vent and steam relief vent pipe connected to a bed pan sanitizer and washer supplied with steam.
FREEDOM FROM RESTRAINT

A pipe is considered to be unrestrained provided that: q No restraint on longitudinal movement occurs where it passes through walls or floors. A 6mm annular space is to be provided and the space may be filled with an approved flexible sealant [page 62]. q No restraint on movement shall occur on any branch discharge pipe for a distance of 450mm from its junction with a stack. Where the discharge pipe penetrates any floor or wall within such distance, a 6mm annular space is to be provided. The space may be filled with an approved flexible sealant.
61
Hot discharge
Expansion joint not required at top floor unless restrained at point of roof penetration.
Cold discharge
Clear space 6 min. 5th Expansion joints 4th Expansion joint above offset bend 3rd
Expansion joints
2nd Expansion joint 1st
Expansion joint at base of stack Ground floor Ground level (a) Location of expansion joints
Clear space 6 min.
Flexible sealant
Clear space 6 min. Flexible sealant 450 min.
(b) Freedom from restraint Free of restraint
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES Note: Vents omitted for clarity
Expansion Joints in Copper and DR Brass Stacks

Copied from AS/NZS3500.2.2
62
PENETRATION SEALANTS
The installation of pipes through fire rated members is critical. Particular attention is needed where pipes penetrate various adjoining fire rated compartments. In the event of a fire, flames must be restricted from passing from one compartment to another at points where pipes penetrate. Special installation techniques have been developed, tested and certified to satisfy BCA requirements for copper and brass pipes. Specific caulking compounds are available to close off pipe penetrations and provide a fire rated seal. A Passive Fire Protection Manual - Service Penetrations and Control Joints outlines some certified techniques and materials. The manual is available from FPA [telephone 03 9890 1544]. Sealant suppliers will assist in the identification of product suitable for specific fire rating requirements.
PIPE GRADE CONVERSIONS

Percentage % 20.00 6.65 5.00 3.35 2.50 2.00 1.65 1.45 1.25 Ratio (gradient) Percentage % Ratio (gradient) 1 in 5 1 in 15 1 in 20 1 in 30 1 in 40 1 in 50 1 in 60 1 in 70 1 in 80 1.10 1.00 0.85 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.35 1 in 90 1 in 100 1 in 120 1 in 140 1 in 150 1 in 160 1 in 200 1 in 250 1 in 300
63
COPPER TUBE FOR FIRE SERVICES

Copper tube is permitted to be used in fire hydrant, hose reel and automatic sprinkler systems. However, limitations apply. When considering piping for these applications, it is important that:
q q
Design and installation is performed by competent, accredited personnel. Reference is made to current relevant Standards, some of which are listed on page 8. The local regulatory authority approves of the work to be performed and materials to be used.
FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEMS

In accordance with AS2419.1, copper pipes used above or below ground in hydrant systems are required to comply with AS1432 Types A or B or AS1572 where thicker tube is necessary. Select tube which will meet a test pressure of 1700kPa or 1.5 times the highest working pressure, whichever is the greater. Soft soldered joints are not permitted. Copper is prohibited to be used in above ground situations in non-fire sprinklered buildings unless protected using materials which will provide a FRL of not less than -/60/60 or be located in a floor or ceiling system that achieves a resistance to the incipient spread of fire of not less than 60 minutes.
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

Copper is permitted to be used in wet fire sprinkler systems only as defined in AS2118.1 for hazard classifications up to OH3 Special, AS2118.4 [Residential] and AS2118.5 [Domestic].
q
q q
Tube shall be to AS1432 and minimum Type B. Thickness will depend on applicable test pressures as outlined on page 67. Capillary and compression fittings to AS3688 are permitted to be used. Joints may be brazed with minimum 1.8% silver-copper-phosphorus filler metal. Soft soldered joints are permitted for residential and domestic systems as well as light and ordinary hazard 1 occupancies when piping is concealed in ceilings or void spaces. Copper may be bent to a minimum radius of 6 diameters for sizes DN50 or smaller and 5 diameters for larger sizes.
64
More detailed information on coppers use for fire applications may be found in the KEMBLA FIRE SYSTEMS HANDBOOK which is available, free of charge, from the various Kembla State Sales Offices. The Handbook is not a substitute for relevant Standards or local authority regulations.
COPPER FOR GAS PIPING

