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Database Management Systems Lec 1a

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views29 pages

Database Management Systems Lec 1a

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Mrclub 3Money
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Database Management systems

LECTURE 1
INSTRUCTOR: ALISHA FARMAN
(alisha.farman@iqra.edu.pk)
Your Responsibility
• Attend classes regularly
• Ask question if you have any queries regarding
course material or anything.
• Submit assignment in time.
• Don’t miss quizzes, assignments and examinations-
Can get good result.
• No Plagiarism is allowed in any sort of a writer
material – Write in your own words.
Course Policy
Assignments:
• Assignments are due at the beginning of class.
• Late assignment will not be accepted.
• All works have to be done independently except in case of group
assignments.
• Students handing in similar assignments will receive a grade of 0
(Zero).

Attendance:
• Students are expected to attend all classes.
MARKS DISTRIBUTION
4 Assignments 20 marks
Grand test 1 20 marks
Grand test 2 20 marks
Final Exam 40 marks
BOOKS:
● Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management, 6th Edition Thomas
Connolly and Carolyn Begg.
● Database Systems: The Complete Book, 2nd Edition Hector
Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Widom.
● Database System Concepts, 6th Edition Avi Silberschatz, Henry
F. Korth and S. Sudarshan.
WHAT IS DATA?
Raw facts and figures without context. For example, 'John', '29',
'New York' are individual data points.
Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc,. Which can be processed
by computer.
Data must be interpreted by a human or a machine.
Data is meaningless.
WHAT IS INFORMATION?
Data that has been processed and given context. For example, "John is
29 years old and lives in New York."
Collection of data organized to convey meaning.
WHAT IS DATABASE?
A database is an organized collection of data stored and accessed
electronically. It provides a systematic way to manage, retrieve, and
update data.
A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data,
typically stored electronically in a computer system.
Databases often store information about people, such as customers or
users. For example, social media platforms use databases to store user
information, such as names, email addresses and user behavior. That data
is used to recommend content to users and improve the user experience.
History of Databases
● 1960s: Introduction of hierarchical and network databases.
● 1970s: Emergence of relational databases, based on the relational model
proposed by E.F. Codd.
● 1980s: Growth of commercial relational database management systems
(RDBMS) like Oracle, DB2, and SQL/DS.
● 1990s: Introduction of object-oriented databases and the development of SQL
as a standard query language.
● 2000s: Rise of NoSQL databases to handle unstructured data and large-scale
data processing (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra).
● 2010s: Increase in cloud-based databases and database-as-a-service (DBaaS)
offerings.
Database Approach vs. File-Based System

File-Based System:

● Data is stored in flat files with no inherent structure or relationships.


● Each application has its own private files, leading to data redundancy and
inconsistency.
● Limited data sharing and security.

Database Approach:

● Data is stored in a structured format with relationships, minimizing


redundancy and inconsistency.
● Centralized control, improved data sharing, and security.
● Supports complex queries and transactions.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
A DBMS is software that facilitates the creation, maintenance, and use of
databases. It acts as an interface between end-users and the database,
ensuring that data is consistently organized and easily accessible.
A DBMS serves as an interface between
an end-user and a database, allowing
users to create, read, update, and
delete data in the database.
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a type of
database management system that stores data in a structured
format, using rows and columns. It is based on the relational
model introduced by E.F. Codd in 1970.
Advantages of RDBMS
1. Data Integrity: Ensures accuracy and consistency of data through
constraints and relationships.
2. Flexibility: Allows complex queries and data manipulation using
SQL.
3. Scalability: Can handle large volumes of data and numerous
transactions efficiently.
4. Security: Provides mechanisms for data access control and user
permissions.
5. Data Management: Facilitates backup, recovery, and data
integrity management.
COMPONENTS OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

A DBMS is a sophisticated piece of system software consisting of multiple


integrated components that deliver a consistent, managed environment
for creating, accessing and modifying data in databases. These
components include the following:

● Hardware: Physical devices like servers and storage.


