BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Balanga City, Bataan

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

AND INTELLIGENCE
MODULE 7

ARRIANE JANE M. DELA CRUZ

Criminal Justice Education

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
Module Description

This course covers the basic principles of relevant Laws, Constitutional Rights, New Rules on Evidence, and Criminal
Procedure in relation to investigation. It includes the entire perspective of intelligence operation and organization and
the different methods of gathering and collecting of information. The investigation, Crime Scene Processing, Arrest,
Search and Seizure, Cyber warrant, Wiretapping, the making of investigation reports, case build-up, and the
preparation of evidence for court presentation.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this module, you should be able to:

a. Recognized the different stages of the intelligence cycle and its variants

b. Understand the processes and techniques involved in collecting information relevant to intelligence objectives.

c. Describe the processes and strategies involved in procuring intelligence information.

d. Evaluate the effectiveness of different elicitation techniques in gathering information.

e. Assess the strengths and limitations of different casing techniques.

INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

A. PLANNING AND SUPERVISION

1. The IO must have thorough knowledge of the available sources of information, the collecting agencies and type of
info the latter can provide.
2. He must understand the operations of the command in order to provide the particular intelligence requirements.
3. He must have thorough knowledge of the tactics, organizations, and characteristics of the enemy
4. He must be especially competent in the fields of acquisition of operations.
5. He should also have a basic understanding of the weather elements and their influence upon personnel, material and
terrain.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
B. FIVE SUCCESSIVE STEPS COMPRISING THE COLLECTION PLANNING
1. Determination of the intelligence requirements.
2. Determination of priority, which will be assigned, to these intelligence requirements.
3. Balancing the intelligence requirements with available collection agencies to arrive at equitable allocation of
collection efforts.
4. Selecting the collecting agency to be employed and the issuance of collecting directives.
5. Supervision and inspection to insure that the collection directives are carried out properly.

C. MISSION
The focal point of the intelligence operation; a particular task given to a person or group to carry out; or one which
should be accomplished.

D. PHASES OF THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

PHASE 1 - DIRECTING COLLECTION EFFORT - the Intel Staff Officer or Unit commander determines the required
or important information relevant to mission. Then these requirements will be distributed to the different collection
agencies by direction or by request.
1. Determination of intelligence requirements.

Categories of intelligence requirements in relation to use:

a. Executive- intelligence required by executive, governmental and military commanders. The executive requirements
are the bases for decisions and national policy making.

b. Contributory- intelligence required to complete the staff process: make staff plans and c. estimates that contribute to
the decision and policy making.

c. Operational- additional intelligence required in planning and carrying out effectively the decisions and policy require
Implementation.

d. Collateral-higher or adjacent echelons of the government or military establishment may require info.

Categories of intelligence requirements by type:

a. Basic- general reference materials for use in the planning regarding the enemies, or potential enemies, area of
operations, capabilities - static comprehensive.
b. Current- temporary in nature and narrower in scope. Information required to cope with the current objectives.
c. Estimative Intelligence- determines the future courses of action; required by the executives to plan future military
operations and policies.

Formulation of Intelligence requirements:

a. What are their capabilities and vulnerabilities?

b. What are the physical characteristics of the probable are of operation? c. What major policies, plans and decisions
must be made in the near future?
d. What step must be taken to preserve the security of the nation?
e. What is the information required by the higher, lower or adjacent echelons within the government or Armed forces?

2. Determination of the essential elements of information (ΕΕΙ).

EEI is an item of intelligence or Information of the characteristics of the area of operations and the enemy,
which the commander feels needed before he can reasonably arrive at a decision. These are evaluations based on the
existing situation, current domestic and foreign situations, national objectives, etc. In here, there is no set formula but
judgment and experience are necessary.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
3. Establishment of priorities (P.I.R's)

This is necessary to decide which items of information are more important - a system of priority Is needed;
critical Importance and lesser Importance; EEI highest priority Intelligence requirements; Indicates the Intelligence
requirements essential to planning.

Intelligence Requirement (IR). IRs are "stuff we'd like to know," but usually will not affect mission
accomplishment if we don't know. IRs can cover the entire spectrum of information needed concerning the operational
environment and threat.

Priority Intelligence Requirement (PIR). A PIR is an Intelligence requirement associated with a decision that
will critically affect the overall success of the unit's mission, PIRs are always listed in priority order.

