------------------------java -------------------

Comments In java are three types

1.single line comments ---- by //
2.multiline comments ------ by /* */ is only see inside a code only
3.documentry comments ------by /** */ Is mostly used instead multiline
comments because it shows to both user and developer in the form of document in
HTML

PACKAGES:
package is namespace that organizes set of class and interfaces. packages are
help to avoid name conflicts(godavalu)
java have some default packages java.Until , java.io ,java.lang --it contain
some class

data types :
This are two types 1.primitive and 2.non-primitive(also called reference)
1.primitive:
IT stores a single value and do not provide a special capability
you known java is object oriented program(OOPs) and s for system . but not .
java is not pure oops because primitive . it not pure oops.
Again it are types :
int Boolean float double char short byte long
in these byte and Boolean have 8 bits (1 byte)
short and char have 16 bits (2 bytes) -------------- this is imp
question is why char has 2 bytes in java but other language has only one byte .
ANSWER .other languages have ASCII - American standard code for international
interchange . it means it have only English characters and some special characters
and 0- 9 numbers . but in java follows Unicode system . it stores more than many
languages .
int and long have 32 bits ( 3 bytes ) ------
float and double have 64 bits (4 bytes)-----mostly double is used
because it stores more floating point than float

2.NON-primitive data types:

They are used to store a complex types of data
it have Strings , class , objects , arrays , interface

it has certain memory address because it wont store variable value into
a memory
*IMP point is basically static keyword not used for constants and in java
constants are denoted by final keyword .

-----------Memory allotment in java -----

**IMP points : Objects are stored memory in heap memory

methods call , local variables and primitive are stored in
stack memory : -- each method has creates a each stack frame memory . when the
method is completed stack frame is removed
let me explain in simple terms . it is based in LIFO(last in,
first one)--example : a stack of plates in kitchen if you take a plate which plate
you take absolutely you take first one and which one you take away . this also
first one . that at this will be happened
when you use a static keyword it all store in a method area . it all are in a
one block . whereas , in heap memory each object has each block
identifiers :
Identifiers are names used to represent a variables , functions , methods
etc.
ex: int age;
names containers only [a- z] ,[A - Z], [0-9] and underscore(_) and $
only and not begin with numbers
variables:
variables are used to store a data;
ex: int age = 17;

simply when you not give data we called it has identifier and when you assign data
is called as variable

OPERATERS :
operators are special symbols used to perform a operations to a variables
and variables . There are
1.arthmatic operations: it is used to perform mathematical operations between
variables .
+ , - , / , * , %
2.unary operations: it i
++ --increment . ex: if x = 4 ; then x++ is means x = x + 1; first 4
and second 1 is added ; then answer is 5

ex: if x = 4 ; then ++x is means first one is added

then 4 is added ; then answer is 5

-- ----decrement . ex : if x = 6 ; then x-- is means temp = x ; x = x -1 ;

result temp ; first 6 and second 1 is minus ; then answer is 5
ex : if x = 6 ; then --x is means x = x -1 ; first i
one minus then decrease 6 ; then answer is 5

--------- both answers must be equal-----------

unary minus (-) : it is convert + to - vice verse

not operant(!):
it convert true to false vice verse
bitwise operant(~): it convert 1 to 0 and vice verse in binary system
. simply we use the formula is x = -( x + 1 ) . **IMP is unary operant is more
faster than others

3. Assignment operation : it is used to assign a value to a variable

= , -= , += /= ,%= , //= ,

4.logical operations : it is used to perform a logical gates

AND(&&) : it is used by the condition is true when both value
are true
OR(||) : it is used by the condition is true when only one
value is true
NOT(!) : AND(&&) : it converts true value into false and vice
verse
5.relation operations: it is used to check whether both values are equal or not
==,!= ,<,>,<=,=>,
6.Terminary operations : it is short cut of if conditions (conditional
statements). it has a structure variable = condition ? true : false.

7.bitwise operations :

it is perform in binary level . but we have some formulas for this.

~ is already knew
<< has x = x * (2^n)
>> has x = x / (2^n)
***IMP are what is Expression in java? :::: An expression in java is a
combination of operators and operands that is used to perform mathematical or
logical calculations. In simple words, it is a combination of variables, constants,
and operators.

VARIABLES :
variables are names that holds a data . it crucial in execution of program

variables are three types

1.local variables :
A variable can be defined within a block or method or
constructer . it has must be assign a value to a this and java cant assign default
value. it stored in stack memory

2. instance variable : it is non static variable defined in class but

outside any method , constructer or block. instance variables are created when a
object is created only
it is defined within a class . it has java provide default value
to that variable if not assign a value . like for String = null ; int = 0 ; etc..
,,
it is exit as object exist.it stored data in heap memory

3.static variable :
it is declared in within a class and access by using its
className.variable in anywhere in a program. because it stores a data separately in
method area.

ERROR ARE TWO TYPES 1. complier error And 2.runtime error

1.complier error :
Occurs when
incorrect syntax ,not declared class name , not assign value to
local variables , missing return , type convention
2.RINTIME error: occurs when divide by zero , null pointers

****in java total keywords are 50 . and goto and const are used for future use****

---ACCESS MODIFIERS OR ACCESS PACIFIERS OR ACCESSIBILTY MODIFIERS-------

DEFINATION: it defines a scope/visibility of a members of a class (methods ,
constructer , variables)
there are four access modifiers are their which are, public , private , protected ,
default(no modifier)(private-package).

1.public: it used anywhere in the program like same class or other class and
same package or other package
2.private:it can be used in only same class only and even don't use in subclass
also(inheritance)
3.defalut : it can be used in anywhere in the same package and also subclasses
also but in the same package
4.protected : it can be used in anywhere in the same package and subclasses
(even the subclass is in other package)

WRAPER CLASSES :
in java that provide a way to convert primitive data types into objects and this
wrapper classes are in the java.lang package
and in collections like arraylist and hasmaps like that means do you array .
it stores a objects not primitive types. so that , wrapper classes used to converts
primitive types into objects and in wrapper classes have type conversions
string to int by using Interger.parseint()
**in primitive types cant hold null values but it is possible in wrapper
class
how to use is
first we have primitive type === int x = 5
convert that into like this === Integer varible_name =
Interger.parseint(5);

wrapper classes have not a (parameter less ) is not working --default constructer
is not working in wrapper classes working in normal classes

it has 4 types
1.boxing: --wrapper means to wrap a data let me explain if you buy a phone for
gifting to your friend . you absolutely wrap a gift cover to that then gift it.
like that wrapper class wrap a primitive data in wrapper class

if you store a primitive data in wrapper class , like this

ex: int x = 20;

lets create a object = > Integer ex = Interger.valueof(x) ----- it is boxing

2.Auto- Boxing:
if you directly assign like this
Integer ex = x; ---it is called Auto-Boxing >> java internally change it

3.unboxing:
it is opposite of boxing : you can take a primitive data to a wrapper class
is called unboxing---let see some examples
ex: int y = x.intvalue() --like this --it is called unboxing

4.Auto-unboxing :
if you directly taken value
ex : int y = x;
 in arrays like this :
lets create a object
ex: arraylist<Integer> p1 = new arraylist():

then add data to arraylist like this

p1.add(24); --- auto - boxing
p.add(25); ----

p.add(Integer.valueof(22)); ----boxing

if you take data like this in a array

int z = p1.get(0); ---unboxing

----INPUT TAKING FROM USER ------

we have two ways to take input from user
1.scanner class
2.bufferedReader class
for now we learn only scanner class
SCANNER CLASS:
it is used to read user input from keyboard(console) from other sources
like file ---its definition of this

how to use is -- Scanner varibleName = new Scanner(System.in);

creates a object that stores a user input in it and it is not faster as
the bufferedReader class and bufferedRead class read more data then scanner.
System.in -- it is way of taking input (raw way (just bytes)) -- it like a
microphone it sends to java by what user type

Scanner is used to read all data by line wise and divides into tokens . tokens
are small elements have some meaning to a complier . for example : how are you =>
'how' 'are' 'you'

parse means a problem or something breakdown into small parts -- taking a piece of
data and breakdown into useful format
***System is class in java that provide a access to important thing like input
and output
***out is tool inside a system that helps to send messages to console
----in java also we use not always but know it is also exist which is
PrintStream class >> this also print to console window
>>> by using syntax >>> PrintStream stream = new
PrintStream(System.out);

format print types -- by using "printf" - f means format

ex : %d -- integer
%s -- string
%f -- float
%n -- new line
if you use %D it gives result with capitale letters
ex: is int age = 15;
name = teja;

System.out.printf("Hello %d you are %d old",name,age)----//output is

Hello teja you are 15 old

-------------------DISION MAKINGS IN JAVA ----------------------------

1.if-statement:
it is most common discussion making program in java . it check whether
a condition is true then the block of code is execute and otherwise not
syntax used is :
if(condition){
//statement
print("true")
}