Part-B Micro-Project Report

Title : Transmission line fault detection system with

temperature protection

1.0)Rationale :
The Electric Power system in Generation, Transmission & Distribution we can use small
and large equipment. So we can use the different protective scheme for different
equipment. This course will empower the students with the different faults and clearing
there faults in Power System . Further the electrical power systems of all sorts and at all
levels are incomplete without the use of the relevant relays , circuit breaker , C.T , P.T.
This course will also make the students familiar with the working and clearing faults in
the power system.

2.0)Aims/Benefits of the micro-project :

1) For getting knowledge about faults detection by using relay.
2) For protection of power system
3) To detection and protection to Power System.
3.0) Course outcomes Achieved :
a) Identify various types faults in power.
b)select suitable switchgear for different application.
c) Test the performance of different protective relays.
d)Maintain protection schemes for motors and transmission lines.

4.0) Literature review

Transmission Line Fault Detection is a crucial aspect of the electrical
power system that helps to ensure the stability and reliability of the
power supply by detecting and isolating faults in the transmission line.
In recent years, many researchers have focused on developing advanced
electrical components and techniques for transmission line fault
detection. In this literature survey, we will review some of the recent
research works in this field. One of the recent studies focuses on the use
of artificial intelligence algorithms for transmission line fault detection.
The study used a neural network-based approach to detect faults in the
transmission line. The results showed that the proposed approach was
able to detect faults in the transmission line with high accuracy and in a
timely manner. Another study focused on . 2 the use of digital signal
processing techniques for transmission line fault detection. The study
proposed a new approach based on the analysis of the power system
frequency response. The results showed that the proposed approach was
able to accurately detect faults in the transmission line and was able to
improve the accuracy of the traditional fault detection methods. In a
different study, researchers proposed the use of microcontroller-based
systems for transmission line fault detection. The proposed system used
a relay module, a thermistor temperature sensor, and a transformer to
detect and isolate faults in the transmission line. The results showed that
the proposed system was able to accurately detect faults in the
transmission line and was able to improve the stability and reliability of
the power system. In conclusion, the literature survey shows that there
is a significant amount of research work being done in the field of
transmission line fault detection. Researchers are developing advanced
electrical components and techniques to improve the accuracy and
reliability of fault detection systems. The use of artificial intelligence
algorithms, digital signal processing techniques, and microcontroller-
based systems are some of the recent approaches being used for
transmission line fault detection. The implementation of these advanced
techniques is expected to significantly improve the stability and
reliability of the electrical power system.

4.1) . INTRODUCTION :
Transmission lines play a vital role in delivering electrical energy from
power generation plants to load centres. However, faults like short
circuits can occur in these transmission lines, which can cause
significant damage to the equipment and disrupt power supply. To
ensure the stability and reliability of the electrical power system, it is
imperative to detect and isolate such faults in a timely manner. This is
where the concept of Transmission Line Fault Detection comes into
play. In this process, advanced electrical components such as a relay
module, a thermistor temperature sensor, and a transformer are used to
detect and isolate faults in the transmission line. The relay module acts
as a switch, controlling the power supply to the thermistor sensor. When
a fault occurs, the relay module switches the power supply to the
thermistor sensor, which then senses the rise in temperature due to the
fault. The transformer is used to step down the voltage from the
transmission line to a level that can be safely handled by the thermistor
sensor. The use of a relay module, a thermistor temperature sensor, and
a transformer in the fault detection system offers several advantages.
The system is compact and reliable, making it easier to integrate into
existing power systems. The thermistor temperature sensor is highly
sensitive and can accurately detect faults in the transmission line,
allowing for quick and effective isolation of the affected section. The
transformer helps to ensure the safety of the system by reducing the
voltage to a level that can be safely handled by the thermistor sensor. In
conclusion, the Transmission Line Fault Detection system using a relay
module, a thermistor temperature sensor, and a transformer is a crucial
component of the electrical power system. It helps to ensure the stability
and reliability of the power system by detecting and isolating faults in
the transmission line in a timely manner. The use of advanced electrical
components makes the system compact, reliable, and easy to integrate
into existing power systems.

