19TH CENTURY

PHILIPPINES AS
RIZAL'S CONTEXT
THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
WEEK 2
19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES
AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT
Philippine era was the era of challenges
and responses.
It is the period of major changes that
affect man and society.
Age of enlightenment
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
 The Galleon trade (Kalakalang Galyon)is also known in New Spainas "La Nao de la
China" (The China Ship) because it carried largely Chinese goods, shipped from
Manila.
 When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, our ancestor were always trading with
China, Japan, Siam, India, Cambodia, Borneo and the Mollucas.
 The Spanish Government continued trade relations with these countries, and Manila
became the center of commerce in the East.
 The Spaniards closed the ports of manila to all countries except Mexico. Thus, the
Manila- Acapulco Trade, better known as the "Galleon Trade" was born.
OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL
 Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 relatively became an easy passage between Spain and the
Philippines for Spanish trading.
 The Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean and the Red seas is inaugurated in an elaborate
ceremony attended by French Empress Eugenie, wife of Napoleon III.
 In 1854, Ferdinand de Lesseps, the former French consul to Cairo, secured an agreement with the
Ottoman governor of Egypt to build a canal 100 miles across the Isthmus of Suez.
 An international team of engineers drew up a construction plan, and in 1856 the Suez Canal for 99
years after completion of the work.
 Construction began in April 1859, and at first digging was done by hand with picks and shovels
wielded by forced laborers. Later, European workers with dredgers and steam shovels arrived. Labor
disputes and a cholera epidemic slowed construction, and the Suez Canal was not completed until
1869-four years behind schedule.
 On November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal was opened to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama.
When it opened, the Suez Canal was only 25 feet deep, 72 feet wide at the bottom, and 200 to 300
feet wide at the surface. Consequently, fewer than 500 ships navigated it in its first full year of
operation. Major improvements began in 1876, however, and the canal soon grew into the one of the
world's most heavily traveled shipping lanes.
OPENING OF PORTS TO
WORLD TRADE
 The growing numbers of foreign merchants in Manila spurred the integration of the
Philippines into an international commercial system linking industrialized Europe and
North America with sources of raw materials and markets in the Americas and Asia. In
principle, non-Spanish Europeans were not allowed to reside in Manila or elsewhere
in the islands, but in fact British, American, French, and other foreign merchants
circumvented this prohibition by flying the flags of Asian states or conniving with local
officials.
 In 1834 the crown abolished the Royal Company of the Philippines and formally
recognized free trade, opening the port of Manila to unrestricted foreign commerce. By
1856 there were thirteen foreign trading firms in Manila, of which seven were British
and two Americans; between 1855 and 1873 the Spanish opened new ports to foreign
trade, including Panay, Zamboanga in the western portion of Mindanao, Cebu on
Cebu, and Legaspi in the Bicol area of southern Luzon. The growing prominence of
steam over sail navigation and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 contributed to
spectacular increases in the volume of trade.
 THE RISE OF THE EXPORT CROP ECONOMY
 In 1851 exports and imports totaled some US$8.2 million; ten years later, they had risen to US$18.9 million and by 1870 were US$53.3
million. Exports alone grew by US$20 million between 1861 and 1870. British and United States merchants dominated Philippine
commerce, the former in an especially favored position because of their bases in Singapore, Hong Kong, and the island Borneo.
 By the late nineteenth century, three crops-tobacco, abaca, and sugar-dominated Philippine exports. The government monopoly on
tobacco had been abolished in 1880, but Philippine cigars maintained their high reputation, popular throughout Victorian parlors in
Britain, the European continent, and North America. Because of the growth of the worldwide shipping, Philippine abaca, which was
