SL - Chapter - 11 - Worked - Solutions (3) MATH IB

11 Applications and interpretation:
Worked solutions
Number and finance
These are worked solutions to the colour-coded problem-solving questions from the exercises in
the Student’s Book. This excludes the drill questions.
Exercise 11A
27 a 𝑉 2.4 5.1 3.8 46.512 cm
b i 46.51 cm
ii 47 cm
.
28 a 𝑟 ln √5.3 2.526978 … 2.5 to 2 s. f.
.
b 𝑟 ln √5 2.746 … 3 to 1 s. f.
29 a i 128.4
ii 130
b
approximate value true value
Percentage error 100%
true value
|130 128.37|
100%
128.37
1.27%
30 a 𝑥̅ 329.54 ml
b
true value
|330 329.54|
100%
329.54
0.140%
31 84.5 cm ⩽ 𝑙 85.5 cm
32 Lower bound for actual mass is 129.5 g
Minimum mass for six cans is 129.5 6 777 g
Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications and interpretation 1

© Paul Fannon, Vesna Kadelburg, Ben Woolley, Steven Ward 2019
33 a 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
Worked solutions
4.65 ⩽ 𝐴𝐵 4.75 and 12.25 ⩽ 𝐵𝐶 12.35
Maximum length of 𝐴𝐶 occurs when 𝐵𝐶 is at maximum length and 𝐴𝐵 is minimum
max 𝐴𝐶 12.35 4.65 11.441 cm
Minimum length of 𝐴𝐶 occurs when 𝐵𝐶 is at minimum length and 𝐴𝐵 is maximum
min 𝐴𝐶 12.25 4.75 11.292 cm
Neither of these bounds is achievable, since each is calculated using an unachievable
bound of one of the other lengths.
11.292 cm 𝐴𝐶 11.441 cm
b Assume one bound is ‘accurate’ and the other an approximation.
true value
The percentage error will be the same at numerator no matter which way around the
values are given, but will be greater overall with the lesser value as denominator.
|11.441 11.292|
Maximum percentage error 100%
11.292
1.325%
34 𝐼
235 ⩽ 𝑉 245, 17.5 ⩽ 𝑅 18.5

235 245
𝐼
18.5 17.5
12.7027 𝐼 14
35 7.5 ⩽ 𝑏 8.5, 4.5 ⩽ 𝑐 5.5, 1.5 ⩽ 𝑑 2.5
7.5 8.5
𝑎
5.5 1.5 4.5 2.5
1.875 𝑎 4.25
36 a 7 1⩽𝑝 𝑞⩽9 5; central value is 8 3 11
true value
The percentage error will be the same at numerator no matter whether max or min value
is used, but will be greater overall with the min value as denominator.
|11 8|
8
37.5%
b 7 5⩽𝑝 𝑞⩽9 1; central value is 8 3 5
true value
|5 2|
2
150%
Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 2

© Paul Fannon, Vesna Kadelburg, Ben Woolley, Stephen Ward 2019
37 a i 𝑃 1 0.9
Worked solutions
ii 𝑃 2 1.2
iii 𝑃 4.5 0.675
b Any value outside the interval 0 ⩽ 𝑃 ⩽ 1 must be incorrect, given the context, so (ii)
and (iii) are clearly wrong.
38 a 1.445 ⩽ 𝑎 1.455
b 27.86 ⩽ 10 28.51
c 10 30 to 1 s.f. (or to the nearest ten)
It cannot accurately be stated as 28 to 2 s. f., since it is possible to take a value greater
than 28.5.
39 Maximum mass of a pallet is 1.8 tonnes
If all pallets are maximal, a truck can carry 6 pallets
.
Therefore it is possible that 9 trucks would be needed.
Tip: The rounding brackets ⌊ ⌋ (floor) and ⌈ ⌉ (ceiling) which refer to the nearest integer
when rounding down / up respectively can be very useful for expressing working like this
concisely.
40 9.5 ⩽ 𝑤 15, 25 ⩽ 𝑙 35
9.5 25 ⩽ area 15 35
237.5 cm ⩽ area 525 cm
Exercise 11B
7 Using GDC:
𝑛 20
𝐼% 4%
𝑃𝑉 60 000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 1
𝐶/𝑌 1
Solving for 𝑃𝑀𝑇: 𝑃𝑀𝑇 4414.91
She can withdraw $4414.91 each year.
8 a Using GDC:
𝑛 ?
𝐼% 3%
𝑃𝑉 150 000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 15 000
𝐹𝑉 0