Copper is approved for fuel gas piping in AG601 - Gas Installation Code. It is suitable for conveyance of Town Gas, Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas in the vapour phase, Tempered Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Simulated Natural Gas:
q
q q
AS1432 Type A or B tube is required for pressures up to and including 200kPa. Copper is not permitted in the ground beneath a building at pressures above 7kPa unless protected with either a plastic coat [Kemlag] or a proprietary wrapping acceptable to the authority. Where pipe is coated, the entire length is to be protected and made water-tight, including ends. Permissible joints are: flared copper alloy compression, capillary, expanded sockets and formed branches [in hard tube only]. Soft soldered joints and olive type fittings are not permitted. When copper alloy [brass] fittings are to be buried in the ground, they must be DR or effectively protected against corrosion.
65
TEST PRESSURES
Australian Standards for various systems specify that the piping is to be tested to the following pressures. It is strongly recommended that installed piping be tested prior to burial or concealment. Adherence to this procedure will facilitate the location and repair of any leak exposed by the pressure test. SYSTEM PRESSURE AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS/NZS3500.1.2 AS/NZS3500.4.2
Cold Water
1500kPa for 30 minutes minimum
Hot Water 1500kPa for 30 minutes minimum [excluding storage container or hot water heater] Sanitary Plumbing
Hydrostatic test to flood level or air AS/NZS3500.2.2 pressure test at 30kPa for 3 minutes minimum a. New piping before appliances AG601 are connected or repaired/altered system with appliances isolated: * pressurise to 7kPa or twice operating pressure, whichever is greater. * no loss of pressure during an isolation period of 5 minutes after stabilisation plus an additional 5 minutes for every 30 litres [0.03m3] of pipe volume. b. New piping or repaired/altered systems with appliances connected: * pressurise to operating pressure. * test period as for a. Not less than 1700kPa for a period AS2419.1 of 2 hours or 1.5 times the highest working pressure whichever is the greater.
66
Gas Piping * specific practice is outlined in AG601 * only applies for test pressures not exceeding 400kPa
Fire Hydrant
SYSTEM
PRESSURE
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD AS/NZS3500.1.2
Fire Hose Reel
1500kPa for not less than 30 minutes.
Fire Sprinkler * Domestic * Residential * AS2118 Not less than 1500kPa. Not less than 1500kPa. 1.4MPa for a period of 2 hours or 400kPa in excess of the maximum static working pressure, whichever is the greater. 1.4MPa for a period of 2 hours of 400kPa in excess of the maximum static working pressure, whichever is the greater. AS2118.5 AS2118.4 AS2118
* Wall-wetting [drencher]
AS2118.2
PROTECTION DURING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Care is to be taken to ensure that water service pipes are not damaged during normal building activities. Concealed piping is to be maintained under normal water pressure while subsequent building operations are being carried out which could cause damage to the pipes. The service must be flushed with clean water at regular intervals until the building is occupied.
BENDING KEMBLA COPPER TUBES

a. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The making of good bends in copper tube requires care and skill. One essential requirement is that the material must have sufficient ductility for it to deform into the shape of the bend without seriously weakening the tube wall or giving rise to undesirable distortion or fractures. Distortion and fractures are usually caused by bending tool wear, excessive tube hardness or lack of proper bending techniques. Good bends are produced with a smooth action of the bender without jerks or relative movement between bender and tube.
67
Annealed temper tube is desirable for hand bending since it can be worked with the least amount of strain, and is more suited to the small radiused bends used in plumbing installations. When using hand bending tools, the presence of oil or grease in the groove or on the tube, can lead to excessive wrinkling on the inside of the bend. A similar fault can result if the groove has been excessively worn. Kinking can occur if the wiper shoe is not positioned correctly at the start of bending.
b. ANNEALING [SOFTENING] FOR BENDING