4.2 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION:

Transmission line faults are a major problem in the electrical power
system and can cause significant disruption in the power supply. Some
of the main problems associated with transmission line faults include:
1) Power Outages: Transmission line faults can result in power outages,
which can affect both residential and commercial customers. This can
cause significant inconvenience and financial losses, especially for
businesses that rely on a constant power supply.
2) Equipment Damage: Transmission line faults can cause damage to
electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, which can be
costly to repair or replace.
3) Increased Energy Losses: Faults in the transmission line can result in
increased energy losses, which can have a significant impact on the
efficiency of the electrical power system.
4) Safety Hazards: Transmission line faults can also pose a safety
hazard, as they can cause electrical arcs and fires. This can put both the
public and electrical workers at risk.
5) Reduced Reliability: Faults in the transmission line can reduce the
reliability of the electrical power system, as they can result in power
outages and disruptions in the power supply. In conclusion, transmission
line faults pose a significant problem for the electrical power system,
and it is important to have effective methods for detecting and isolating
these faults to ensure the stability and reliability of the power supply
Fig 1 flow chart of fault identification
 4.3) Circuit Diagram

Fig 2 microproject circuit diagram

Equations Mathematical Derivation

i) Line to line fault: A line to line fault is one where short-circuiting
occurs between two phases of a system.
Line to ground fault: A line to ground fault is one where short circuit occurs

Fig 3 Line to line fault

2.Li
ne
to
ground fault: A line to ground fault is one where short rt-circuit occurs
between one phase of the system

Fig 4 Line to ground fault

Where,
If = fault Current
Z1 = impedence of R phase
Z2= impedence of Y phase
Z2 = impedence of B phase
From here we identify that, here in this prototype we supplied the 4.95A
current and after the fault happened it was detect and switch off the
transmission line in 0.5 - 1sec(by the help of multimeter).
Meantime detecting the fault and engineers are clear fault in short time and
reestablish power system as quickly as possible on very minimum
interruption.

4.4) Research Gapping & Analysis

The research gap and analysis for the project Transmission Line Fault
Detection using Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer involves
identifying the current limitations and challenges of existing transmission line
fault detection methods, and exploring the potential for further improvement
using advanced electrical components and techniques. . 9 One of the current
limitations of existing transmission line fault detection methods is the inability
to accurately detect faults in a timely manner. This is due to the limitations of
traditional fault detection techniques such as overcurrent protection and
differential protection, which are based on the analysis of current and voltage
signals. These techniques may not be able to accurately detect faults in real-
time due to the complex nature of power system signals. Another limitation is
the lack of reliability and stability of existing fault detection systems. Some
existing systems may not be able to detect faults in certain conditions, leading
to power outages and disruptions in the electrical power system. To address
these limitations, the project Transmission Line Fault Detection using Relay
Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer explores the potential of using
advanced electrical components such as relay module, thermistor temperature
sensor, and transformer for transmission line fault detection. The use of these
components offers several advantages, including accurate and timely fault
detection, compact and reliable design, and ease of integration into existing
power systems. In terms of research gaps, there is still room for further
improvement in the accuracy and reliability of the fault detection system using
these components. For example, further research can be done to optimize the
design of the relay module, thermistor sensor, and transformer to improve
their performance and reduce the cost of the system. In conclusion, the
research gap and analysis of the project Transmission Line Fault Detection
using Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer highlights the
current limitations and challenges of existing transmission line fault detection
methods, and explores the potential for improvement using advanced electrical
components and techniques. The implementation of this project is expected to
significantly improve the stability and reliability of the electrical power
system, and further research is needed to optimize the design of the
components and improve their performance.
4.5) Equipment List
1)Double channel relay module - The relay module is the primary
component of the fault detection system. It is used to switch the power supply
to the thermistor temperature sensor, based on the fault conditions.

Fig 5 Dual channel relay

2) Jumper wire female to female -The jumper wire is used to connect the
various components of the system, such as the relay module, the thermistor
sensor, and the transformer.

Fig 6 Jumper wire female to female

3) Thermistor temperature sensor module - - The thermistor sensor is used

to detect the rise in temperature due to the fault in the transmission line. The
relay module switches the power supply to the thermistor sensor when a fault
occurs, and the thermistor senses the rise in temperature.

Fig 7 .3 pin thermistor temperature sensor

4) Transformer - The transformer is used to step-down the voltage from the

transmission line to a level that can be safely handled by the thermistor sensor
5) Copper wire - The copper wire is used to make connections between the
components of the system and to carry electrical signals.
6) Steel towers - The steel towers support the transmission line and help to
keep it in place.
7) Three bulb - The three bulb is used to represent the load on the
transmission line.
8) Hard card board - The hard card board is used as a base for mounting the
components of the system.

