Interpreting Data

Collection and
Presentation Problems
1. What are Word Problems?

Data collection and presentation refers to the process of collecting

and organizing data in a meaningful way so that it can be analyzed
and interpreted. This concept is important in many fields, including
science, business, and education.

Data collection involves gathering information through various

methods, such as surveys, observations, and experiments. This may
involve creating charts, graphs, or tables to display the data
visually, or using statistical methods to analyze the data and draw
conclusions.

1.1 Pictogram

Pictogram is a chart that uses pictures or symbols to represent data.

Every pictogram has a key which shows the value of each symbol or picture.
A pictogram design can be constructed using a table with two columns. In
the first column is the name of the group, and the second column features
the pictures.
The pictogram below shows information about the favourite subjects of some
students in a class.
 The first column in the above pictogram shows the list of subjects, while the
second column shows the number of students who like the particular subject,
using the circle symbol. According to the key in the pictogram, each circle
represents four students. Which means the each half-circle in the pictogram
represents 2 students.

Example: The pictogram below gives information about the types of ice-
creams sold in an ice-cream parlor on a day.

a) How many vanilla ice-creams were sold?

b) How many more strawberry ice-creams were sold than chocolate ice-
creams?

Solution:
 a) Step 1: Selecting the row

Row: Vanilla

Step 2: Finding number of ice-creams sold

Number of symbols in row vanilla = 5 1⁄2

Number of vanilla ice-creams sold = 5 1⁄2 × 4

= (5 × 4) + (1⁄2 × 4)

= 20 + 2

= 22

Hence, 22 vanilla ice-creams were sold.

b) Step 1: Selecting the rows:

Rows: Chocolate, Strawberry

Step 2: Finding number of ice-creams sold

Number of symbols in row chocolate = 3

Number of vanilla ice-creams sold = 3 × 4 = 12

Number of symbols in row strawberry = 4 1⁄2

Number of vanilla ice-creams sold = 4 1⁄2 × 4

= (4 × 4) + (1⁄2 × 4)

= 16 + 2

= 18

Step 3: Perform the required calculation:

18 - 12 = 6

Hence, 6 more strawberry ice-creams were sold than chocolate ice-creams.

1.2 Tally Charts

 A tally chart is a simple way of recording data and counting the amount of
something (frequency). The frequency in the tally chart is represented by the
tally marks.
Tally marks are written as a group or a set of five lines. The first four
lines are aligned vertically, and the fifth line runs diagonally over the vertical
four lines.

Look at the table below to understand the logic of how to count the tally
marks.

We can see from the above table, that every fifth line is drawn diagonally,
and the count six is represented by a single vertical line after a set of five
lines.

Example:

Jack has a dodgy dice. He rolls it 30 times and records the results in a tally
chart. Fill in the last column of the chart.
 Solution:

The frequency table shows

2 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + x = 30

Number of times the dice lands on 6 = 30 - (2 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3)

= 30 - 20

= 10

1.3 Line Graph

A line graph is used to compare two sets of data that are related in some
way. Most commonly, a line graph is used to show how something changes
over time, maybe over the course of a week, a year, or even longer.

Line graph shows how values shown on Y- axis changes as another value
changes on X- axis
Line graphs use points that are connected by lines which allow values to be
estimated along a line drawn through the points.

For example, a graph to show how the temperature of water increases with
time when it is heated.

What was the temperature of the water after 4.5 minutes?

First take a look at the two axes and try to understand what these axes
denote
 Let us now draw a parallel line from the x- axis on the plotted line from 4.5
min. Join the perpendicular line on the y-axis.

At 4.5 minutes, the temperature was 56°C.

Example: On a summer day, Jack starts filling a paddling pool with water. The
graph below shows the depth of water in the paddling pool over time.

At what time the water was 15 cm deep?

Solution:

Let us draw a parallel line from the Y- axis on the plotted line from 15cm. Join
the perpendicular line on the X-axis. Water was 15 cm deep at 3.08 pm.
 1.4 Tables

A table can be used to display pieces of data about different things.

Tables, in statistics, are a way of showing your information or data. They use
rows (horizontal) and columns (vertical). A table also usually looks like a grid,
with information and data being put inside the cells. The heading of the table
tells us what data is in each column and row.

Example: The table below shows activities done by a number of adults and
children.

From the table, it can be seen that there were 38 children and 44 adults
participating in three different activities.