Heating for too long, or at too high a temperature, causes excessive grain growth with little or no additional softening. It results in coarsening of the grains and can cause an undesirable orange peel surface to develop during bending. In the worst case, it can lead to rupture of the metal. The typical range for annealing Copper and 70/30 DR Brass is 450-600C. This temperature range is distinguished by the heated metal changing to a dull red colour.
68
ANNEALING PROCEDURES These can vary from large-scale furnace annealing, to the use of a gas torch where only localised annealing is required. Where torches are used, care must be taken to avoid concentrating the heat on one spot or heating for an excessive time. The annealing of thin-wall tube should be approached with extreme care as incorrect procedures can result in burning of the metal or loss of thickness due to oxidation. If undesirable grain growth is to be avoided, an accurate estimation of temperature is important. Furnace annealing normally utilises pyrometers for this purpose, but with torch annealing the use of temperature-sensitive crayons is recommended. THE EFFECT OF TIME ON ANNEALING The time at temperature can vary from just a few minutes to 1/4 hour or more. To achieve a fine grain size, it is best to anneal at lower temperatures and correspondingly increase the soak time. Optimum properties can best be obtained by experimentation. COOLING AFTER ANNEALING Copper and 70/30 DR Brass tubes may be cooled by either quenching in water or allowing to cool naturally in air. SURFACE CLEANING [PICKLING] Any scale or other oxide products which develop on the surface of copper and brass tubes when heating in air may be removed by immersion in appropriate acid solutions.
c. STRESS RELIEF AFTER BENDING

When tubes are bent cold, the metal is usually left in a state of internal stress. These residual stresses may cause some metals to crack when they are exposed to certain agents such as ammonia, mercury, or liquid solder. The stresses can also cause a loss of shape which may be important if, for example, the bent tube has to be brazed to form part of a fabricated assembly. If the tube is required to operate under onerous conditions, or if there is any doubt about the need for such treatment, then it is always advisable to stress relieve. Stress relief is not normally required with copper, but is essential for 70/30 DR Brass. Treatment consists of heating in the temperature range 300-360C, and holding for a time sufficient to reduce the internal stresses to a safe level. 10-15 minutes should be an adequate soak time for all tubes. An undue increase in temperature or soak time is liable to produce a slight softening of the metal. There is no need for stress relief if the tubes have been bent hot and cooled naturally, or if the tubes are to be annealed soon after bending. If there is any doubt about the adequacy of stress relieving treatment, or a need to test for susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking, then this can be done by means of the mercurous nitrate test. Details of this test are given in Australian Standard 2136 and British Standard 2871: Part 3.
69
d. COLD BENDING
Provided correct tempers and tube thickness are chosen, copper and 70/30 DR Brass can be bent cold. The single, most important requirement in cold bending is that the material should be sufficiently ductile. Typical elongation values for copper and 70/30 DR Brass are given on page 71. Due to elastic recovery of the metal, some small allowance may be necessary for springback when accurate alignments are required. There is always a tendency for the outside wall to flatten, and if this becomes objectionable, it may be overcome by the use of internal support in the form of a mandrel, suitable filler material or by the use of bending springs.
e. HOT BENDING
Most metals can be bent hot providing there is adequate internal support by mandrels or suitable fillers to prevent distortion. Large diameter tubes, principally those with thick walls, require mechanical means for bending and are therefore commonly bent hot as this reduces the load required to effect the bend. Hot cracking from embrittling agents or unsuitable fillers may occur and examples of these are some low melting point alloys containing bismuth and cadmium, and sodium hyposulphite (hypo) filler. Ordinary phosphorus deoxidised copper tubing (C12200) as used for plumbing, may be bent hot, but very high temperatures and prolonged heating should be avoided as excessive oxidation and grain growth can occur. In extreme cases this can lead to a loss of grain boundary cohesion causing the metal to crack during bending. Copper tube may be bent hot in the range 700-800C, but excessive heating times should be avoided. 70/30 DR brass tube may be hot bent in the range 725-825C, but temperatures of 250-550C should be avoided as the material is susceptible to hot-short cracking in this temperature range.
f. TUBE BENDING CALCULATIONS

