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Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 21 – 26

The 2nd International Symposium on LAPAN-IPB Satellite for Food Security and Environmental
Monitoring 2015, LISAT-FSEM 2015

The disparity of watershed development between northern and

southern region of Java Island
Kaswanto* and Fitriyah Nurul Hidayati Utami
Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Meranti St. Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

Abstract

The disparity in Java Island can be observed from the difference of development between northern and southern watershed,
particularly in the west part of Java. The northern region (NR) is represented by Cisadane and Ciliwung Watershed, while the
southern region (SR) is Cimandiri and Cibuni Watershed. Those four watersheds are burst out from the same mountain which can
be assumed the biophysical and geology conditions are similar, thus the driving force predominantly comes from human
intervention. The disparities are coming from human force such as population, urbanization, migration, accessibility and others
socio-economic factors. Although the watershed length and topographic condition are also force the disparities. This research
aims to figure out the driving force of disparities between NR and SR, and arrange some recommendations to mitigate and adapt
the environmental issues. The annual rate of land use and cover change (LUCC) shows that the forest reduction in the NR is
twice than the SR and the agriculture land lost in the NR is three times than the SR. It means the NR is rapidly changed to built-
up area, while the SR is slowly changed, but the SR gradually follows the NR condition. In addition, the average growth rate of
population and the annual GDP in the NR are reached five times than the SR.
© 2016
© 2016The TheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier B.V.is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
B.V. This
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of LISAT-FSEM2015.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of LISAT-FSEM2015
Keywords: land evaluation; landscape services; remote sensing; scenic beauty estimation (SBE); triple bottom line benefit

1. Introduction

The disparity in Java Island can be observed from the difference of development between northern and southern
watershed, particularly in the west part of Java. The northern region (NR) is represented by Cisadane and Ciliwung

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-812-1939-739; fax: +62-251-8624-931.

E-mail address: kaswanto@ipb.ac.id; kaswanto@apps.ipb.ac.id.

1878-0296 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of LISAT-FSEM2015
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.052
22 Kaswanto and Fitriyah Nurul Hidayati Utami / Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 21 – 26

Watershed, while the southern region (SR) is Cimandiri and Cibuni Watershed. As one of developing country in
term of GDRP, Indonesia has potential economic growth surrounded by beautiful landscape which also has diverse
ecosystem services [1, 2, 3]. The economic potencies can be found from mountainous area along the watershed
landscape. These landscapes provided services to preserve and conserve the ecosystem while also provide resources
for economic activities. These natural resources potencies tend to be ignored since the over used carrying capacity is
often found in this area. The impacts decrease the agriculture production [4], disasters [5], flood and drought [6],
sedimentation and decreasing water quality [7] and others negative impact for the landscape itself [8].
The aims of this research are to evaluate the disparity between the northern and the southern region of west part
of Java Island, and to describe the recent condition of disparity of watershed as ecological boundary.

2. Methods

2.1. Study location

This research used LANDSAT satellite data set image, demographic, economic and tourism activities data. The
study site is located at four watersheds, west part of Java Island, Indonesia (Fig. 1). Four watersheds were selected,
Cisadane and Ciliwung Watershed represents the northern region (NR), while Cimandiri and Cibuni Watershed
represents the southern region (SR). The NR included big cities such as, Jakarta, Depok, Bogor, Bandung and
Bekasi.

Fig. 1. Four watersheds as research site are located in west part of Java Island.
 Kaswanto and Fitriyah Nurul Hidayati Utami / Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 21 – 26 23

2.2. Data and analysis

The disparity was analyzed descriptively by comparing the trends in the set of population an economic growth
data among administrative boundary inside ecological boundary of watersheds. Some data were calculated in each
watersheds [9]. The NR and SR disparity was calculated particularly on the distribution of population and economic
growth among four watersheds, between northern and southern coast region for the period 2009-2014.
There are many techniques to describe the disparity among region, such as Williamson Index, Theil Index,
Atkinson Index, Hoover Coefficient, Coulter Coefficient and most use Gini Index [10]. This research used
Williamson Index to describe and compare inter-watersheds disparities. Williamson Index formulas as follow [11]:

೑
ටσ೙ തሻమ ೔
೔సభሺ௬೔ ି௬ ೛
ܹ‫ ܫ‬ൌ (1)
௬ത
Where:
WI : Williamson Index
Yi : Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of area-i
‫ݕ‬ത : GRDP average of the area or region
fi/p : fi is population of region-i while p= 6fi total population

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Differences of driving factors for accelerating land use conversion between the NR and the SR

The land use conversion in the NR was mainly triggered by population density and the urbanization process.
Meanwhile in the SR was not only driven by those two variables, but also the slope condition (Table 1). The
watersheds in the SR was characterized by shorter river and more steepness than the NR, it means that the land use
conversion is slightly slower because of the difficulty land cultivation. The watershed length and topographic
condition forced the disparities.