Worked solutions
𝑃/𝑌 1
𝐶/𝑌 1
Solving for 𝑛: 𝑛 12.1
He can withdraw $15 000 at the end of each year for 12 years.
b Using GDC:
𝑛 13
𝐼% 3%
𝑃𝑉 150 000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 15 000
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 1
𝐶/𝑌 1
Solving for 𝐹𝑉: 𝐹𝑉 13 986.80
That is, in the thirteenth year, he would be £13 986.80 short of the £15 000 he would
want; he could only draw out $1013. 20.
9 Using GDC:
𝑛 10
𝐼% 2.5%
𝑃𝑉 0
𝑃𝑀𝑇 1000
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 1
𝐶/𝑌 1
Solving for 𝐹𝑉: 𝐹𝑉 11 203.38
In total she would have deposited $10 000 so the total interest earned is $1203.38
10 a Using GDC:
Option A: After the first year, the loan amount is €1500 1 €1657.07
𝑛 48
𝐼% 10%
𝑃𝑉 1657.07
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
Solving for 𝑃𝑀𝑇: 𝑃𝑀𝑇 €42.03

Option B:
Worked solutions
𝑛 60
𝐼% 10%
𝑃𝑉 1500
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
b The total amount paid under plan A is 48 €42.03 $2017.44
The total amount paid under plan B is 60 €31.87 $1912.20
The difference is €2017.44 €1912.20 €105.24
c Which plan is better would depend on Anwar’s circumstances and the consequent value
to him of the payment holiday.
We accept that by taking out a loan – that is, paying interest for the use of a block of
capital – can be justified. The payment holiday is simply a different form of loan, in
which he will eventually pay €105.24 additional interest for the use of the money for a
year without making payments.
11 a For the first two years:
𝑛 24
𝐼% 5%
𝑃𝑉 10000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 400
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
Solving for 𝐹𝑉: 𝐹𝑉 $975.05
At the end of the two years, the outstanding loan is $975.05
For the subsequent period:
𝑛 ?
𝐼% 8%
𝑃𝑉 975.05
𝑃𝑀𝑇 400
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12

Worked solutions
She will need an additional 3 months to pay off the remainder of the loan.
In total, it will take 27 months to pay the loan.
b
𝑛 3
𝐼% 8%
𝑃𝑉 975.05
𝑃𝑀𝑇 400
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
Solving for 𝐹𝑉: 𝐹𝑉 $213.34
So at the end of the third month, when she comes to pay off the balance, $400 would
overpay by $213.34. That is, the final payment will be $186.66
12 a Plan A:
𝑛 12 25 300
𝐼% 3%
𝑃𝑉 125000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
Plan B:
𝑛 12 30 360
𝐼% 3.5%
𝑃𝑉 125000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 1
Monthly payments under plan A: €592.76
Monthly payments under plan B: €557.48
Monthly payment is less under plan B.