The minimum bend radius to which a tube can be bent depends on the amount of stretch the outside wall of the bend will withstand without causing undue distortion or fracturing. Good ductility is thus an essential requirement. Other significant factors are tube material, diameter, wall thickness, and the type of bending equipment employed. There is relatively little difference in the bending characteristics of copper and brass although power requirements necessary to form bends will increase as alloy strengths increase.
70
It is general practice when designating minimum bend radii, to refer to the dimension of the centreline of the bend in the case of round tubes and to the inside of the bend in the case of square or rectangular tubes.
O.D.
R (Centre Line Radius) = r + 1/2 OD r is the inside bend radius. The following formula which takes into account the tubes ductility may be used as a rough guide for determining minimum bend radii: R= tube diameter (O.D. in mm) x 50 E
Where R = minimum centre line radius and E = % elongation in 50mm. Typical Elongation Values (E) COPPER 70/30 DR BRASS Soft - 55 Soft - 65 Hard - 10 Hard - 15
Example: determine the minimum bend radius of a 50.8mm outside diameter soft copper tube. 2540 = 46.18mm Min. bend radius (R) = 50.8 x 50 = 55 55 No minimum radii are available for hot bending, but buckling can be reduced by peening the inside of the bend. The more difficult bends are done slowly. Hot bending can result in some metals cracking and details of this have been given in the section on hot bending. For making a given bend there is no precise demarcation as to whether tools are necessary, but guidance on their use may be obtained from the following chart.
71
BENDING WITHOUT TOOLS

60 OUTSIDE DIAMETER (O.D.) WALL THICKNESS (wt)
50
APPROXIMATE LINE OF DEMARCATION FOR ANNEALED TUBE SPECIAL TOOLS REQUIRED
40
30
wt C.L.R.
O.D.
RATIO OF
20
TUBES CAN BE HAND BENT WITHOUT USE OF SPECIAL TOOLS SUCH AS MANDREL OR WIPER DIES
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 CENTRE LINE RADIUS (C.L.R.) RATIO OF OUTSIDE DIAMETER (O.D.)
TEMPERATURES BY COLOUR
APPEARANCE Lowest red heat visible in the dark Red hot in the dark Faint red Dark red Brilliant red Cherry red Bright cherry red APPROX. TEMP C 335 400-500 516 650-700 800 900 1000
72
CORROSION RATINGS OF COPPER AND 70/30 DR BRASS

ENVIRONMENT
Acetone Acids............. Chromic Citric Hydrochloric Nitric Phosphoric Sulphuric Tanic Tartaric Alcohols Aniline dyes Animal/excreta and decomposed undiluted urine Ashes Asphalt Atmosphere....Industrial Marine Rural Beer Benzene, Benzol Bleaching Powder Brines Carbon tetrachloride (m) Fruit juices Fuel oil Gases........... Acetylene Ammonia (m) Bromine (m) Butane Carbon Dioxide (m) Carbon Monoxide Chlorine (m) Freon Hydrogen Hydrogen Sulphide (m) Methane Natural Gas Nitrogen Oxygen Propane Steam Sulphur Dioxide (m)
73
COPPER
A D A C D B C A A A C D D A A A A A A B B B B A D D C A B A C A A D A B A A A A B
70/30 DR BRASS
A D C D D D D B C A C C D A B B B B A D D D D B D D D A C A D A A C A A A A A C D
CORROSION RATINGS OF COPPER AND 70/30 DR BRASS (contuined)

ENVIRONMENT
Gasoline Kerosene Lacquers Magnesite Mercury and salts Silver salts Sodium Chloride Sodium Hypochlorite Sugar solution Trichlorethylene [dry] Trichlorethylene [m] Varnish - solvents Water..............Carbonated Potable Sea water Mine water Soapy Sewage
COPPER
A A A D D D B C A A B A B A B C A A
70/30 DR BRASS
A A A D D D D D B A C A C B C D B C
RATINGS A - EXCELLENT under most conditions. B - GOOD. May be considered in place of A when some other property governs use. C - FAIR. May only have limited life. D - POOR. Not recommended. Note:
q q
q q
[m] moist both materials unsuitable for use with ammonia, ammonium compounds and amines. tinning may be required if used in contact with food products. some cleaning chemicals have contributed to the corrosion of metal pipes. Both copper and brass may be affected by some undiluted discharges from commercial dishwashers, glass washers and bar sinks.
74
USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS

kg
1 103 2.83x10-2 0.45359 6.35 14.594 50.802 1016 1 2.83x10-5 6.35x10-3
tonne
10-3
oz
35.274 35274 1
lb
2.205
MASS stone
0.15747
slug
cwt
19.684
ton
0.98421 2.79x10-5 6.25x10-3 1.436x10-2 5x10-2 1
6.8522x10-2 1.9684x10-2 9.8421x10-4
2.205x103 1.5747x102 68.522 6.25x10-2 1 14 32.174 112 2240
4.464x10-3 1.9425x10-3 5.58x10-4
4.5359x10-4 16 224 1.4594x10-2 514.8 5.0802x10-2 1792 1.016 3.584x104
7.142x10-2 3.1081x10-2 8.928x10-3 4.464x10-4 1 2.298 8 1.6x102 0.4351 1 3.481 69.62 0.125 0.28727 1 20
cm
1 102 105 2.54 30.48 91.44 1.6093x105 10-2 1 103
m
10-5 10-3 1
km
LENGTH in
0.3937 39.37 3.937x104 1 12 36 6.336x104
ft
3.2808x10-2 3.2808 3280.8
yd
1.0936x10-2 1.0936 1093.6
mile
6.2137x10-6 6.2137x10-4 0.62137 1.8939x10-4 5.6818x10-4 1
2.54x10-2 0.3048 0.9144 1609
2.54x10-7 3.048x10-4 9.144x10-4 1.609
8.3333x10-2 2.7778x10-2 1.5783x10-5 1 3 5280 0.33333 1 1760
AREA cm2
1 104 1010 6.452 929 108 1 106
m2
10-4
km2
10-10 10-6 1
in2
0.155 1.55x103 1.55x109
ft2
10.764
ha
10-4
acre
mile2
1.0764x10-3 10-8 1.0764x107 102
2.471x10-8 3.861x10-11 2.471x10-4 3.861x10-7 247.1 0.3861
6.4516x10-4 6.4516x10-10 1 9.2903x10-2 9.290x10-8 144 104 10-2 1.55x107
6.9444x10-3 6.4516x10-8 1.5942x10-7 2.491x10-10 1 9.2903x10-6 2.2957x10-5 3.587x10-8 2.471 1 640 3.861x10-3 1.5625x10-3 1 1.0764x105 1 0.40469
4.0469x107 4046.9 2.59x1010 2.59x106
4.0469x10-3 6.2726x106 4.356x104 2.59
4.0145x109 2.7878x107 259
in3
1 1728 6.1024x10-2 61024 61.024 277.4 1
ft3
5.787x10-4 3.5315x10-5 35.315 3.5315x10-2 0.16054
VOLUME m3 cm3
16.387 28317 1 106 103 4546.1 1.6387x10-5 2.8317x10-2 10-6 1 10-3 4.5461x10-3
litre
1.6387x10-2 28.317 10-3 103 1 4.546
Imp. gal.
3.6046x10-3 6.229 2.1997x10-4 219.97 0.21997 1
75
USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.)

