KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG DASMARIÑAS

BRGY. BUROL MAIN, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR CE-EPHY001L PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP 2

BARRION, NASH
CANDELARIA, IZZY
CREDO, ERICKA ANN
DINGLASAN, GHELBERN
FLORES, VERON
LLANTINO, MELHIZA JOY
MACATANGAY JR., ROMEO
MAGWATE, KENSHIN
MALIMBAN, RENALYN
ORTIZ, DIN DIN
REYES, JOHN ALLEN

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. MELANIE LAYOS

DATE SUBMITTED:
APRIL 30, 2024
 KINDLY ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. What is the concept of acceleration in horizontal and vertical projectile motion?

HORIZONTAL PROJECTILE MOTION:
- In horizontal projectile motion, acceleration refers to the gravitational acceleration acting
on the object in downward direction, if there’s no horizontal force acting on the object or
assuming that there’s no air resistance, the object’s velocity will remain constant
throughout its trajectory.

VERTICAL PROJECTILE MOTION:

- However, in vertical projectile motion, the acceleration also refers to the gravitational
acceleration, but it affects the object’s vertical velocity, the gravity causes the object to
accelerate downward at a constant rate of 9.8m/s, meaning the object’s vertical velocity
increases as it falls and decreases as it rise and reaching 0 value at the peak of its
trajectory.

2. Is frictional force a scalar or a vector?

FRICTIONAL FORCE:
- Friction isn't just how strong it is, but also which direction it pushes. This is because it
acts against the movement of the object, not straight down like gravity. Since it has both
strength (magnitude) and direction, friction is considered a vector. We can't just multiply
the friction coefficient and normal force to get the total friction because we need to
consider the angle. The formula reflects this by using vector multiplication, showing that
friction is a vector quantity.

3. What is the first law of motion?

LAW OF INERTIA:
- The Law of Inertia states that objects will always resist being moved to their state of
motion. Until anything moves it, something that is stationary will remain stationary. In the
same way, until an outside force causes it to change course, anything in motion will keep
moving in the same direction and the same speed.

4. What is the universal law of gravitation?

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITY:
- The gravitational force between two objects is described by Sir Isaac Newton’s Universal
Law of Gravitation. According to this theory, the force that each point mass exerts on
every other point mass is directly proportional to the square of the distance between their
centers and directly relates to the product of their masses.
5. Who discovered gravitational force?
ISAAC NEWTON:
- From 1642 until 1727, Sir Isaac Newton, an English mathematician and physicist, was
active. According to tradition, while contemplating the laws of nature, Newton noticed an
apple falling and used that observation to develop gravity.

6. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity on Earth?

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY:
- The acceleration due to gravity on Earth is approximately 9.81m/s^2. This value represents
the acceleration experienced by objects near the Earth's surface due to the gravitational
attraction between them and the Earth. It determines the rate at which objects fall toward the
ground and plays a crucial role in various phenomena, including projectile motion, planetary
motion, and the behavior of fluids.

7. What is meant by work?

WORK:
- The transfer of energy that happens when a force is applied to an object and the object
moves in the direction of the force is referred to as “work” in physics. It is a measurement
of the energy that is transferred when a force is applied across a distance.
Work lacks direction and possesses magnitude, making it a scalar quantity.

8. Give a real-life example of work.

EXAMPLE OF WORK:
- Imagine a scenario where someone raises a sizable container from the ground and sets
it on a table. The person exerts a force (F) on the box, causing it to shift (displacement,
d) from the ground to the table. The angle (θ) between the force and the displacement is
0 degrees, as they are aligned. The work performed by the person leads to an increase
in the box's potential energy, given its elevated position.

9. What is the formula of work done by a force on a body?

The formula for WORK is:

W = Fd cos θ

- This formula states that the work is equal to the force that is being applied, multiplied by
the displacement of the object and further multiplied by the cosine of the angle between
the force and displacement vectors as it respectively in x axis, if the force and
displacement are in the same direction (θ = 0°), then the cos(θ) = 1 , and the work done
is maximized, if the force and displacement are perpendicular (θ = 90°), then cos (θ) = 0,
and no work is done.
10. What is the relationship between force and work?
FORCE AND WORK:
- The relationship between force and work is that work is done when a force causes
displacement in the direction of the force. In simpler terms, work (W) is equal to the force
applied to an object multiplied by the distance the object moves in the direction of the
force, expressed by the equation:

W = Fd cos θ

11. What is the relationship between displacement and work?

DISPLACEMENT AND WORK:
- Displacement and work are closely related in physics, where work is defined as the
product of the force applied to an object and the distance over which the force is applied.
The amount of work done on an object is directly proportional to both the force applied
and the displacement of the object. This means that the greater the displacement of an
object under the influence of a force, the more work is done on the object. In essence,
displacement plays a crucial role in determining the amount of work done on an object,
as work is directly related to the displacement of the object in the direction of the force
applied.