b Total amount paid under plan A: 592.76 300 €177 828
Worked solutions
Total amount paid under plan B: 557.48 360 €200 693
Total repaid is less under plan A.
13 For the first two years:
𝑛 24
𝐼% 5%
𝑃𝑉 15000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 300
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
Solving for 𝐹𝑉: 𝐹𝑉 9018.34
After two years, the outstanding balance will be $9018.34.
For the following three years:
𝑛 36
𝐼% 6.5%
𝑃𝑉 9018.34
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
So, paying only $276.40 per month for the remaining 3 years, Jon would pay off the loan.
Jon can afford this loan.
Mixed Practice
1 a 𝑥 12.5 to 1 d. p.
b 𝑥 12 to 2 s. f.
2 For side length 𝑥: 0.055 ⩽ 𝑥 0.065
Then 0.055 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑥 0.065
true value
Maximum percentage error will occur when the true value is minimum
|0.06 0.055 |
0.055
19.0%

3
Worked solutions
true value
1.4 √2
100%
√2
1.01%
4
𝑛 25
𝐼% 3%
𝑃𝑉 60000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 10000
𝑃/𝑌 1
𝐶/𝑌 1
He can draw £3719.95 per year.
5 a 1380 m
b
ℎ 1380 tan 28.3°
743 m
c
true value
|743 718|
100%
718
3.49%
√ .
6 a 𝑝 1.775 1.75
b i To 1s.f., 𝑥 2, 𝑦 1, 𝑧 50
√
ii 𝑝 2 1.98
c
true value
|1.98 1.75|
100%
1.75
13.1%

7 a
Worked solutions
tan 60° 1 2 cos 30° 1
𝑇
41 9
√3 1 √3 1
41 9 41 9
2
32 50
1
0.001 25
800
b i 𝑇 0.0013 to 2 s. f.
ii 𝑇 0.001 to 3 d. p.
c
true value
|0.002 0.00125|
100%
0.00125
60%
8 Age has been given as a birthday rather than an age.
Height is unreasonable (5.11 metres is not human) so likely represents a unit error, and
should indicate 5 foot 11 inches. However, since it is possible that it is a different error (for
example a digit swap, and should read 1.51 m), the data cannot just be amended and should
be discarded.
9 a 15.05 𝐶 15.15, 4.75 𝑑 4.85
𝐶
𝜋
𝑑
15.05 15.15
𝜋
4.85 4.75
3.1031 𝜋 3.1895
b Using 𝐶 15.1, 𝑑 4.8 she gets estimate 𝜋 3.14583
true value
|3.14583 𝜋|
100%
𝜋
0.135%
c Using lower bound:
|3.1031 𝜋|
𝜋
1.23%
Using upper bound:
|3.1895 𝜋|
𝜋
1.52%
The largest possible percentage error is 1.52%

10 2.05 𝑢 2.15, 15.5 𝑣 16.5, 9.805 𝑎 9.815
Worked solutions
𝑣 𝑢
𝑡
𝑎
15.5 2.15 16.5 2.05
𝑡
9.815 9.805
1.360 𝑡 1.474
11 Wall dimensions 𝑥 and 𝑦 have 3.35 ⩽ 𝑥 3.45, 5.15 ⩽ 𝑦 5.25
Wall area 𝐴 has 3.35 5.15 ⩽ 𝐴 3.45 5.25
17.2525 ⩽ 𝐴 18.1125
Paint per square metre is 𝑞 where 2.35 ⩽ 𝑞 2.45
Paint required is 𝑣 𝐴𝑞 so 17.2525 2.35 ⩽ 𝑣 18.1125 2.45
40.5434 𝑣 44.3756
Paint can contains 𝑉where 4.995 ⩽ 𝑉 5.005
Number of cans required is 𝑁
40.5434 44.3756
𝑁
5.005 4.995
8.10 𝑁 8.88
Jake will need to by 9 cans.
12 a 8 3⩽𝑝 𝑞 ⩽ 10 7. Calculation by central value is 𝑝 𝑞 9 5 14
true value
|14 11|
11
27.3%
b 8 7⩽𝑝 𝑞 ⩽ 10 3; central value is 9 5 4
true value
|4 1|
1
300%
13 a i 𝑝 0 0.5
ii 𝑝 50 0.149
iii 𝑝 100 1.22
b (i) and (iii) are not possible as probabilities, since a probability can only take values in
the interval 0 ⩽ 𝑝 ⩽ 1