PRESSURE in H2O mm H2O
1 25.4 3.937x10-2 1 13.595 0.53524 406.8 27.682 0.40146 4.0146 345.3 13.595 10332 703.1 10.197 101.97
in Hg
torr (mm Hg)
atm
psi
mb
kPa
0.24909
7.3556x10-2 1.868
2.4577x10-3 3.6118x10-2 2.4909 3.3421x10-2 0.49115
2.8959x10-3 7.3556x10-2 9.6759x10-5 1.422x10-3 9.8067x10-2 9.8067x10-3 1 25.4 33.864 3.3864 0.13332 101.32 6.8948 0.1 1 3.937x10-2 1 29.921 2.036 760 51.715 1.3158x10-3 1.9337x10-2 1.3332 1 14.696 1013.2 68.948 6.8046x10-2 1 9.8692x10-3 0.14504
2.953x10-2 0.75006 0.2953 7.5006
9.8692x10-4 1.4504x10-2 1 10
VELOCITY in/s
1 12 0.20 39.37 1
ft/s
8.3333x10-2 5 60 1.6667x10-2 1 3.281
ft/min
m/s
2.54x10-2 0.3048 5.08x10-3 1
m/h
91.44 1097.3 18.288 36x102 103 1609.3
km/h
9.144x10-2 1.097
mph
5.6818x10-2 0.68182
1.8288x10-2 1.1364x10-2 3.6 10-3 1 1.609 2.237 6.2137x10-4 0.62137 1
1.968x102
1.0936x10-2 9.1134x10-4 5.4681x10-2 2.7778x10-4 1 10.936 17.6 0.91134 1.467 54.681 88 0.27778 0.44704
ENERGY MJ
10-6 9.807x10-6 1.356x10-6 3.671 2.6478 2.6845 1 9.807 1.356 3.671x106
Joule
1
kgf.m
0.10197
ft.lbf
0.73756 7.233 1
kW.hr
Metric hp.hr
hp.hr
Btu
2.7778x10-7 3.77x10-7 2.7241x10-6 3.703x10-6 3.7662x10-7 5.12x10-7 1.36 1 1.014
3.7251x10-7 9.4782x10-4 3.653x10-6 9.2949x10-3 5.0505x10-7 1.2851x10-3 1.341 0.98632 1 3412.1 2509.6 2544.4
0.13826 3.671x105
2.6552x106 1 1.9529x106 0.7355 0.7457
2.6478x106 2.7x105
2.6845x106 2.7374x105 1.98x106
4.1868x10-3 4186.8 1.0551x10-3 1055.1
4.269x102 3.0878x103 1.1629x10-3 1.5811x10-3 1.5595x10-3 3.968 1.076x102 7.782x102 2.9307x10-4 3.9846x10-4 3.9301x10-4 1
FORCE kgf
1 0.10197 1.4098x10-2 0.45359 1016 1 0.13826 4.448 9964
N(kgm/s2)
9.807 70.932 7.233 1 32.174
pdl
2.205
lbf
0.22481 3.1081x10-2 1 2.24x103
tonf
9.842x10-4 1.004x10-4 1.3875x10-5 4.4643x10-4 1
7.207x104
76
Emergency Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Stay with casualty - call for help and start resuscitation Airway
q q q q
clear the airway quickly turn the casualty on side remove foreign material from mouth place neck and jaw in correct positions. If breathing returns: q place the patient on side q keep the airway clear
Circulation
check breathing q listen to breath q watch for chest movement q if breathing, leave patient on side - keep airway clear
q
check the carotid pulse. If absent: q begin external cardiac compression q place the heel of one hand on the lower half of the sternum q lock the other hand to the first by grasping wrist or interlocking fingers q keep fingers off the chest
q
Breathing
If not breathing: q quickly turn casualty on back q start expired air resuscitation, mouth to mouth or mouth to nose q open airway q 5 full ventilations in 10 sec.
One operator: 2 ventilations and 15 compressions every 15 seconds. Two operators: * one compression per second * one ventilation after every 5 compressions
Check progress
If effective: q carotid pulse felt with each compression q skin will become pinker
check carotid pulse. If pulse present q resuscitation at a rate of 15 per min [one every 4 sec] q check the circulation after 1 min and then every 2 min.
q
Get Help
In metropolitan areas dial 000 and ask for ambulance service. In country areas, contact your local ambulance service.
77
SALES OFFICES
NEW SOUTH WALES Domestic Gloucester Boulevard PO Box 21 Port Kembla 2505 Phone: 1800 804 631 Facsimile: 1800 817 846 SOUTH AUSTRALIA 30 Staite Street Wingfield SA 5013 PO Box 108 Kilkenny 5009 Phone: 08 8445 7555 Facsimile: 08 8347 0950 QUEENSLAND 1105 Kingsford Smith Drive PO Box 1124 Eagle Farm 4009 Phone: 07 3868 7888 Facsimile: 07 3868 1883
Export Gloucester Boulevard PO Box 21 Port Kembla 2505 Phone: 02 4223 5200 Facsimile: 02 4223 5235 Technical Service Gloucester Boulevard PO Box 21 Port Kembla 2505 Phone: 02 4223 5258 Facsimile: 02 4223 5251
VICTORIA Lot 2 Swann Drive Derrimut 3030 PO Box 41 Laverton 3028 Phone: 03 9931 1966 Facsimile: 03 9931 1856 TASMANIA Crisp Ikin Agencies [CIA] 7 Pear Avenue Derwent Park 7009 Phone: 03 62727386 Facsimile: 03 6272 7806 WESTERN AUSTRALIA Cnr Hope Road & Karel Avenue Jandakot 6164 PO Box 1485 Canningvale 6970 Freecall: 1800 804 631 Facsimile: 1800 817 846
NEW ZEALAND 21 Sir William Avenue East Tamaki, Auckland PO Box 51-525 Pakuranga Phone: 09 274 0111 Facsimile: 09 274 0347