Let us now try to answer some questions using the above table:

a) How many children participated in debating?

Solution:

Looking at the number of children row and debating column, 8 children

participated in debating.

b) How many adults participated in cycling and swimming?

Solution:

Looking at the number of adults row and cycling column, 15 adults

participated in cycling.

Looking at the number of adults and swimming column, 7 adults participated

in swimming.
 Total = 15 + 7 = 22

22 adults participated in cycling and swimming.

1.5 Bar Chart

Bar Charts or Bar Graphs are another method of displaying data from a
frequency table. A Bar Graph is a simple way to show and compare
information. The data is represented in the form of bars, the value of which
can be read from the frequency information shown at the side of the chart,
along the vertical axis. The height of the bar shows the amount.

For example, the following bar graph below shows the number of people
choosing their favourite colour during a survey last week. We can see that
the bar charts have gaps between the bars and everything (including the
axes and chart title) is clearly labelled.

The height of the bar is proportional to the measured number or frequency.

Example: A survey was conducted by questioning 100 students about their

mode of transport to school. The results of this survey are recorded in the
graph below.
 Which mode of transport has the highest frequency?

Solution:

From the graph, the tallest bar is of frequency 35, and the mode of transport
for the same is shown in the x-axis as a car.

1.6 Time (Travel) Graph

A time graph is used to study the rate of change in distance, speed and
velocity with time. Time is represented on the x-axis and the distance/speed/
velocity on the y-axis.

A distance-time graph is a useful way to represent the motion of an object. It

shows how the distance moved from a starting point changes over time.
Time is always on the x-axis. Distance is on the y-axis.
 At A, the object is travelling at a constant speed, so it is shown with a
straight diagonal line, where the gradient of the line tells you the speed.

At B, the object is stationary, so its distance does not change as the time
taken increases. This means that for a stationary object, the line is flat and
the gradient (the speed) is zero

At C, the object is travelling at a constant speed again, but this time it is

faster, so the straight line is steeper - it has a larger gradient.

Example: Jack drove 80 miles from his home to London. He stopped and
visited his friend Nike on the way. Here is the time distance graph for his
journey.
 a) How far was Jack from home when he visited Nike?

Solution:

Jack stopped and visited Nike, so his distance will not change when Jack is
visiting Nike. Hence, reading from the graph.

Jack was 40 miles from home.

b) How long did Jack stop for?

The graph shows a horizontal line from 10:00 to 11:30 = 1 hour 30 min
 1.7 Pie Chart

A pie chart is a circular chart used to compare the sizes of data sets in
relation to one another. Pie charts display information by dividing a circle
into different-sized pieces to show each measurement. The slices of a pie
chart are proportional to the different items in the data set; the larger the
slice size, the higher the frequency of data in that category.

Pie charts look like the chart shown below.

The pie chart above shows the percentage of colours in bikes in a parking
area

The circle (360 degrees) represents the whole and the separate parts (or
sectors) fit together to make the whole (circle).

Example:

The pie chart below represents the number of Students in three different
classes in a school.
If the total number of students in all three classes is 72. Find the number of
students in each class.

Solution:

Here, to find the number of students in each class we apply the below
formula:

Angle⁄360° × Total or Percentage⁄100 × Total

Value of each sector = 360⁄72 = 5

Number of students in Year 5A = 100⁄360 × 72 = 20

Number of students in Year 6B = 120⁄360 × 72 = 24

Number of students in Year 6C = 140⁄360 × 72 = 28

Interpreting Tally Charts
1. What are Tally Charts?

A tally chart is a simple way of recording data and counting the amount of
something (frequency). The frequency in the tally chart is represented by the
tally marks. So in order to create or interpret the tally chart, you must be
aware of how tally marks are counted.

1.1 How to count Tally Marks?

Tally marks are written as a group or a set of five lines. The first four lines
are aligned vertically, and the fifth line runs diagonally over the vertical
four lines.

Look at the table below to understand the logic of how to count the tally
marks.
 We can see from the above table, that every fifth line is drawn diagonally,
and the count six is represented by a single vertical line after a set of five
lines.

1.2 How to Read and Interpret Tally Charts?

The advantage of using a tally chart is that it can be immediately clear which
item(s) occurs the most/least frequently and can be helpful when analysing
data.

Let us now interpret a tally chart using an example and draw conclusions
using the data.