Table 1. Driving force of land use conversion during two decades in the NR and SR.
Northern Regions Southern Regions
Variables
F G A B F G A B
Altitude 0.0022 0.0032 -0.0144 -0.0074 0.0011 0.0056 0.0001 -0.0125
Slope 0.0402 0.0340 -0.0057 0.0078 0.0010 0.0253 -0.0092 0.0438
Population density -0.0328 -0.0001 -0.0004 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0001 -0.0001 0.0071
Distance to major road 0.0149 0.0071 0.0092 - 0.0077 0.0029 0.0023 -
Distance to river 0.0063 0.0082 0.0327 - 0.0061 0.0043 0.0088 -
Distance to urban area -0.5209 -0.0571 0.0011 -0.0007 -0.0045 0 0.0001 -0.0151
Soil drainage 0.0632 0.0789 -0.0616 0.0013 0.1449 0.8159 -0.0366 0.0004
Note: F: Forest area; G: Grassland; A: Agricultural lands and B: Built-up areas

3.2. Carbon stock between the NR and the SR

The carbon stock was calculated in small scale agroforestry system, i.e. home garden or pekarangan. The average
carbon of non-trees, trees, soil and total in the NR are 6.88, 1.84, 4.42, 13.14 Mg/ha, respectively, while in the SR
are 7.67, 2.88, 5.02 and 15.56 Mg/ha, respectively (Fig. 2). It means that the carbon stock in the SR is higher than in
the NR. It is probably because of higher intensity of pekarangan utilization from rural community in the SR. The
low rate of economic development intensity influenced pekarangan utilization, on the other hand the rural
community tends to manage their pekarangan more intensive to get additional nutrition and additional income.
24 Kaswanto and Fitriyah Nurul Hidayati Utami / Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 21 – 26

The highest value of carbon stock comes from non-trees because pekarangan contains a large number of
understorey and necromass. Some pekarangan were cultivated with wide diversity of starchy crops, spicy, fruits,
medicines, vegetable, industrial and ornamental plants. Therefore it has high carbon stock more than 50% of total.

Fig. 2. The total amount of carbon stock (Mg/ha) from biomass of non-trees, trees, and soil inside pekarangan. The C total in the NR is slightly
higher than the SR.

3.3. Difference biodiversity the NR and the SR

The Shannon-Wienner index shows that the plant diversity in the NR is lower than the SR. The minimum, mean
and maximum value from the NR is 1.85, 2.87, and 3.18, while in the SR is 2.82, 3.31 and 3.50, respectively (Fig.
3).

Fig. 3. The Shannon-Wienner and Margalef Index. The species diversity is higher in the SR compare to the NR.
 Kaswanto and Fitriyah Nurul Hidayati Utami / Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 21 – 26 25

The species diversity in the NR supposed to be declined because of the high rate conversion of land uses high
population pressure and the acceleration of urbanization process.
The Margalef Index shows that the mean value in the NR (4.57) is higher than the SR (3.57). The minimum-
maximum value for the NR is 2.00 - 8.62 where the SR is 1.35 - 6.49.

3.4. Disparity between the NR and the SR

The calculation of Williamson Index for the NR (Cisadane: 0.983 and Ciliwung 1.056) is quite higher than the
SR (Cimandiri 0.632 and Cibuni 0.542). This disparity comes from the differences of GDRP among those
watersheds. The disparities are coming from human force such as population, urbanization, migration, accessibility
and others socio-economic factors. In addition, the average growth rate of population and the annual GDP in the NR
reached five times than the SR. This means that the pressure of population and urbanization are higher and heavily
influence the disparity.

Fig. 4. Williamson’s Index between the NR and the SR.

4. Conclusions

The LUCC results show that the land degradations were mainly triggered by the population growth and
urbanization process. The annual rate of the LUCC shows that the forest reduction in the NR is twice than the SR,
and the agriculture land lost in the NR is three times than the SR. The NR rapidly changed to built-up area, while the
SR slowly changed, but the SR gradually tends to follow the NR trend. Furthermore, the average growth rate of
population and the annual GDP in the NR reached five times than the SR.
The disparities are coming from human force such as population, urbanization, migration, accessibility and others
socio-economic factors. Although the watershed length and topographic condition are also force the disparities.

Acknowledgements

This research was conducted under the project entitled Management of Agroforestry Landscape as Landscape
Services Provider towards Low Carbon Societies (LCS) of BOPTN 2015. The satellite data were supported by
Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB).
26 Kaswanto and Fitriyah Nurul Hidayati Utami / Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 21 – 26

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