Bio Notes

Bio notes
Definitions:
Cell membrane:
● The boundary. It is partially permeable.
● Permits and forbids certain substances to leave and enter.
● Helps protect against bacteria and stops valuable organelles
from getting out.
● Made up of phospholipids
Cytoplasm:
● Jelly-like structure made up of water, salts, etc.
● It fills up the cells keeping it strong and helps keep all the
organelles in place.
● Sight of all chemical reactions.
● Particle part: oil/lipids, starch, organelles
Organelle: a small subunit of a cell specialised to perform it own

function
Nucleus:
● most important organelle of a cell
● controls protein synthesis.
● Therefore it is controlling all chemical reactions because all
enzymes are proteins and no reaction can take place without
enzymes
● It controls cell growth and cell division as well.
Mitochondria:
● A double membraned organelle found in the cytoplasm
● primary function is to generate large quantities of energy in the
form of ATP for the cell.
● Has a double membrane so chemical reactions can take place at
a faster rate because of the increased surface area
● Increased surface area increases ATP synthesis
● aerobic respiration takes place then glucose is oxidised inside the
mitochondria to form and energy carry molecule called ATP
● The inside of the double membrane is folded while the outside is
not
Chloroplasts:
● structure containing chlorophyll used for photosynthesis in plant
cells by trapping light energy.
● Essential for growth.
● Contain a starch grain for excess glucose molecules after
photosynthesis. Storage
Ribosomes:
● extremely small organelles, relatively 20 nanometers
● join the amino acids in the cells to make protein structures.
● Without ribosomes no chemical reactions would take place as
enzymes are made up of proteins.
All chemical reactions in a cell require nucleus and ribosomes
Vacuole:
● An organelle found in both plant and animal cells
● holds water, starch, pigment, salts and sugars
● In plant cells it is large and permanent
● In animals they are small, numerous and temporary.
● When water fills the plant cell it fills the vacuole. This water
makes the plant cell firm and swollen. It makes the vacuole
Turgid. The firm vacuole then exerts pressure on the cell, keeping
the whole cell firm and the plant upright without a skeleton.
● The cell membrane of a vacuole is called a tonoplast
Prokaryotes: no true nucleus (e.g bacteria)

Eukaryotes: true nucleus/has a nuclear membrane (e.g animal cell)
Features of Bacteria:
● Unicellular
● Not more than 0.01m
● Can be seen under a microscope
● Does not have a true nucleus (is a prokaryote)
Bacteria
● Cell membrane made up of phospholipids
● Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan
● Ribosomes are small in size
● Glycogen granules and other granules containing lipids and other
food reserves
● Plasmids are small circular loops of DNA
● Naked DNA/Bacterial chromosome
● Contains cytoplasm
● Pili used to attach to different surfaces
● Flagellum to swim
All bacteria can divide by replicating its loop of DNA. This method of
multiplication is called binary fission.
Specialised Cells, Tissues, and Organs (1.2)
Specialised cells:
● Do a special job
● Develop a distinct shape
● Special kinds of chemical changes take place in their cytoplasm
Ciliated cell:
● Creates mucus that carries dust and bacteria through the bronchi
and trachea away from the lungs
● Form in the lining of the nose and windpipe
● Have tiny cytoplasmic hairs called cilia which create mucus
Root Hair cell:
● Absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil
● Hair like projection on each cell that penetrated between soil
particles
● Has a large Surface Area to Volume ratio
● Very thin cell wall for faster rate of absorption
● The cell membrane is able to control which dissolved substances
enter the cell
● Mitochondria facilitates active transport of mineral salts
Palisade Mesophyll cells:
● Make food for the plant by maximising the amount of
photosynthesis possible using co2 water and light energy
● Columnar shape
● Leaf cell
● Tightly packed with chloroplasts to trap light energy
● Found underneath the upper epidermis
Red Blood cells:
● Transport oxygen throughout the body
● Only cell in the body with no organelles
● It has a cell membrane and cytoplasm
● More space for the haemoglobin
● Donut shaped -> Biconcave discs
● This shape increases their surface area allowing for
transportation of more oxygen
● Contains a red pigment called haemoglobin
● Haemoglobin binds with oxygen in the cell and transports oxygen
throughout the body
Nerve cell:
● Conduct electrical impulses along the fibre to and from the brain
and spinal cord
● These fibres are often very long to connect distant parts of the
body to the central nervous system
● Chemical reactions cause the impulses to travel along the fibre
Tissues
A tissue is a group of similar/same cells that carry out a function.
Tissues make up organs
A tissue is any group of cells larger than one (2 cells can be a tissue)
A group of different kinds of tissue coming together for a specific task

is called an organ
● e.g vascular tissue, nervous tissue, muscular tissue, etc. make up
the heart
No cell of the body can live without vascular tissue
Everything in the body has Veins, Arteries, and Nerves
No cell can live without oxygen and VAN provides this to cells
Every muscle is an organ e.g bicep tricep quadriceps etc.

A nerve is an organ
Blood is a tissue:
● This is because it is made up of different kinds of cells like red
and white blood cells for a particular task
● This makes it a tissue as there is no other tissue working with it to
create an organ
An organ system is a group of organs that work together for a specific

purpose
e.g circulatory system, excretory system, respiratory system etc.
An organism is an individual animal or plant, formed by all the

organ systems working together to produce an independent living
thing.

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Bio notes

Organelle: a small subunit of a cell specialised to perform it own

All chemical reactions in a cell require nucleus and ribosomes

Prokaryotes: no true nucleus (e.g bacteria)

Specialised Cells, Tissues, and Organs (1.2)

A tissue is a group of similar/same cells that carry out a function.

Tissues make up organs

A group of different kinds of tissue coming together for a specific task

Every muscle is an organ e.g bicep tricep quadriceps etc.

An organ system is a group of organs that work together for a specific

An organism is an individual animal or plant, formed by all the

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