considered the best material for ropes and cordage, grew in importance and after 1850 alternated with sugar as the islands' most
important export.
 Americans dominated the abaca trade; raw material was made into rope, first at plants in New England and then in the Philippines.
Principal regions for the growing of abaca were the Bicol areas of southeastern Luzon and the eastern portions of the Visayan Islands.
 Sugarcane had been produced and refined using crude methods at least as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century. The
opening of the port of Iloilo in Panay in 1855 and the encouragement of the British vice consul in that town, Nicholas Loney (described
by a modern writer as "a one-man whirlwind of entrepreneurial and technical innovation"), led to the development of the previously
unsettled island of Negros as the center of the Philippine sugar industry, exporting its product to Britain and Australia.
 Loney arranged liberal credit terms for the local landlords to invest in the new crop, encouraged the migration of labor from the
neighboring and overpopulated island of Panay, and introduced stream-driven sugar refineries that replaced the traditional method of
producing low-grade sugar in loaves. The population of Negros tripled.
 Local "sugar-barons" --- the owners of the sugar plantations— became a potent political and economic force by the end of the
nineteenth century.
THE RISE OF THE
MONOPOLIES
 On March 1, 1782, Spanish governor general Jose V. Basco established the tobacco
monopoly as his economic program. Thus, the tobacco production in the Philippines
was under his total control.
 The provinces of Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Provinces, Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque
were ordered to plant tobacco. Only the government was allowed to buy the tobaccos.
These tobaccos were then bought to Manila to be made into cigar or cigarettes.
 Why did Basco created the Tobacco Monopoly?
 Expenses incurred in running the colony were usually paid for by a yearly subsidy
called real situado sent from the Philippines' sister colony, Mexico. This was, however,
insufficient.
 The Royal fiscal, Francisco Leandro de Vianna, was prompted to devise a plan to be
able to a raise revenue on its own.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
The Education System
 A key factor in the emergence of nationalism in the late nineteenth century was the cultural
development consequent on the rapid spread of education from about 1861.
 One of the major influences on the educational development of the nineteenth century was the return
of the Jesuits. Expelled from the Philippines and the rest of the Spanish empire in 1768, they finally
returned in 1859 to take charge of the evangelization of Mindanao. Having escaped, because of their
expulsion, from the general decline that in the early part of the nineteenth century affected the
Philippine church and the system of education that depended on it, they returned with ideas and
methods new to the Philippine educational system. Asked by the Ayuntamiento to take over the
municipal primary school in 1859 that became Escuela Municipal, later renamed Ateneo Municipal de
Manila in 1865, now Ateneo de Manila University and opened it to the Filipino students as well as the
Spaniards for whom it had been founded. by 1865, Ateneo Municipal. had been transformed into a
secondary school that offered a level of instruction beyond the official requirements and more
approximated today's college than high school. Aside from Latin and Spanish, Greek, French, and
English were studied.
 Rizal studied at Ateneo Municipal when this school was located at Intramuros, Manila. At the same
time, such a role was given to the natural sciences that Rizal has the Filosopo Tasio (Rizal's father,
Francisco) say, "The Philippines owes (the Jesuits) the beginnings of the Natural Science, soul of the
nineteenth century." Under the direction of the Jesuits too was the other new educational institution,
the Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros (Superior Normal School) for female teachers. It was
opened in 1865 to provide Spanish-speaking teachers for the projected new primary school system.
The Escuela- Normal represented a hope of progress in the mind of the many Filipinos that just as it
would be opposed by those for whom modern education for Filipinos pose a danger to the continuance