4.6) Theoretical framework

The theoretical aspects of the project Transmission Line Fault Detection using
Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer involve the understanding
of the electrical components and techniques used for fault detection in
transmission lines.
Relay Module: A relay module is an electrical component that is used for
switching and controlling electrical circuits. In this project, the relay module is
used for detecting and isolating transmission line faults. When a fault occurs,
the relay module will detect the change in current or voltage and trigger the
appropriate action, such as opening a switch to isolate the faulted section of
the transmission line.
Thermistor Sensor: A thermistor is a type of temperature sensor that is used
to measure the temperature of an object or environment. In this project, the
thermistor sensor is used to detect the temperature increase that occurs during
a fault in the transmission line. The thermistor sensor will detect the rise in
temperature and trigger the relay module to isolate the faulted section of the
transmission line.
Transformer: A transformer is an electrical component that is used to transfer
electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic
induction. In this project, the transformer is used to isolate the faulted section
of the transmission line and prevent the fault from spreading to other parts of
the electrical power system.
The combination of these electrical components and techniques results in a
highly reliable and efficient transmission line fault detection system. The relay
module detects the fault and triggers the appropriate action, while the
thermistor sensor provides accurate temperature readings to confirm the
presence of a fault. The transformer isolates the faulted section of the
transmission line, preventing the fault from spreading and minimizing the
impact on the electrical power system.
In conclusion, the theoretical aspects of the project Transmission Line Fault
Detection using Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer involve
the understanding of the electrical components and techniques used for fault
detection in transmission lines, and how these components can be combined to
create a reliable and efficient fault detection system.

5.0) Actual Methodology of our Project

The methodology of the project Transmission Line Fault Detection using
Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer can be outlined as
follows: Design and setup: The components such as the double channel relay
module, thermistor temperature sensor module, transformer, capacitor bank,
copper wire, steel towers, three bulbs, and hard card board will be assembled
and connected according to the schematic diagram.
Power supply and testing: The system will be powered up and tested to ensure
that all components are functioning correctly. The three bulbs will be used to
indicate the status of the system, with each bulb representing a different stage
of the fault detection process.
Monitoring and detection: The relay module will continuously monitor the
current and voltage in the transmission line. If a fault occurs, the relay module
will detect the change in current or voltage and trigger the appropriate action.
The thermistor sensor will also detect any temperature increase that occurs
during a fault, confirming the presence of a fault. Isolation and protection: If a
fault is detected, the relay module will isolate the faulted section of the
transmission line by opening the switch. The transformer will then prevent the
fault from spreading to other parts of the electrical power system. The
capacitor bank will also help to stabilize the system and reduce energy losses
during a fault. Evaluation and improvement: The performance of the
transmission line fault detection system will be evaluated and any necessary
improvements will be made to ensure its reliability and efficiency. In
conclusion, the methodology of the project Transmission Line Fault Detection
using Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer involves the design
and setup of the components, power supply and testing, continuous monitoring
and detection, isolation and protection during a fault, and ongoing evaluation
and improvement to ensure the reliability and efficiency of the system.

Fig 8 power system

Procedure
The system works as follows:
1.Normal Operation - When the transmission line is functioning correctly,
the relay module does not switch the power supply to the thermistor sensor.
2. Fault Detection - When a fault occurs in the transmission line, the relay
module switches the power supply to the thermistor sensor, and the thermistor
senses the rise in temperature due to the fault.
3. Isolation of Fault - The fault is isolated by switching off the power supply
to the affected section of the transmission line.
4. Repair and Restoration - The repair and restoration of the fault can be
carried out after the fault has been isolated.
7.0) Output of the Micro- project

Fig 9 Condition of Micro-Project

Fig 10 . working condition of micro-project

Fig 11 Group photo with working condition of micro-project

8.0) skill developed/learning outcome of this micro project
A)team work : at that time of selection of micro-project we
discussed about micro-project with coordination . all the team
member in equally involve in every moment and any time.
B)Time Management : Time management is a key skill for project
management and can help ensure that projects are completed on
time and within budget. Here are some time management strategies
that can help with micro projects:
 Prioritize: Decide which tasks to complete first by
reviewing your schedule and labeling tasks as urgent,
important, or neither.
 Track time : Use time tracking tools to ensure that deadlines
are met and productivity is optimized.
C)Leadership: in the time of micro project leadership is important
, a leader is ahead in any work , we realized that you are leader we
must work.
D) Transmission line skills ; in the transmission line different
fault occur like line to line, line to ground, three phase short
circuit , breaking conductor . and how can the clear faut and after
that the transmission line work smoothly
E) communication skills : At that time of making and present the
micro-project the communication skills are improved
9.0)application of this Micro project
a in engineering laboratories
b in diploma labs
c in ITI laboratories