● Software: DBMS software and applications that access the database.
● Data: The actual data stored in the database.
● Procedures: Instructions and rules for database use.
● Database Access Language: SQL (Structured Query Language) used to
interact with the database.(RDBMS)
● Users: Database administrators, developers, and end-users.
● Database Engine: Handles data storage, retrieval, and update
operations. It is responsible for processing queries and
ensuring data integrity and security.
● Database Schema: The structure that defines the
organization of data, including tables, fields, relationships,
and constraints.
● Query Processor: Interprets and executes database queries. It
translates SQL commands into actions that the database
engine can perform.
● User Interface: Provides a way for users to interact with the
database, often through graphical interfaces, command-line
interfaces, or APIs.
Roles
● Database Administrator (DBA): Manages the overall database
environment, ensuring its availability, performance, and
security.
● Database Designer: Defines the database structure, including
tables, relationships, and constraints.
● Application Developer: Writes applications that interact with
the database.
● End-User: Uses applications to perform tasks that involve
querying and updating the database.
Functions of DBMS
1. Data Storage, Retrieval, and Update:
○ Manages how data is stored, retrieved, and updated in the database.
2. Data Security:
○ Implements access controls to protect data from unauthorized access and ensures
data privacy.
3. Data Integrity:
○ Enforces rules and constraints to maintain data accuracy and consistency.
4. Backup and Recovery:
○ Provides mechanisms for data backup and disaster recovery to prevent data loss.
5. Data Sharing:
○ Allows multiple users to access and manipulate data simultaneously while
maintaining consistency.
DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Complexity: DBMS software can be complex and require
specialized skills to manage.
Cost: High initial cost for software and hardware, as well as
ongoing maintenance and support expenses.
Performance: May require significant resources, and
performance can be an issue with very large databases.
Security Risks: Centralized storage can be a target for
security breaches if not properly protected.
Database Applications
Databases are crucial for various applications across different industries due to their ability to efficiently
manage, store, and retrieve large amounts of data.

Here are some common database applications:

1. Business Applications

Customer Relationship Management (CRM):

Databases store customer information, sales, and interactions to help businesses manage customer
relationships, track sales, and provide personalized service.

Examples: Salesforce, Zoho CRM.

E-commerce Platforms:

Databases manage product catalogs, customer orders, inventory, and transaction records.

Examples: Amazon, eBay.


2. Government

National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA):

Manages the national database of citizens, including CNICs (Computerized National


Identity Cards), family registration certificates, and biometrics.

Example: NADRA's centralized database.

Tax Systems:

The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) uses databases to manage taxpayer information,
tax filings, and payments.

Example: FBR's tax management system.


3. Finance
Banking Systems:
Banks use databases to manage customer accounts, transactions, loans, and
financial records.
Example: Habib Bank Limited (HBL) database management system.
4. Telecommunications
Customer Billing Systems:
Telecom companies use databases to manage customer accounts, usage records, and
billing information.
Example: Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) billing system.
Network Management:
Databases store information about network configurations, performance metrics,
and fault management.
Example: Jazz and Telenor network management databases.
5. Healthcare
Hospital Management Systems:
Databases store patient records, treatment histories, and administrative information to
improve patient care.
Example: Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital's database system.

6. Education
Student Information Systems:
Universities and schools use databases to manage student records, grades, attendance,
and schedules.
Example: Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan's database of student records.

E-learning Platforms:
Databases store course materials, user progress, and assessment results.
Example: Virtual University of Pakistanʼs LMS (Learning Management System).
7. Retail and E-commerce
Inventory Management:
Retailers use databases to track inventory levels, orders, sales, and deliveries.
Example: Daraz.pkʼs inventory management system.

E-commerce Platforms:
Databases manage product catalogs, customer orders, and transaction records.
Example: OLX Pakistanʼs database for classifieds and transactions.

8. Real Estate
Property Listings and Transactions:
Databases manage property listings, buyer/seller information, and transaction
records.
Example: Zameen.comʼs real estate database.
9. Social Media and Communication
User Profiles and Content Management:
Databases store user profiles, posts, messages, and other content.
Example: Rozee.pk, a job portal managing user profiles and job listings.

Analytics and Personalization:


Databases analyze user behavior to personalize content and advertisements.
Example: PakWheels.comʼs user behavior analysis for personalized automotive content.
Types of DBMS
● Hierarchical DBMS:
Data is organized in a tree-like structure. Example: IBM's Information Management
System (IMS).
● Network DBMS:
Data is organized in a graph structure, allowing multiple parent-child relationships.
Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS).
● Relational DBMS (RDBMS):
Data is organized in tables with rows and columns, and relationships are defined using
keys. Example: MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server.
● Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS):
Data is stored as objects, similar to object-oriented programming. Example: ObjectDB,
db4o.
● NoSQL DBMS:
Designed for unstructured data and large-scale data processing. Types include
document stores, key-value stores, column-family stores, and graph databases.
Example: MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis.

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