Example: 25 pupils were asked about their favourite type of movie. The
results are shown in the tally chart below:

Calculating the frequency using the tally marks given,

From the above chart, we can see that the horror movies have the maximum
frequency, while comedy movies have the minimum frequency. Hence, we
can conclude that horror movies are the most favourite among the pupils,
while comedy movies are the least favourite.

1.3 Solved Examples

Example 1:

Jack has a dodgy dice. He rolls it 30 times and records the results in a tally
chart. Fill in the last column of the chart.
 Solution:

The frequency table shows

2+4+5+6+3+x=30

Number of times the dice lands on 6 = 30-(2+4+5+6+3)

= 30-20

= 10

Example 2:

Mac throws the die 30 times. He put these results:

3 4 1 6 3 4 5 1 4 4 5 6 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 3 1 5 4 1 6 3 5 6 1 4

Form a table and complete the tally chart and workout the frequency (how
many times he got each number)

Solution:

We see that score one is repeated 8 times, which is represented by 8 tally

marks in an easy method. Similarly, other scores and the frequency column
add up to 30
Understanding
Pictograms
1.What is a pictogram?

A pictogram is a chart that uses pictures or symbols to represent data. Every pictogram has a key
that shows the value of each symbol or picture. A pictogram design can be constructed using a
table with two columns. In the first column is the name of the group, and the second column
features the pictures.

The pictogram below shows information about the favourite subjects of some students in a class.

The first column in the above pictogram shows the list of subjects, while the second column
shows the number of students who like the particular subject, using the circle symbol. According
to the key in the pictogram, each circle represents four students. Which means the each half-
circle in the pictogram represents 2 students.

1.1 How to Read and Interpret pictograms?

 Steps:

1. Select the required row/rows.

2. To find the number of items in the selected row/rows, multiply the number of symbols in
the row selected by the value of each symbol.
3. Perform the required calculation.

Let us now use the above steps and interpret the pictograms using a few examples.

1.2 Solved Examples

Example 1: The pictogram below gives information about the types of ice creams sold in an ice
cream parlour on a day.

1.2 Solved Examples

Example 1: The pictogram below gives information about the types of ice
creams sold in an ice cream parlour on a day.

a) How many vanilla ice creams were sold?

b) How many more strawberry ice-creams were sold than chocolate ice-
creams?

Solution:

a) Step 1: Selecting the row

Row: Vanilla

Step 2: Finding number of ice creams sold

Number of symbols in row vanilla = 5 1⁄2

Number of vanilla ice-creams sold = 5 1⁄2 × 4

= (5 × 4) + (1⁄2 × 4)

= 20 + 2
 = 22

Hence, 22 vanilla ice-creams were sold.

b) Step 1: Selecting the rows:

Rows: Chocolate, Strawberry

Step 2: Finding number of ice-creams sold

Number of symbols in row chocolate = 3

Number of vanilla ice-creams sold = 3 × 4 = 12

Number of symbols in row strawberry = 4 1⁄2

Number of vanilla ice-creams sold = 4 1⁄2 × 4

= (4 × 4) + (1⁄2 × 4)

= 16 + 2

= 18

Step 3: Perform the required calculation:

18 - 12 = 6

Hence, 6 more more strawberry ice-creams were sold than chocolate ice-
creams.

Example 2: The pictogram below shows the number of people visiting the
park in the early mornings on weekdays.
 Work out the total number of people who visited the park on weekdays.
Solution:
Step 1: Selecting the rows:
Rows: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday
Step 2: Finding the number of people
Number of symbols in row Monday = 5
Number of people visiting the park on Monday = 5 × 10 = 50
Number of symbols in row Tuesday = 5 1⁄2
Number of people visiting the park on Tuesday = 5 1⁄2 × 4 = (5 × 10) + (1⁄2
× 10)
= 50 + 5 = 55
Number of symbols in row Wednesday = 7
Number of people visiting the park on Wednesday = 7 × 10 = 70
Number of symbols in row Thursday = 3
Number of people visiting the park on Thursday = 3 × 10 = 30
Number of symbols in row Friday = 5 1⁄2
Number of people visiting the park on Friday = 4 1⁄2 × 4 = (4 × 10) + (1⁄2 ×
10)
= 40 + 5 = 45
Total number of people visited the park on weekdays = 50 + 55 + 70 + 30 +
45
= 250
Tally Marks & Pictographs
1. Tally Charts

Tally Charts are one of the different ways of collecting, recording, organizing
and interpreting data. A tally chart is a simple way of recording data and
counting the amount of something (frequency). Each occurrence is shown by
a tally mark and every fifth tally is drawn diagonally. The tallies can then be
counted to give the frequency. For example: 25 pupils were asked about
their favourite type of movie.