Selection of collecting Agencies.

a. List all available sources; exploitation of collecting agencies;

b. Collection will be assigned in accordance with capabilities;
c. Collection directives prepared once the proper collecting agency has been selected to exploit a particular source;
d. Collection directives do not limit the activities of the collecting agency; and
e. Criteria for the selection of collecting agency suitability;, capability, confirmation, timeliness and balance.

Purpose of the collection plan:

a. To establish a workable collection scheme based on the analysis of the intelligence requirement.
b. To ensure logical and orderly analysis of the intelligence requirements.
c. To provide definite and precise directives to collecting agencies.
d. To avoid possibility of omission, conflict or unnecessary duplication of collection effort.

Steps in Developing a Collection Plan:

a. List the requirements in the order of priority.

b. Break the requirements into indication any evidence of actual or potential enemy activity or characteristic of an area
of operation, habitual activities - need experience.
c. Fit those indications into existing situations critical clues, security measures, attack, defense, etc.
d. Basis for development for specific collection directive designed to exploit to the fullest the collection directive; gulde
doesn't limit.

PHASE 2 COLLECTING THE INFORMATION the collecting agency determines what specific information is to
be collected, by whom and from whom. After the collecting activity is carried out, the collected information is then
submitted for processing.

1. Steps in the Collection of information:

a. Determines collecting agencies

b. Send order or requests
c. Supervise collection efforts
d. Use of tools or techniques in collection
e. Ensure timely collection.

2. Criteria or Collecting Agencies/Units:

a. Capability
b. Balance/suitability
c. Multiplicity

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
3. Two Basic Collection Strategies

a. Resource Integration one agent

b. Agent Mixed Redundancy – 3 or more agents assessing for the same assignment

4. Collecting Agencies:

a. government agencies/offices - variety of Information

b. intelligence units/agencies
c. organizations

5. Who is Task to Collect Information?

a. Intelligence officers/agents-regular members

b. Civilian Agents-informers and informants
c. Assets-establishment of institution which assists in providing Information.

6. Methods of Collection

a. overt open
b. covert secret

7. Trade Crafts or Instruments Used in the Collection

a. photography
b. surveillance
c. elicitation
d. Interview/interrogation
e. personnel security Investigation
g. use of an artist
f. sound equipment-tapping and bugging
h. surreptitious entry
1. Communication

8. COLLECTION PLANNING - the continuous process which ultimately coordinate and integrate the efforts of
all collecting Agencies/Units.

STEP COMPRISING COLLECTION PLAN

a. Planning and supervision of collection efforts/activity

b. Determination of intelligence priorities.
c. Selection of collecting Agencies
d. Supervision of the collection activities (a.k.a. direction)

What to consider in collection planning?

a. Personality-persons involved, suspects, social status, etc.

b. Organization-group committing the crime, Kuratong Baleleng, Pentagon, etc.
c. Resources/Equipment used in committing the crime l.e., firearms, transportation facilities, etc.
d. Activity - modus operandi/crime activities, time of attack, victims, place of attack, etc.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
PHASE 3 PROCESSING THE COLLECTED INFORMATION-collected information is transformed Into
intelligence. Processing collected information involves four stages, to wit:

1. Recording it is the reduction of information into writing or some other form of geographical representation and the
arranging of this information into groups of related items.

2. Evaluation -The determination of the pertinence of the information to the operation reliability of the source of or
agency the accuracy of the information; or examination of raw Information to determine intelligence value. Evaluation
to determine:

a. Pertinence (usefulness) does it hold some value to current operation? Is it needed immediately?
b. Reliability (dependable) - judging the source of information
c. Credibility (truth of Information) Is it possible for the reported fact or event to have taken place? Is the report consistent
within itself? Is the report confirmed or corroborated by information from different sources or agencies? If the report
does not agree with Information from other sources, which one is more likely to be true?

EVALUATION GUIDE

RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION

A- Completely reliable

B-Usually reliable

C-Fairly reliable

D-Not usually reliable

E - Unreliable

F-Reliability cannot be judged

CREDIBILITY (ACCURACY) OF INFORMATION

1-Confirmed by other sources

2-Probably true

3-Possibly true

4-Doubtfully true

5- Improbable

6-Truth cannot be judged

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

T-Direct observation by the commander and chief of a unit

U-Reports by penetration agent or resident agent

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
 V-Report by PNP/AFP troops involved in encounter

W-Interrogation of capture enemy agent/foreigner

X-Observation of government and civilian employee or official

Y- Observation by a member of the populace

Z-Documentary

3. Interpretation establishing the meaning and significance of the information. It involves the following:

a. Analysis -The determination of significance of information relative to the information and Intelligence already known
and drawing deductions about probable meaning of the evaluated information. It is done by shifting and isolating those
elements that have significance in light of the mission or national objective.

b. Integration it is the combination of the elements stated in assessment with other known Information or intelligence to
form a logical feature or hypothesis for enemy activities or information of the operational area and characteristics of the
mission of the command.

c. Deduction-The formulation of conclusions from the theory developed, tested and considered valid; determination of
effort and meaning of the Information.