Plumbers Handbook 2006

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THE PLUMBERS HANDBOOK

SEVENTH EDITION (mod 2006)

Home of the famous KEMBLA brand for 90 years

THE PLUMBERS HANDBOOK

Home of the famous KEMBLA brand for 90 years

Kemblas 90 Year Guarantee

The tradition of highest quality

Proven since 1916

KEMBLA Product Range

Tube Specifications and Size Ranges

Standard Plumbing Tube Details

Fittings Specifications and Size Ranges Fittings Product Range

Copper Tube for Fire Services

TUBE SPECIFICATIONS AND SIZE RANGES

Size Range Copper 70/30 DR Brass

Copper 70/30 DR Brass

Other Relevant Standards

COPPER TUBE PROPERTIES

Bendable 80-100 220 280 20

Hard drawn 100min 350 380 5

STANDARD COPPER PLUMBING TUBE DETAILS

COPPER TUBE IDENTIFICATION

x 20g x 20g x 19g x 19g x 18g x 17g

x 22g x 22g x 20g x 20g x 19g x 19g

*Safe Working Pressure (kPa) 5,520 4,070 4,180 3,450 2,560

x 22g x 22g x 20g

BENDABLE TEMPER TUBING

18B 18C 20B 20C

15.88 15.88 19.05 19.05

1.02mm 0.91mm 1.02mm 0.91mm

LARGE DIAMETER COPPER TUBES

KEMLAG PRE-INSULATED COPPER TUBE

KEMLAG TUBE SIZES

KEMLINE PVC COVERED COPPER TUBE

LP GAS PIPELINES FOR VEHICLE ENGINES

COPPER TUBE FOR REFRIGERATION

COPPER REFRIGERATION TUBE

COPPER REFRIGERATION TUBE

Pink = suitable for all refrigerants, including R410A

SAFE WORKING PRESSURE CALCULATIONS FOR COPPER TUBES

2000 x S D x tmin D - tmin

PSW = safe working pressure (kPa) tmin D SD T

T 1.00 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.68 0.51

BRASS TUBE FOR SANITARY PLUMBING

FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONS AND SIZE RANGES

Standards Applicable to Copper and Copper Alloy Fittings

FITTINGS PRODUCT RANGE

08527 Shower Assembly Top Inlet/Tails Up 08530 Shower Assembly

08512 Reverse Bath & Shower Assembly

08627 Single Screwed Outlet

08616 08620 08621 Twin Screwed Outlet

PRODUCT NUMBERS SHOWN ARE INDICATIVE ONLY. LOCAL VARIATIONS APPLY.

CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR PIPE & FITTINGS

COVERAGE ESTIMATES / 100m

DN20 DN25 DN32 DN40 DN50 DN80 DN100 DN150 DN200

1.7 2.1 2.7 3.0 3.8 5.6 7.2 10.6 13.8

50 50 75 75 75 100 100 150 150

WATER SUPPLY PIPING DESIGN

FLOW RATES AT FIXTURES OR APPLIANCES

RECOMMENDED WATER VELOCITIES