Ares 2 Chapter Ii - RRL

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ARES 2: RESEARCH AND DAILY LIFE 2

(An Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods and Report Writing)

CONCEPT NOTES

Review of Related Literature


- A review of articles or books written by authorities giving their opinions,
experiences, theories or ideas of what is good or bad, desirable or undesirable
within the problem area.

I. Conceptual Framework
-A conceptual framework illustrates the expected relationship between your variables. It defines
the relevant objectives for your research process and maps out how they come together to draw coherent
conclusions.
-It is also called a conceptual model or research model. Different variables and the assumed
relationships between those variables are included in the model and reflect the expectations. This
framework is a tool that is used prior to a study. This makes a conceptual framework an analytical tool. It
is used to make conceptual distinctions and bring together different ideas. Strong conceptual frameworks
lead to an actual realization of the intended objective.

Note: You should construct your conceptual framework before you begin collecting your data. Conceptual
frameworks are often represented in a visual format and illustrate cause-and-effect relationships. You can
start conceptualizing this as you determine your relevant paper, thesis, or dissertation topic.

Purpose and Importance


- In a conceptual model, the relationships are clearly defined between the different variables and
their relationship to each other. Typically, the model is prepared before actual research takes place.
- In addition, the type of research determines whether it is wise and useful to work with a conceptual
framework. In testing research, the use of a conceptual framework is customary.
- Based on hypotheses, a certain idea can be shown. The basis of testing research is to demonstrate
the cause effect relationship, which is also reflected in the conceptual framework. In testing
research, one works with specific expectations about cause and effect relationships, which are
displayed in the schematic model.
- Nevertheless, the model is also suitable for exploratory research. This often consists of broadly
defined concepts instead of specifically defined variables. In this type of research, the specific
relationships are identified afterwards and the variables are directly measurable and formulated
fairly concretely.
Developing a conceptual framework in research
A conceptual framework is a representation of the relationship you expect to see between your
variables, or the characteristics or properties that you want to study.
Conceptual frameworks can be written or visual and are generally developed based on a literature
review of existing studies about your topic.

Step 1: Choose your research question


Your research question guides your work by determining exactly what you want to find out, giving
your research process a clear focus.
Example: Research question
- Let’s say you want to study whether students who study more hours get higher exam scores. To
investigate this question, you can use methods such as an experiment or a survey to test the
relationship between variables.
Note: However, before you start collecting your data, consider constructing a conceptual framework. This
will help you map out which variables you will measure and how you expect them to relate to one
another.

Step 2: Select your independent and dependent variables


In order to move forward with your research question and test a cause-and-effect relationship, you
must first identify at least two key variables: your independent and dependent variables.
Example: Variables
The expected cause, “hours of study,” is the independent variable (the predictor, or explanatory
variable)
The expected effect, “exam score,” is the dependent variable (the response, or outcome variable).
In other words, you suspect that “exam score” depends on “hours of study.” Thus, your hypothesis
will be that the more hours a student studies, the better they will do on the exam.
Note: causal relationships often involve several independent variables that affect the dependent variable.
For the purpose of this example, we’ll work with just one independent variable (“hours of study”).

Step 3: Visualize your cause-and-effect relationship


Now that you’ve figured out your research question and variables, the first step in designing your
conceptual framework is visualizing your expected cause-and-effect relationship.

We demonstrate this using basic design components of boxes and arrows. Here, each variable
appears in a box. To indicate a causal relationship, each arrow should start from the independent variable
(the cause) and point to the dependent variable (the effect).
Step 4: Identify other influencing variables
It’s crucial to identify other variables that can influence the relationship between your independent
and dependent variables early in your research process.

Some common variables to include are moderating, mediating, and control variables.
1. Moderating variables
- Moderating variable (or moderators) alter the effect that an independent variable has on a
dependent variable. In other words, moderators change the “effect” component of the cause-
and-effect relationship.
Example: Moderator
We expect that the number of hours a student studies is related to their exam score—
i.e., the more you prepare, the higher your score will be.
Let’s add the moderator “IQ.” Here, a student’s IQ level can change the effect that the
variable “hours of study” has on the exam score. The higher the IQ, the fewer hours of study
are needed to do well on the exam.
We expect that the “IQ” moderator moderates the effect that the number of study
hours has on the exam score.

2. Mediating variables
- Now we’ll expand the framework by adding a mediating variable. Mediating variables link
the independent and dependent variables, allowing the relationship between them to be
better explained.
Example: Mediator
The mediating variable of “number of practice problems completed” comes between
the independent and dependent variables.
Hours of study impacts the number of practice problems, which in turn impacts the
exam score.