PHASE 4 - DISSEMINATION AND USE - Final phase of the cycle. Processed information is disseminated to the
agency, unit or command to effect or implement the mission.

Dissemination is through:

1. Annexes to attach addition to document

2. Briefing
3. Estimate
4. Message
5. Reports
6. Situation
7. Overlaps
8. Summaries

Criteria of dissemination:

1. Timeless-It must reach the users on time to be of value and must be disseminated in accordance with the urgency and
must reach the user in sufficient time to be used.

2. Propriety-The message must be clear, concise and complete, as well as in the proper form for the receiver to readily
understand its contents.

Methods of dissemination:

1. Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the command.

2. Memorandum, circulars, special orders, etc.
3. Operations order, oral or written.
4. Conference-staff members.
5. Other report and intelligence documents.
6. Personal contact.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
Users of intelligence:

1. National leaders and military commanders-formulation and implementation of national policies.

2. Advisors and staff - preparations of plans and estimates.

3. Friendly nations or other branches of the armed forces.

4. Processor-basis for evaluation and interpretation

The Intelligence Cycle according to the United States Marine Corps . It is a series of related and continuous activities
that translate the need for intelligence about a particular aspect of the operational environment or threat into a knowledge-
based product that operation planners receive to aid in decision making. During this cycle:

 Intelligence needs are identified.

 A plan is formulated and directions are given for satisfying those needs.
 Information is collected, processed, and exploited for usable Intelligence.
 That usable intelligence is then transformed into a tailored, useful intelligence product.
 That product is disseminated and utilized by a commander or unit.

The six interdependent phases of the cycle are:

Planning and Direction.

Collection.

Processing and Exploitation.

Production. Dissemination.

Utilization,
METHODS OF COLLECTION OF INFORMATION (INTELIGENCE OPERATION)

A. INTELLIGENCE OPERATION

It is the result of intelligence planning. Planning is always ahead of operation although an operation can be made without
a plan. It is usually due to sudden and inevitable situations but definitely, this is poor intelligence management.

Different Tasks Involve in Police Intelligence Operation are -

1. Discovery and identification activity

2. Casing
3. Surveillance/reconnaissance
4. Liaison Program
5. Informant Management
6. Clipping Services
7. Debriefing
8. Relevant Miscellaneous Activities
9. Utilization of Informant for planning and organizational employment purposes

The Fourteen (14) Cycles:

1. Mission and Target
a. Infiltration - insertion of action agent inside the target organization
b. Penetration - recruitment of action agent inside the target organization

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
2. Planning
3. Spotting
4. Investigation
5. Recruitment-the only qualification of the agent is to have an access to the target.
6. Training
7. Briefing
8. Dispatch
9. Communication -Technical: telephone, cell/mobile phone, radio, etc; non-technical: personal meeting, live drop, dead
drop, etc.
10. Debriefing
11. Payments

a. buy his life not his job

b. Regulatory and dependability that counts not the amount
c. Pay no bonuses
d. Supplement the agent Income from regular sources enough to ease his financial worries but not enough to
cause him live in style

12. Disposition-any activity on rerouting, retraining, retesting and termination

13. Reporting
14. Operational Testing

B. OVERT OR OPEN METHOD (Overt Intelligence)

It is overt if the Information of documents is produced openly without regards as to whether the subject of the
investigation becomes knowledgeable of the purpose for which it is being gathered.

C. COVERT METHOD (Covert Intelligence)

It is covert if the Information is obtained without knowledge of the person against whom the information or
documents may be used, or if the methods of procurement are done in an open manner.
D. PURPOSES OF OVERT AND COVERT INTELLIGENCE:

1. Check the conditions in the community relating to crime, vice, juvenile delinquency and identification of organized
crimes.
2. Determine through counter-intelligence the applied matters pertaining to personal security, physical security and
document security of police organization.
3. Determine the follow-up leads and help in the evaluation of individual criminal cases. .
4. Identify criminal elements and other lawbreakers as well as their associates,
5. Assists in the arrest of wanted criminals.
6. Check on the quality and effectiveness of the operations of police forces.
7. Check in the security conditions of the police forces, funds, equipment and materials.
8. Help in crime control and prevention.