of Spanish rule.
 THE CHINESE AND CHINESE MESTIZOS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
 The sectors that greatly benefited from the changing economy were the Chinese and the
Chinese mestizos. Since pre-colonial times, the natives of the Philippines had had trade
relations with the Chinese. During the height of the Galleon Trade, it was also Chinese
products that comprised most the goods being traded.
 The influx of Chinese settlements in the Philippines made the Spaniards suspicious of the
Chinese. These feelings led to stringent state policies towards the sangley ranging from
higher taxes, the restriction of movement with the establishment of the Chinese enclave
(the Parian), to actual policies of expulsion.
 The Chinese, however, proved to be "necessary outsiders" in Philippine colonial economy
and society. Although the Spaniards were wary of the Chinese, they realized the
importance that the latter played in sustaining the economy. From the goods loaded on the
galleons to the development of retail trade, the Chinese enlivened the economy.
Eventually and gradually, they became integrated into colonial society, giving rise to
Intermarriages with indios that gave birth to Chinese mestizos.
 The Chinese mestizos assumed an important role in the economy all throughout the
Spanish colonial period. They influenced the changing economy in the nineteenth century
by purchasing land, accumulating wealth and influence.
IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY
 The economic developments, as mentioned, precipitated social, political, and cultural developments
as well. For example, the new economy demanded a more literate population to address the rising
need for a more professionalized workforce to man the trading activities in Manila and other centers.
This demand compelled the issuance of the colonial government order in 1836 that required all towns
to set up primary schools to teach the population how to read and write. It eventually led to the
passage of an education decree in 1863 that mandated free primary education. Eventually, the
nineteenth century also gave birth to many schools that addressed the growing demand for more
professionals. Schools like Ateneo Municipal were established during this time.
 The complex nature of the developing economy also allowed the government to intensify
bureaucratization and to streamline colonial governance. As Manila became a trading center, it
became a viable destination for people seeking better opportunities or those wanting to escape the
worsening conditions in the farmlands. The increased rate of internal migration raised several
concerns. One, people flocked the centers of trade like Manila. Overcrowding implied issues in living
quarters, sanitation and public health, and increase in criminality. Two, the continuous movement of
people made tax collection extra difficult.
 In order to mitigate these concerns, one measure implemented was the 1849 decree of Governor-
General Narciso Claveria that urged the people in the colony to adopt surnames. With the catalogo
de apellidos drawn up, the colonial government assigned surnames to people and forbade changing
names at will. Together with more policies like the registration and possession of a cedula personal
bearing one's name and residence, the colonial government sought to have a better surveillance
mechanism. To help carry out policies better, the guardia civil was eventually established. As the new
economy afforded the colonial state new oppurtunities, it also prompted the state to be more
regulatory and to assert its authority.
RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
The Philippine society felt the impact of the developing economy. As a result, social
relations underwent redefinitions, and the changing dynamics brought about a
renegotiation of social stratification. With the growing relevance of the mestizo
population, new lines were drawn with the following social strata:
 Peninsular-Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Iberian Peninsula (i.e., Spain)
 Insular- Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Philippines
 Mestizo-Born of mixed parentage, a mestizo can be:
- Spanish mestizo—one parent is Spanish, the other is a native; or
- Chinese mestizo—one parent is Chinese, the other is a native
- Principalia-Wealthy pure-blooded native supposedly descended from the kadatoan class

