Database Management Systems Lec 1a
Database Management Systems Lec 1a
LECTURE 1
INSTRUCTOR: ALISHA FARMAN
(alisha.farman@iqra.edu.pk)
Your Responsibility
• Attend classes regularly
• Ask question if you have any queries regarding
course material or anything.
• Submit assignment in time.
• Don’t miss quizzes, assignments and examinations-
Can get good result.
• No Plagiarism is allowed in any sort of a writer
material – Write in your own words.
Course Policy
Assignments:
• Assignments are due at the beginning of class.
• Late assignment will not be accepted.
• All works have to be done independently except in case of group
assignments.
• Students handing in similar assignments will receive a grade of 0
(Zero).
Attendance:
• Students are expected to attend all classes.
MARKS DISTRIBUTION
4 Assignments 20 marks
Grand test 1 20 marks
Grand test 2 20 marks
Final Exam 40 marks
BOOKS:
● Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management, 6th Edition Thomas
Connolly and Carolyn Begg.
● Database Systems: The Complete Book, 2nd Edition Hector
Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Widom.
● Database System Concepts, 6th Edition Avi Silberschatz, Henry
F. Korth and S. Sudarshan.
WHAT IS DATA?
Raw facts and figures without context. For example, 'John', '29',
'New York' are individual data points.
Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc,. Which can be processed
by computer.
Data must be interpreted by a human or a machine.
Data is meaningless.
WHAT IS INFORMATION?
Data that has been processed and given context. For example, "John is
29 years old and lives in New York."
Collection of data organized to convey meaning.
WHAT IS DATABASE?
A database is an organized collection of data stored and accessed
electronically. It provides a systematic way to manage, retrieve, and
update data.
A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data,
typically stored electronically in a computer system.
Databases often store information about people, such as customers or
users. For example, social media platforms use databases to store user
information, such as names, email addresses and user behavior. That data
is used to recommend content to users and improve the user experience.
History of Databases
● 1960s: Introduction of hierarchical and network databases.
● 1970s: Emergence of relational databases, based on the relational model
proposed by E.F. Codd.
● 1980s: Growth of commercial relational database management systems
(RDBMS) like Oracle, DB2, and SQL/DS.
● 1990s: Introduction of object-oriented databases and the development of SQL
as a standard query language.
● 2000s: Rise of NoSQL databases to handle unstructured data and large-scale
data processing (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra).
● 2010s: Increase in cloud-based databases and database-as-a-service (DBaaS)
offerings.
Database Approach vs. File-Based System
File-Based System:
Database Approach:
1. Business Applications
Databases store customer information, sales, and interactions to help businesses manage customer
relationships, track sales, and provide personalized service.
E-commerce Platforms:
Databases manage product catalogs, customer orders, inventory, and transaction records.
Tax Systems:
The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) uses databases to manage taxpayer information,
tax filings, and payments.
6. Education
Student Information Systems:
Universities and schools use databases to manage student records, grades, attendance,
and schedules.
Example: Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan's database of student records.
E-learning Platforms:
Databases store course materials, user progress, and assessment results.
Example: Virtual University of Pakistanʼs LMS (Learning Management System).
7. Retail and E-commerce
Inventory Management:
Retailers use databases to track inventory levels, orders, sales, and deliveries.
Example: Daraz.pkʼs inventory management system.
E-commerce Platforms:
Databases manage product catalogs, customer orders, and transaction records.
Example: OLX Pakistanʼs database for classifieds and transactions.
8. Real Estate
Property Listings and Transactions:
Databases manage property listings, buyer/seller information, and transaction
records.
Example: Zameen.comʼs real estate database.
9. Social Media and Communication
User Profiles and Content Management:
Databases store user profiles, posts, messages, and other content.
Example: Rozee.pk, a job portal managing user profiles and job listings.