3. Control variables
- Lastly, control variables must also be considered. These are variables that are held constant
so that they don’t interfere with the results. Even though you aren’t interested in measuring
them for your study, it’s crucial to be aware of as many of them as you can be.
Example: Control variable
It is very possible that if a student feels ill, they will get a lower score on the exam. However,
we are not interested in measuring health outcomes a part of our research.
This makes “health” a good candidate for a control variable. It still impacts our results, but
we aren’t interested in studying it.

II. Relevant Literature


1. Local Literature
- These are local materials usually printed and found in books, professional journals and
magazines, newspapers and University publications published by the different colleges and universities
in the Philippines.
2. Foreign Literature
- These are materials printed in other countries with information related to the current study and
are found in books, professional journals, magazines and other publications.
III. Relevant Studies
- A review of published and unpublished reports on actual researches done previously, to know
what have been done in the field in relation to your topic. This way, you will know what have been
explored, what needs to be explored, and what is over explored. This will be your guide in deciding which
topic to pursue.
1. Local Studies
- These are the investigations already completed to which the present study is related. They are
usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses and dissertations conducted in the Philippines
and other research publications.
- These are studies or investigations which are already completed or finished to which the present
study is related. They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, thesis, and other
dissertations conducted in the Philippines and other research publications.
- These are already conducted research or reviews related to the present report. Typically, these
are secret documents such as notes, theses, and dissertations carried out in the Philippines and other
academic publications.

2. Foreign Studies
- These are manuscripts, theses researches and dissertations conducted in other countries.
- It is composed of news, knowledge blogs, and papers from other countries or from other
countries that offer great importance to your work or analysis. Global studies are international studies,
articles, dissertations, surveys, or some other analysis techniques.
- Studies in international literature include systematic literature work in the language of the
nation in which it was published that involves the analysis of the geographical and historical
circumstances in which it was published.
- Studying some international literature involves learning the language in which literature has
been translated
- History and International Studies seek to have the strongest breadth of detailed human
interactions in liberal arts schooling. It provides the ability for students to research the history, not only
for their own sake but for the insights it gives to the present.

Example:
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

Review of Related Literature and Studies


This chapter contains the researched review done by the proponents about the related
ideas regarding the proposed system.it includes the difference and similarities found among other
enrollment system. this chapter contitutes more on the study of the system literature side.it also
covers the related view and ideas presenting other enrollment system made possible by other
proponents and programmers.to review encompasses the critical aspect of all enrollment system
study.

Introduction
In this chapter the following proposed systemthis study aims to come up with an
enrollment system for a high school which also includes information pertinent data such as
name, year, section,miscellaneous fees etc.this system is design for the use of the staff to enable them
to produce information required by different people.
2.1 Related Literature
2.1.1 Local Literature
Sandoval Aldrian Ace
Enrollment System is useful especially when the school retrieves the important
information from the student the school can trace what is the the standing of the students. lack of
enrollment system in a school can lead to chaos and troubles. students will be confused on what
they should do to be able to enroll. it is extremely useful in the school in the way of working
processes of enrolling become much easy.

Source:https://www.scribd.com/doc/156544421/review-of-related-literature-online-grading-
system

2.1.2 Foreign Literature


According to Jennifer Rowley (2005).information system are a tool to support
informationmanagement.information systems are increasingly being used in organizations with
the objective of providing competitive advantage.the information system used by organizations
can be grouped into different types such as transaction processing system management
information system decision support system exectutive information system expert systems and
office information system information technology has heralded the advent of the information
society.the information society may be a virtual society.the concepts of the electronic classroom
the electronic office and electronic library have been explored.information system poses a
number of issues on society in general including changing employment patterns archiving and
bibilographic control security and data protection intellectual property marketplace issues and
access.

An enrollment system is basically included in one of the classification of information


system that is stated by the author thus it serves a tool to support information management with
regards to the student data enrollment fees information and other withh a connection to the
enrollmentprocess.every school gain competitive advantage of having this system for they will
have the capacity on handling inportant information at ease and with security.

The iterative implementation approach is a theory that eliminates problems of using a


waterfallstudy.this is invented to avoid a linear and sequential development of study.the overall
fuctionality of the system is broken down into feature sets.these features sets often based upon
use cases from the analysis stage containing group of individual features that are related
typically by a functional area (Stephen McHenry.2010)

WAMP5 (WAMP means windows Apache Mysql PHP) is a platform of web


development under windows. it allows you to develop dynamic Web Sites with apache server,PHP5 script
language and the database of MySQL release5 it also possesses
PHPMyAdmin and SQLite manager to manage more easily your databases

Source:https://www.slideshare.net/EzhrihmCradan/chapter-2-28073663

References
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/conceptual-framework/
https://www.toolshero.com/problem-solving/conceptual-framework/
https://www.slideshare.net/joulecoulombampere/se-26973155
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/ama-computer-university/sciencetechnologysociety/chapter-2-local-and-foreign-
literature/26072093

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