 Indio-Pure-blooded native of the Philippines

 Chino infiel--- Non-Catholic pure-blooded Chinese
THE RISE OF THE INQUILINOS (HACIENDEROS)
 The rapidly growing population in the nineteenth century needed increased amounts of rice. Thus, those
who controlled large rice, sugar, and abaca-growing lands in the Central Luzon, Batangas, parts of Bikol
region, Negros, and Panay profited the mst.
 These included not only the Filipino hacenderos of Pampanga, Batangas, and Western Visayas, and the
friar orders owning the large haciendas of Bulacan, Laguna, and Cavite, but also inquilinos of the friar
haciendas.
 By this time, many of these inquilinos were equivalently hacenderos in their own right, pass on from one
generation to the next the lands they rented from the flier hacienda and farming them by means of their
share-tenants or kasama.
 To the latter, they stood in a semi feudal relationship little different from that which existed during Rizal's
time in the Nineteenth-Century Context between owner¬ hacenderos and their tenants. The prosperity
which the new export economy had brought to some may be illustrated by the case of Rizal's Chinese
ancestor Domingo Lam-co.
 When he had come to the Biñan hacienda in mid eighteenth century, the average holding of an inquilino
was 2.9 hectares; after Rizal's father had moved to the hacienda, the Rizal family in the 1890's rented the
hacienda over 390 hectares. But on the friar haciendas, rising prosperity had also brought friction between
inquilinos and haciendas as lands grew in value and rents were raised.
 A combination of traditional methods and modernizing efficiency led to disputes, ultimately over who should
'reap the larger part of the fruits of the economic boom. Eventually, this would lead to a questioning of the
friar's rights to the haciendas. But it is a gross misnomer to speak of the Revolution as an "agrarian revolt"
in the modern sense.
 For it would not be the "kasama" who would challenge friar ownership, but the prosperous inquilinos. And
their motive would be as much political as economic —to weaken the friars' influence in the Philippine
political life.
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
 The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th century.
 The Filipinos became the Spaniard's slave.
 The Spaniards claimed their taxes and Filipinos worked under the power of the Spaniards.
 There was an appointment of officials with inferior qualifications, without. dedication of duty and moral
strength to resist corruption for material advancement. Through this power and authority, the Spaniards
possessed, they collected and wasted the money of the Filipinos.There were too complicated functions to
the unions of the church and the state.
 Through the power that the Spaniards possessed, they had the right to appoint the different positions. The
appointment of positions is obtained by the highest bidder which is the Governor-general of the country.
 The term of office which is the length of time a person (usually a politician) serves in a particular office which
is dependent on the desire of the King of Spain. The Spanish officials traveled to various places and the
needs of the Philippines were ignored. They did not put too much attention to the needs of the other people.
There were inadequate administrative supervisions, they were unable to face and" solve the problems
regarding the Philippines.
 There were also overlapping of powers and privileges of officials which made them competitive. Personal
interest is over the welfare of the State. They were corrupt during the 19th century and the Alcaldias/Alcalde
is considered as the most corrupt over the other corrupts.
 The Alcaldias/Alcalde includes the administrators, judges and military commandants. They usually have
P25/mo. Liberal allowances and privileges to take a certain percentage of money from the total amount of
taxes. There were also monopoly trades or business practices known as indulto para comerciar.
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY
 The principal ideas of liberalism- liberty and equality- were first realized successfully in the
American Revolution and then achieved in part in the French Revolution. This political and
social philosophy challenged conservatism in the European continent. -Liberalism

IMPACT OF THE BOURBON REFORMS

 The Bourbon Reforms (Castilian: Reformas Borbonicas) were a set of economic and political
legislation promulgated by the Spanish Crown under various kings of the House of Bourbon,
mainly in the 18th century. The strengthening of the crown's power with clear lines of authority
to officials contrasted to the complex system of government that evolved under the Habsburg
monarchs. In particular, the crown pursued state supremacy over the Catholic Church, resulting
in the suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1767 as well as an attempt to abolish ecclesiastical
privilege (fuero eclesiastico).

CADIZ CONSTITUTION OF 1812

 A Spanish constitution adopted by the constituent Cortes in Cadiz on Mar. 18, 1812, and made public on
Mar. 19, 1812, during the Spanish Revolution of 1808-14. The constitution declared that "sovereignty
resides in the nation, which retains the exclusive right to establish its own fundamental laws" (art. 3). Spain
was proclaimed a hereditary monarchy (art. 14), with legislative power vested in the Cortes and the
monarch (art. 15) and executive power represented by the monarch (art. 16). The constitution proclaimed
individual freedom and the inviolability of domicile (arts. 286 and 307) but declared Catholicism the official
religion of Spain and prohibited the practice of any other religion (art. 12).
 De Viana, A.V., Cabrera, F.C., Samala, E.P., De Vera, M.M., & Atutubo, J.C. (2018).
Jose Rizal: Social Reformer and Patriot. Rex Book Store, Inc.
 Zaide, G.F. & Zaide, S.M. (2008). Jose Rizal: life, works and writings of a genius
writer, scientist and national hero. All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc.
 https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-19th-century
 https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/la-verdad-christian-college/bachelor-of-
science-in- accountancy-i/19th-century-philippines-as-rizals-context/11636319
 https://pdfcoffee.com/the-philippines-in-the-19th-century-as-rizals-context-pdf-
free.html