14 a Using GDC:
Worked solutions
𝑛 10 12
𝐼% 5%
𝑃𝑉 1000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 0
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
The true account balance at the end of 10 years is $1647.01 so total interest is $647.01
true value
|500 647.01|
100%
647.01
22.7%
b
𝑛 10 12
𝐼% 5%
𝑃𝑉 1000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 500
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
She could withdraw $7.39 each month and still have $500 at the end.
15 a For the first two years:
𝑛 2 12
𝐼% 2%
𝑃𝑉 24000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 300
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
A balance of ¥17 638.93 is carried over into the higher interest period.

For the subsequent period:
Worked solutions
𝑛 ?
𝐼% 8%
𝑃𝑉 17638.93
𝑃𝑀𝑇 300
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
In total, Kanmin will need to pay for 24 75 99 months
b
𝑛 75
𝐼% 8%
𝑃𝑉 17638.93
𝑃𝑀𝑇 300
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
In the final month, ¥300 would overpay by ¥35.99 so the final payment is actually only
¥264.01
16 Option A:
𝑛 4 25
𝐼% 5%
𝑃𝑉 200000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 4
𝐶/𝑌 4
Total amount paid: 3514.86 100 £351 486
Option B:
𝑛 12 30
𝐼% 4%
𝑃𝑉 200000

Worked solutions
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
Total amount paid: 954.83 360 £343 738.80
Option B Is preferred, if Orlaigh wishes to minimise the total amount repaid.
17 a
𝑛 12 20
𝐼% 4.8%
𝑃𝑉 100000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
Monthly payment is $648.96
b
𝑛 ?
𝐼% 4.8%
𝑃𝑉 100000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 748.96
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
Chad would need to pay for 192 months
𝑛 192
𝐼% 4.8%
𝑃𝑉 100000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 748.96
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12

Worked solutions
So in the final month, he would only pay 748.96 513.71 235.25
In total, he would pay 192 748.96 513.71 $143 286.61
If he only paid the minimum each month he would pay 240 648.96 $155 750.40
The difference is $12 463.79 $12 500
18 a
𝑛 12 10
𝐼% 6%
𝑃𝑉 6000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 ?
𝐹𝑉 0
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
Monthly payment is €66.61
b Total paid 120 66.61 €7993.20
Percentage of the total repayment that is interest:
1993.20
100% 33.2%
6000
c
𝑛 12 5
𝐼% 6%
𝑃𝑉 6000
𝑃𝑀𝑇 66.61
𝐹𝑉 ?
𝑃/𝑌 12
𝐶/𝑌 12
So after 5 years, a total of 60 66.61 €3996.60 has been paid, and the loan
outstanding is €3445.56
Of the payments, 6000 3445.56 €2554.44 has been paying capital, and the
remaining 3996.60 2554.44 1442.16 has been paying interest.
The percentage of total interest paid this represents is:
1442.16
100% 72.4%
1993.20

19 5.5 𝑦⩽ 4.5, 15 ⩽ 𝑥 25
Worked solutions
Then the maximum bound for 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 is 25 — 4.5²
604.75
Tip: There is a temptation to work out the maximum for 𝑥 𝑦 and a maximum for 𝑥 𝑦 and
take their product, but since they are not independent, those maximum values cannot be
achieved simultaneously, so this is not a valid method.
20 a 2.55 ⩽ 𝑎 2.65
. .
b 10 ⩽ 10 10
354.8 ⩽ 10 446.7
c The interval of possible values is wholly contained within the statement
10 400 to 1 s. f. .


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11 Applications and interpretation:

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications and interpretation 1

235 ⩽ 𝑉 245, 17.5 ⩽ 𝑅 18.5

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 2

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 3

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 4

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 5

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 6

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 7

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 8

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 9

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 10

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 11

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 12

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 13

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 14

Mathematics for the IB Diploma: Applications & Interpretation 15

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