9. Serve as a tool of management for planning and organizational improvement purposes.

E. OVERT OR OPEN METHODS OF GATHERING INFORMATION:

1. Interview
2. Interrogation
3. Instrumentation
4. Research
5. Investigation

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
6. Debriefing

F. COVERT METHODS OF GATHERING INFORMATION:

1. Elicitation
2. Casing-surveillance and reconnaissance
3. Observation and description
4. Cover and undercover assignments
5. Photography
6. Personal background investigation (PBI)

G. TASK OF PROCUREMENT AND COLLECTION OF INFORMATION

Procurement represents the collection of information from overt sources such as:

1. Newspapers
2. Magazines
3. Radio Intercepts
4. Public and Private Libraries.
5. Public and Private Establishments
6. General Public
7. Other Sources Similar In Nature

H. PROCUREMENT AS USED IN INTELLIGENCE PARLANCE is the aggressive effort to acquire certain

specific Information that may not be readily available. To this end, a number of means may be used such as:

1. Classical Intelligence - utilizes human being to gather information.

2. Modern/Technical Intelligence employs machine and human such as satellites, electronic gadgets to gather
information.

I. ESSENCE OF PROCUREMENT

The essence of intelligence is ACCESS, someone or some device has to get close enough to a thing, a place or a person
to observe or discover the desired facts without arousing the attention of those who protect them. The information must
then be delivered to the people who want it. It must move quickly or it may get stale, and it must not get lost or
disintegrated in route.

J. PROCURING AGENTS

1. Agent in Place one who has been recruited by an intelligence service within a highly sensitive target and who is just
beginning his career or have been long outsider or insider.
2. Double Agent - An enemy agent, who has been captured, turned around and sent back where he came from as an
agent of his captor.
3. Expendable Agent an agent through whom false information is leaked to the enemy.
4. Penetration Agent - an agent who infiltrates and reaches the enemy to get information and would manage to get back
alive.
5. Agent of Influence an agent who uses influence to gain information.
6. Agent Provocation

K. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF DOUBLE-CROSS SYSTEM (DOUBLE AGENT)

1. To control the enemy system, or as much of it as we could get our hands on.
2. To catch fresh spies when they appear.
3. To gain knowledge about other personalities and methods of the enemy's Intelligence service.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
4. To obtain Information about the codes and cipher works of the enemy.
5. To get evidence of enemy plans and intentions from the questions asked from them.
6. To influence enemy plans by the answers sent to the enemy.
7. To deceive the enemy about our/your plans and intentions.

L. METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING INFORMATION (FOREIGN AGENTS)

1. Stealing or purchasing Information from employees.

2. Getting Information from records or other sources.
3. Using various methods of reproducing documents, equipment, or models.
4. Using "front" as commercial concerns, travel agencies, associate business groups and other organization to obtain
confidential information or data, which can be valuable to the user.
5. Using various forms of threats to obtain information.
6. Using black mail technique (homosexual, adultery, etc.)
7. Using various means to extract information from members of the family or close friends of the employee. 8. Picking
information by personal observation of production, operation, test runs, shipment of finished products or confidential
products or papers.
9. Picking Information in social and other gatherings.
10. Attempting subversion by offers of money or using the emotions such as love, hatred, desire for powers and others.
11. Penetration and operational tactics.

ELICITATION - It is a system or plan whereby Information of Intelligence value is obtained through the process of
direct communication where one or more of the parties to the communication is/are unaware of the specific purpose of
the conversation.

Characteristics:
1. Subject is not aware of the true reasons or extent of your interest in his Information.
2. You have a little control of the subject.
3. Elicited Information usually consists of isolated fragment of information.

Phases:

1. Determination of the mission.

2. Selection of the subject.
3. Accomplishment of the mission.

Devices in the conduct of elicitation:

1. Approach the process of setting people to start talking. 2. Probe- the process to keep the person (subject) talking
incessantly.

Purposes of Elicitation

1. To acquire information which is unbelievable through other channel.

2. To obtain information which although unclassified, is not known publicly.
3. To provide operational information and background data on potential source of information.
4. To assist various Individuals.

Planning and Preparation

1. Determine what information is necessary or essential.

2. Determine who has access to the information.
3. What are the vulnerabilities to elicitation?
4. How susceptible the subject to elicitation?