12. What is the importance of the angle between the force vector and the displacement vector?
FORCE VECTOR AND DISPLACEMENT VECTOR:
- The angle between the force vector and the displacement vector is crucial in
understanding the work done on an object. In physics, work is defined as the product of
the force applied to an object and the displacement of that object in the direction of the
force. When the force and displacement vectors are parallel (i.e., the angle between
them is zero), all of the force contributes to the displacement, resulting in maximum work
done. However, if the angle between them is non-zero, only the component of the force
parallel to the displacement contributes to the work done, leading to less work being
performed. Understanding this relationship helps in analyzing the energy transfer and
mechanical behavior of systems, such as in studying motion, forces, and power.

13. What is the work-energy principle?

THE WORK-ENERGY PRINCIPLE:
- Is a fundamental concept in physics that establishes a relationship between the work
done on an object and the change in its kinetic energy. It states that the work done on an
object by external forces is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. Mathematically, this
can be expressed as 𝑊=Δ𝐾𝐸 where 𝑊 represents the work done on the object and ΔKE
represents the change in its kinetic energy. This principle arises from the conservation of
energy, which asserts that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be
transferred from one form to another. When work is done on an object, energy is
transferred to or from it, resulting in a change in its kinetic energy. This principle is crucial
in analyzing the motion of objects, understanding the effects of forces on their motion,
 and solving problems related to mechanical systems and energy transformations. It has
widespread applications in various fields, including physics, engineering, mechanics, and
everyday life.

14. What is the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy?
Work - energy principle refers to a basic law in physics which is used to build a
relationship between kinetic energy and potential energy which are the two fundamental
representations of the mechanical energy within a system.
KINETIC ENERGY
- The kinetic energy is the energy of motion which an object has by its position in space.
The range of destruction increases proportionally with the mass and the kinetic energy of
the impact, which is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the square of its
velocity. For example moving vehicles, swinging mechanical pendulums. or rolling
bodies.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
- On the other side, potential energy which is stored energy from an object’s position.
Gravitational potential energy, as an example, depends on an object's height above a
specific point, in contrast to the elastic potential one which derives from the deformation
of the elastic materials.

15. Why are the laws of motion important?

IMPORTANCE OF LAWS OF MOTION
- Sir Isaac Newton's laws of motion are essential because they provide the framework for
comprehending and forecasting the behavior of objects in motion. These principles give
us a foundation for examining a broad variety of physical events, from the most basic
daily activities to the intricate workings of celestial mechanics. They allow us to explain
how forces affect objects. Engineers and scientists may ensure efficiency and safety in
the design and construction of anything from cars to rockets by knowing these laws.
These rules also form the basis of classical physics, providing the framework for
additional research and technological development. Fundamentally, the principles of
motion are essential for understanding how objects behave in our universe. They
provide an organized approach to creativity and problem-solving, but they provide no
guidance.

16-18 What are some daily life examples of Newton's 1st, 2nd and 3rd laws of motion
● 1st Law of Motion: Law of Inertia
A ball rolling down the street will continue to roll unless something or someone acts as force to
stop it.
The first law of motion, also known as the Law of Inertia, states that an object at rest will
stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. In the context of a ball rolling down the
street, the ball will continue to roll and maintain its velocity due to its inertia, until an external
force (such as a person or a curb) acts upon it to stop or change its motion.
 ● 2nd Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration
It is easier to push an empty cart in a supermarket than a loaded one, and more mass requires
more acceleration.
The second law of motion, also known as the Law of Acceleration, states that the
acceleration of an object is dependent on the net force acting upon it and the mass of the
object. The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the
mass. This means that if the net force acting on an object is increased, the acceleration of the
object is increased, and if the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is
decreased. In the context of pushing a cart in a supermarket, it is easier to push an empty cart
than a loaded one because the empty cart has less mass, and therefore requires less force to
accelerate. Similarly, if you apply the same force to a loaded cart as you would to an empty one,
the loaded cart will accelerate less due to its greater mass.

● 3rd Law of Motion: Law of Interaction (Action-Reaction)

Rock climbers pull their vertical rope downwards to push themselves upwards.
The third law of motion, also known as the Law of Interaction, states that for every action,
there is an equal and opposite reaction. In the context of rock climbers pulling their vertical rope
downwards to push themselves upwards, the action force is the climber pulling down on the
rope, and the reaction force is the rope pulling up on the climber. The equal and opposite
reaction force of the climber pulling down on the rope allows the climber to lift themselves
upwards. This is because the downward force of the climber's pull creates an equal and
opposite upward force on the climber, counteracting their weight and making it easier for them
to ascend.