The advantage of using a tally chart is that it can be immediately clear which
item(s) occurs the most/least frequently and can be helpful when analyzing
data. The tally makes it easy to see the most popular type of movie is horror
and the least popular movie type is comedy.

Other graphs/charts (such as bar charts, pie charts and pictograms) can be
produced from tally charts.
 1.1. Example of Tally Charts

Example:

Mac throws the die 30 times. He put these results:

3 4 1 6 3 4 5 1 4 4 5 6 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 3 1 5 4 1 6 3 5 6 1 4

Form a table and complete the tally chart and workout the frequency (how
many times he got each number)
We see score one is repeated 8 times which is represented by 8 tally marks
in an easy method. Similarly other scores. And the Frequency column adds
up to 30.

Example:

Jack has a dodgy dice. He rolls it 30 times and records the results in a tally
chart. Fill in the last column of the chart.

Solution:

The frequency table shows 2 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + x = 30

Number of times the dice lands on x = 30 - (2 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3)

= 30-20

= 10

2. Pictogram
A pictogram is a chart that uses pictures or symbols to represent data. To
read pictograms carefully one should understand what the symbols mean.
Each picture in the pictogram represents a physical object.
 All pictograms should have a key. A key shows you what each symbol
represents. A pictograph design can be constructed using a table with two
columns. In the first column is the name of the group, and the second
column features the pictures.

For example: Below is a pictogram showing the number of doughnuts eaten

by four friends in the past month.

Here, each picture represents 4 doughnuts and so we can see that Adam ate
16 doughnuts, Eve ate 10 doughnuts, Chris ate 9 doughnuts, etc.

Hence Number of doughnuts ate by Adam = 4 × 4 = 16

2.1 Examples on Pictogram:

Example:
Mac drew a pictogram to show information about the drinks sold from a
vending machine in the afternoon

Mac knew that 80 drinks were sold in total that afternoon.

How many drinks of Orange Fizz were sold that afternoon?.

The key for the pictogram is incomplete.

Bar Charts
1. Bar Charts

Bar Charts or Bar Graphs are another method of displaying data from a
frequency table. A Bar Graph is a simple way to show and compare
information. The data is represented in the form of bars, the value of which
can be read from the frequency information shown at the side of the chart,
along the vertical axis. The height of the bar shows the amount.

For example, the following bar graph below shows the number of people
choosing their favourite colour during a survey last week. We can see that
the bar charts have gaps between the bars and everything (including the
axes and chart title) is clearly labelled.

The height of the bar is proportional to the measured number or frequency.

 1.1 Examples on Bar Graph

Example:

A survey was conducted by questioning 100 students about their mode of

transport to school. The results of this survey are recorded in the graph
below.

Which mode of transport has the highest frequency?

Solution:

From the graph, the tallest bar is of frequency 35, and the mode of transport
for the same is shown in x-axis as a car.
 Example:

Here is a bar chart showing the number of goals scored in a game by a

football team in a season.

Workout the total number of goals scored in total by the team?

Solution:
We multiply the values of each bar and add them to get the total goals
scored
7×0=0
8×1=8
12 × 2 = 24
3×3=9
6 × 4 = 24
Total number of goals scored = 0 + 8 + 24 + 9 + 24 = 65
BAR GRAPH REVISION QUESTIONS
Solve in:
Understanding and
Interpreting Line Graphs
1. What are Line Graphs?

A line graph is used to compare two sets of data that are related in some
way. Most commonly, a line graph is used to show how something changes
over time, maybe over the course of a week, a year, or even longer.

Line graph shows how values shown on Y- axis changes as another value
changes on X- axis

Line graphs use points that are connected by lines which allow values to be
estimated along a line drawn through the points.

For example, a graph to show how the temperature of water increases with
time when it is heated.
What was the temperature of the water after 4.5 min?

First take a look at the two axes and try to understand what these axes
denote

Let us now draw a parallel line from the x- axis on the plotted line from 4.5
min.

Join the perpendicular line on the y-axis.

At 4.5 minutes the temperature was 56°C.

1.1. Example on Line graphs

Example:

On a summer day, Jack starts filling a paddling pool with water. The graph
below shows the depth of water in the paddling pool over time.

At what time the water was 15 cm deep?

Solution:

Let us draw a parallel line from the Y- axis on the plotted line from 15cm. Join
the perpendicular line on the X-axis. Water was 15 cm deep at 3.08 pm.
Example:

James cycled to his house for lunch and returned back to the office. The
travel graph below shows his journey.

On the way he stopped to buy some snacks and then after some time he
stopped to fill the gas.

At what time did he stop to buy snacks?

Solution:
The graph is constant for 30 min from 11:00 to 11:30 Hence he stopped at
11:00 for 30 mins.
Understanding and
Interpreting Time (Travel)
Graphs
1. What are Time Graphs?

A Time graph is used to study the rate of change of distance, speed, velocity
with time. Time is represented on the x-axis and the distance/speed/ velocity
on the y-axis.

Example:

A distance-time graph is a useful way to represent the motion of an object. It

shows how the distance moved from a starting point changes over time.

Time is always on the x-axis. Distance is on the y-axis.

 At A, the object is travelling at a constant speed, so it is shown with a
straight diagonal line, where the gradient of the line tells you the speed.

At B, the object is stationary, so its distance does not change as the time
taken increases. This means that for a stationary object, the line is flat and
the gradient (the speed) is zero

At C, the object is travelling at a constant speed again, but this time it is

faster, so the straight line is steeper - it has a larger gradient.
 1.1. Examples on Time graphs:

Example

Jack drove 80 miles from his home to London. He stopped and visited his
friend Nike on the way. Here is the time distance graph for his journey.

a) How far was Jack from home when he visited Nike?

Solution:

Jack stopped and visited Nike, so his distance will not change when
Jack is visiting Nike.

Hence, reading from the graph

Jack was 40 miles from home.

b) How long did Jack stop for?

 The graph shows horizontal line from 10:00 to 11:30 = 1 hour 30 min

Example:

James cycles from Bristol to Salisbury, the diagram shows the distance-time
graph of his journey.
1) How far from Bristol is James at 08:00?
Solution:
First slide along the horizontal axis to find 08:00.Travel straight up from
08:00 until you meet the line. We are reading the distance so we start from
where we meet the line and travel across until we meet the vertical axis.
Hence, James is 10 miles far from Bristol.
2) Describe what is happening between 09:00 and 09:30
Solution:
James had stopped as the graph shows constant horizontal line
3) Work out Jame's speed for the first two hours of her journey
Solution:
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Distance = 20 miles
Time = 2 hours
Speed = 20⁄2 = 10 mph
Pie Chart
1. What are Pie Charts?

A pie chart is a circular chart used to compare the sizes of data sets in
relation to one another. Pie charts display information by dividing a circle
into different-sized pieces to show each measurement. The slices of a pie
chart are proportional to the different items in the data set; the larger the
slice size, the higher the frequency of data in that category.

Pie charts look like the chart shown below.

Pie chart above shows the percentage of colours of bikes in a parking area

The circle (360 degrees) represents the whole and the

separate parts (or sectors) fit together to make the whole
(circle).

Let's try to understand Pie charts in detail. Below is a Pie chart showing a
school decides to organize a special event for all Year 7 pupils in their last
term of school. The pupils can choose just one of three different options.

The pie chart below shows the results.

 What is the percentage of pupils choosing Museums?

From the chart, the angle of Pupil choosing Museum is 90°

Fraction of the total = Angle ÷ 360

Fraction of pupil choosing Museum = 90⁄360 = 1⁄4 = 25%

Hence the percentage of Pupil choosing Museum = 25%

1.1 Examples on Pie Chart

Example:

The pie chart below represents the number of Students in three different
classes in a school.
If the total number of students in all three classes is 72. Find the number of
students in each class.

Solution:

Here , to find the number of students in each class we apply the below
formula:

Angle⁄360 × Total or Percentage⁄100 × Total

Value of each sector = 360⁄72 = 5

Number of students in Year 6A =100⁄360 × 72 = 20

Number of students in Year 6B = 120⁄360 × 72 = 24

Number of students in Year 6B = 140⁄360 × 72 = 28

Example:

A supermarket chain sold 3600 packets of sausages last month.

The pie chart below shows the different varieties:

 How many packets of Chicken sausage were sold?

Solution:

Given total packets =3600

From the Chart:

Angle⁄360° × Total or Percentage⁄100 × Total

Number of Chicken sausages packet sold =2⁄9 × 3600 = 800

Finding the Mean,
Median, Mode and Range,
Modal Frequency
In the PLE Examinations, Mean (Average) , Median, Mode, and Modal
frequency and Range is an important topic. The mean, mode, median, and
range are averages, which are used in statistics to give information about
the data.

Mean is the average of all of the numbers. Median is the middle number,
when in order. Mode is the most common number. Range is the largest
number minus the smallest number.

Let's learn about them one by one.

1. Mean

To find the mean we must add up all the numbers we’re finding the average
of, and then divide the total by the number of values.

Mean = Sum of items ÷ Total number of items

To work out the mean:

 Add up all the numbers in the data set.

 Divide the total by the number of values in the set of data.

Let's work out the mean...

Workout the mean of these numbers 12, 6, 2, 6, 11, 3, 10, 14

First add up all the numbers = 12+6+2+6+11+3+10+14=64

Now divide Sum with total numbers which is 8. Mean is 64⁄8=8

1.1. Examples on Finding mean

Example:

9 girls were asked how many pets they had. These are their results,
7,5,1,5,4,3,5,7,8 Find the mean of the result.

Solution: First, add up the numbers.

7+5+1+5+4+3+5+7+8=45

Second, divide the sum with total number of values which is 9

Mean = 45⁄9 (Mean=Sum of items ÷ Total number of items)

Mean of their results = 5

Example:

The pictograph shows how many people were treated for an injury at a clinic
in a week.

Calculate the mean number of people treated each day.

Solution: First, write the number of people treated on each day from the
graph.

Monday = 4×3=12

Tuesday = 4×5=20

Wednesday = 4×2=8

Thursday = 4×3.5=14

Friday = 4×1.5=6

Second, add up the number of people treated = 12+20+8+14+6=60

Mean= Sum of the people treated each day ÷ Total number of days

Third, divide the sum with the total number of days.

Mean = 60⁄5

Mean= 12

2. Median

Median is a middle term. To find the median, arrange the numbers in

ascending order and select the middle term. For example, the median of 1,
2, 3, 4, and 5 is 3.

2.1. Median of Odd and Even number of values.

If n is the number of values in the list, then work out the value n+1⁄2. The
median is that number of values in the list. For example, Find the median of
17,8,4,9,13,11,2.

Here the numbers of values n = 7 (odd). so, median = (n+1⁄2)ˆth term.

First arrange the numbers in ascending order 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17

Median = (7+1⁄2)ˆth term. Median = 4th term Therefore, median = 9.

Median of Even number of values.

If n is the number of values in the list, then work out the value of n+1⁄2.
Median = (n+1)ˆth⁄2 term.

For example, Let's find the median of 17, 8, 4, 6, 13, 11, 2,5. Here the
number of values n = 8 (Even) so, Median = (n+1)ˆth⁄2 term. Hence median
is 4.5ˆth term. Average of 4ˆth and 5ˆth term

First arrange the numbers in ascending order 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 17.

Median = (8+1)ˆth⁄2 term. Median = 6+8⁄2=14⁄2=7 Therefore median = 7

2.2. Examples on finding Median

Example: Six pupils went to a Science competition, and their scores are: 20,
15, 14, 20, 15, 13

Solution: First arrange the scores in ascending order.

 13, 14, 15, 15, 20, 20

Number of values n = 6 (Even), Hence, Median = (n+1) ˆth⁄2 term. Median=

6+1⁄2= 7⁄2= 3.5ˆth term. Average of 3ˆrd and 4ˆth term

Median = (15+15)⁄2= 30⁄2= 15

Example: Jacqueline noted the number of pages she read in 5 days of the
week.

The result is given in the bar chart.

Find the median of the number of pages that she read.

Solution:

First arranging the number of pages read each day in ascending order

Monday = 70
 Tuesday= 60

Wednesday = 70

Thursday = 30

Friday = 90

Ascending order = 30, 60, 70, 70, 90

Number of values n = 5(odd)

Median = (n+12)ˆth term

Hence, Median=((5+1)⁄2)=3ˆrd term

Median = 70

3. Mode

The mode is the value that appears the most number of times in a data set.
For example, the mode of these values 2, 2, 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8 is 2.

Example: 9 people take a test. Their scores out of 100 are: 56, 79, 77, 48,
90, 68, 79, 92, 71

Solution:

56, 79, 77, 48, 90, 68, 79, 92, 71

The most often score = 79

Hence Mode = 79

Example:

The bar chart below shows the number of pets owned by children in class 5B
 What is the modal number of pets?

Solution: 9 children have 2 pets. 8 children have 1 pet and 4 children have 3
pets.

Hence Modal number of pets = 2

4. Range

The range is the difference between the biggest and the smallest number.

To find the range, subtract the lowest number from the biggest number.

For example: 56, 79, 77, 48, 90, 68, 79, 92, 71

48, 56, 68, 71, 77, 79, 79, 90, 92.

Range = Highest values - Lowest value

The range of the above data set is

 92-48=44

The range is 44.

Example: The age of five children are 10, 8, 9, 11 and 7 years.

Find the range.

Solution:

Arranging the ages in ascending order

7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Highest value = 11

Lowest value = 7

Range = Highest values - Lowest value

Range =

11-7=4

Example:

The table below shows the maximum temperature in a city in the last six
months?

Example:

The table below shows the maximum temperature in a city in the last six
months?

Month Jan Feb March April May June

Maximum. temperatures in C° 2 3 12 20 25 27

Find the range.

Range = Highest values - Lowest value

Range = 27-2=25 C°
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Probability
1. Probability in Maths

We come across a lot of terms in our daily life like probably, likely, chances,
etc. All these terms point towards probability. Probability is the maths of
chance. It has a wide range of daily applications, including forecasting
weather, and predicting outcomes when flipping a coin or throwing dice.

What is probability?

Probability is the chance of occurrence of an event. It tells us how much an

event is likely to occur. All probabilities are between 0 and 1. If the
probability of any event is 0, the event has no chance of happening and the
probability of 1 tells us that the event is definitely going to happen.

When the number of possible outcomes is known, we can predict the

probability of an event happening with much greater certainty. For example,
flipping heads or tails on a coin. With only two possible outcomes (heads or
tails), the probability of landing on one or the other is one in two.

1.1. Probability Scale

Probabilities can be written as fractions, decimals or percentages on a scale

from 0 to 1 and we can indicate the probability of events by marking it on
the probability scale (a number line).
 Let’s take a look at some events and probabilities of happening those
events.

Impossible: Rolling seven on a fair six-sided dice. Probability is 0.

Unlikely: A race horse winning 25 out of 100 races, the probability of the
horse winning is 0.25 or 25%.

Evens: The probability of getting a head when a fair coin is tossed is 0.5 or
50%.

Likely: A race horse winning 75 out of 100 races, the probability of the horse
winning is 0.75 or 75%

Certain: The probability of the sun rising in the east is 1 or 100%.

1.2 Finding Probability

When all the outcomes of an event are equally likely (fair spinner, coin or
dice), use the following formula to work out the probabilities of such events:

Law of total probability:

If only one possible result can happen at a time, then probabilities of all the
results add to 1. For example, a football team can win, lose or draw but
these things cannot happen at the same time. So since something must
either happen or not happen, then
 P(Event happening) + P(Event not happening) = 1

Let us look at the examples below and try to work out the probability. b
1.3 Solved Examples
Example: Work out the probability of randomly picking up the letter ‘I’ from
the word “PROBABILITY”.
Solution: Letter I is picked up randomly from the word “PROBABILITY”.
The formula is Probability = Number of ways for something to happen
÷ Total number of possible outcomes
Total number of possible outcomes = Number of letters
in “PROBABILITY”
= 11
Number of ways of picking up letter ‘I’ = Number of times letter ‘I’
comes in
“PROBABILITY”
=2
Required probability = 2⁄11
Example: A spinner has different numbers of orange, yellow, red and blue
sections.

What is the probability of spinning blue?

Solution: Probabilities of events add up to 1, so to find the probability of the
spinner showing blue, add up the remaining probabilities and subtract this
from 1.
P(Orange) + P(Yellow) + P(Red) + P(Blue) = 1
0.1 + 0.5 + 0.2 + P(Blue) = 1
P(Blue) = 1 - (0.1 + 0.5 + 0.2)
=1 - 0.8
= 0.2
Probability of spinning blue is 0.2
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