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
5. Outline elicitation points prior to meeting and prepare specific questions and know your subjects well.

Types of Approach:

1. Flattery people are susceptible to praise.

Variants:

a. Teacher- pupil Approach subject is treated as an authority. Request him/her to enlighten you and solicit his/her
viewpoint and opinion.

b. Kindred Soul Approach - subject is placed in a pedestal having some specialized quality and you flatter him/her by
showing enough concern for his/her welfare to pay special attention to his enjoyment.

c. Good Samaritan Approach sincere and valid offers of help and assistance are made to the subject.

d. Partial Disagreement Approach - seek to produce talking by the word "I'm sure" if I fully agree.

2. Provocative approach - discover a wide range of conversational gambits.

Variants:
a. Teaser Balt Approach - elicitor accumulates the sources of knowledge about a particular subject.
b. Manhattan from Missouri Approach elicitor adapts an unbelievable attitude above anything. He questions all
statements and opposition.
c. Joe Blow Approach - It Is "I know the answer to everything" approach. The elicitor adapts the attitude of being
approachable of any field. d. National Pride Approach - It Is natural propensity of all persons to defend their country
and its policies.

Types of Probe:

1. Competition Probe - effective when used in connection with the teacher-pupil approach. 2. Clarity Probe-used to elicit
additional information in an area which the response is not clear.

3. High Pressure Probe - It serves to pin down a subject in a specific area or it may be used to point out contradictions
in what the subject has said.
4. Hypothetical Probe it presents a hypothetical situation and to get the subject to react to the hypothetical situations.

CASING - literally means putting a thing, or place in a case. As used in intelligence operabon-the continuous monitoring
of a place or area at a given period of time.

In intelligence operation, it is reconnaissance or surveillance of a building, place or area t determine its suitability for
intelligence use or its vulnerability in operations.

Purposes of casing are:

1. It aids in the planning and operation by providing needed information.

2. It assists the agent handler to instill confidence in his agent during briefing phase by being able to speak knowing
about the area of operation.

3. It is also considered a security measures because it offers some degree of protection for these operating in an area
unfamiliar to the Intelligence personnel.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE
General Principle:

1. Know the best route to get there (location).

2. Know how to conduct yourself without attracting attention.
3. Know what security hazards are in the area and how can be avoided or minimized.
4. Know the best route to extricate from the area of casing.

Methods of Casing

1. Personal reconnaissance the most effective method and will produced the most Information since you know just what
you are looking for.
2. Map Reconnaissance may not be sufficient but it can produce a certain amount of usable Information.
3. Research-much information can be obtained or acquired through research.
4. Prior Information your unit the other units may have file report that they may provide you with relevant information.
5. Hearsay-information usually gain by the person operating in the area and performing casing job.

Information Desired in Casing

1. Area condition and habita description of the locality as whether the place is a residential, commercial, highly
urbanized, or rural. It also includes the living condition, income of population, operational data (time when the area
seemed to be useful, le., closing time), fare (amount of transportation), what type of transportation is available in the
area, description of the area during different weather conditions, habits (routine activities of the people), dialect or
language spoken, and different beliefs of the people.

2. Active Opposition all organizations of every security system whose task is to prevent intelligence activities in a given
area. This also includes not only the enemy but also the efforts of neutral or alled countries (organizations) to discover
and observe your Intelligence activities and learn its objectives. Remember that a country or organization which is either
neutral or ally today may anytime in the future become the ally of the opposition.

3. Disposal Plan-disposal of the information (and materials) in case of possible compromise 4. Escape and Evasion the
exit planning in case of emergencies, from immediate focal point, the general area and completely from the area.

Five Fundamentals Principles/Guidelines in the Conduct of Casing

1. To gain contact as soon as possible and maintain continuously.

2. Maneuver freely in conformity with operations (dry run).
3. To fight only when necessary.
4. To report all items of information
5. To develop the situation.

Steps (Basic Procedures) in the Conduct of Casing:

1. Preparation of general location map.

2. Sketch of the adjoining establishment and prominent features.
3. Specific sketch of floor plan of main target.
4. Detailed features of inner portion of target and its description. 5. Photographs of the casing target (general and specific
views).

Types/Forms of Casing:

1. Surveillance
2. Reconnaissance
Difference between Surveillance and Reconnaissance: Surveillance is continuous while Reconnaissance is intermitted
(mission or operation) while reconnaissance has specific objectives while surveillance has general objectives.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE

MS. ARRIANE JANE MORALES DELA CRUZ
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE