Pharma 1 Prelims

 Solubility: The ability of a drug to dissolve in water or
NCM 106 (Prelim) other solvents.

Pharmacology in Nursing
CI: Dennis C. Escalona  Toxicity: The ability of a drug to cause harm or adverse
effects at doses higher than those used therapeutically.
Important Terminologies  Volume of distribution (Vd): The volume of fluid in

which the total amount of a drug is distributed in the
 Absorption: The process by which a drug enters body.
the bloodstream after administration. The five traditional rights in the traditional sequence include:
 Bioavailability: The fraction of an administered ‘Right patient’
dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is ‘Right drug’
available for distribution to the site of action. ‘Right Route’
‘Right time’
 Binding: The interaction between a drug and a ‘Right dose’
target molecule, such as a receptor or enzyme. Elliot et al. recommend four additional rights, including right
documentation, right indication for prescription, right patient
 Clearance: The rate at which a drug is response, and right form of administration within a given route.
eliminated from the body.
Cook et al. have proposed rights such as the right to have
 Distribution: The movement of a drug from the legible orders, correct drug dispensing, timely access to
bloodstream to the tissues and organs. information, procedures in place to support medication
administration, and problems addressed in the medication
 Distribution: The movement of a drug from the administration system
bloodstream to the tissues and organs.
 Elimination: The process by which a drug is
removed from the body, including metabolism
and excretion.
 Enzyme inhibition: The inhibition of an enzyme’s
activity by a drug, which can affect its metabolic
pathways.
 Equilibrium: The state in which the rate of
absorption equals the rate of elimination,
resulting in a constant plasma concentration.
 Half-life: The time it takes for the concentration
of a drug in the body to decrease by half due to
elimination.
 Kinetics: The study of the rates and mechanisms
of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
elimination. Bacteria Cell
 Metabolism: The breakdown of a drug into its
metabolites, which can be active or inactive.
 Pharmacodynamics: The study of the effects of
drugs on the body, including their mechanisms of
action and response.
 Pharmacogenetics: The study of how genetic
variations affect an individual’s response to drugs.
 Pharmacokinetics
 Receptor
 Response
 Routes of administration
Notes by: J.Julie
AXIS
Renin - Angiotensin Hypothalamic -
- Aldosterone Axis Pituitary - Adrenal II. Basic Pharmacological Principles
Axis Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
(ADME) of drugs
Protein binding and drug interactions

Routes of administration
Dosage forms and formulations
Step 1 (A) → Step 2 (D) → Step 3 (M) →

Step 4 (E) → Step 5
ABSORPTION
1. Passive Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
4. ENDOCYTOSIS
Notes by: J.Julie

FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION
 pH
 Blood perfusion
 Surface Area of the Intestine
 Motility
FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION
 Blood Flow
 Capillary permeability
 Protein binding
 Solubility
FACTORS AFFECTING METABOLISM
 LIVER
 KIDNEYS
III. Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology VII. Pain Management

 Overview of CNS function and neurotransmitters  Overview of pain mechanisms and assessment
 Antianxiety agents (e.g., benzodiazepines,  Opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine, fentanyl)
buspirone)  Non-opioid analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen,
 Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, tricyclics) ibuprofen)
 Antipsychotics (e.g., dopamine antagonists,  Adjuvants (e.g., lidocaine, ketamine)
serotonin-dopamine antagonists) VIII. Immunologic Pharmacology
 Sedatives and hypnotics (e.g., barbiturates,  Overview of immune system and
benzodiazepines) immunomodulation
 Stimulants (e.g., amphetamines, methylphenidate)  Antibiotics (e.g., beta-lactams, macrolides)
IV. Cardiovascular Pharmacology  Antifungals (e.g., azoles, echinocandins)
 Overview of cardiovascular system and blood  Antivirals (e.g., nucleoside analogs, protease
pressure regulation inhibitors)
 Antihypertensives (e.g., diuretics, beta blockers, IX. Medication Safety and Nursing Considerations
calcium channel blockers)  Drug dosing and administration
 Antiarrhythmics (e.g., adenosine, amiodarone)  Medication errors and fall prevention
 Antihypertensive medications (e.g., ACE inhibitors,  Patient education and medication adherence
ARBs)  Contraindications and adverse effects
V. Respiratory Pharmacology X. Special Topics in Pharmacology
 Overview of respiratory system and respiratory  Pediatric pharmacology
failure
 Geriatric pharmacology
 Bronchodilators (e.g., beta2 agonists,
anticholinergics)  Neonatal pharmacology
 Mucolytics (e.g., mucolytic agents)  Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine
 Inhalers and nebulizers International Standards
VI. Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Dangerous Abbreviations
 Overview of gastrointestinal system and Medication Reconciliation
gastrointestinal motility disorders
 Antiulcer agents (e.g., proton pump inhibitors, H2
blockers)
 Laxatives and cathartics
 Anti-diarrheal agents
Notes by: J.Julie

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 Solubility: The ability of a drug to dissolve in water or

NCM 106 (Prelim) other solvents.

Important Terminologies  Volume of distribution (Vd): The volume of fluid in

Protein binding and drug interactions

Step 1 (A) → Step 2 (D) → Step 3 (M) →

Notes by: J.Julie

III. Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology VII. Pain Management

Notes by: J.Julie

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