THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 01 ARTHEO 112

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE M4:

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
OTHER ELEMENTS OF DESIGN the concepts that determine how a design is
tools you work with when you design. organized.

Form/Mass The volume of a structure Unity All parts of the design work
together as a whole.
Line Creates visual direction
Proportion The size relationship of a part to
Texture Surface pattern or physical materials the whole.

Space Interior or exterior enclosure Emphasis The focal point of the design.

Value The play of light & shadow on a Balance Symmetrical or asymmetrical

structure organization of elements

Color Applied or inherent to the building Repetition Creates a visual rhythm

material
Contrast The variation of opposites
FORM
- The primary identifying characteristics of a RHYTHM
volume. - If you look carefully at the patterns on
- Established by shapes and buildings, you can sense a rhythm to their
interrelationship of planes. order.
- A volume can be solid space displaced by - These rhythmic patterns give a
mass or void contained by planes. dynamic quality to a building,
making it seem to be very lively.
Elements Of Form Defining Space
- Base plane SYMMETRY I ASYMMETRY
- Elevated plane - When there is correspondence in size or
- Depressed plane shape of parts on either side of a bisected
- Overhead plane whole we say it is symmetrical.
- roof plane + Asymmetrical : having parts that do
- ceiling plane not match or that are not the same
size, shape, or position.
TEXTURE + Symmetrical : having parts that
- the apparent look or feel of the surface of match or are the same size, shape,
an art object. and position

SPACE BALANCE
- is the relative position of one - characteristic of equal weights opposing
three-dimensional object to another. one another

VALUE PATTERN I REPETITION

- Light and dark are relative perceptions of - When lines and shapes are repeated, they
light. create a pattern.
- Patterns can be regular or irregular,
however, architects try to repeat elements
of design in a regular manner.
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CONTRAST Social distance

- exists when two adjacent parts are very - for interactions among acquaintances
different from one another. - Close phase - 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)
- In architecture, we speak about such Far phase - 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)
things as materials that have contrasting Public distance
colors and textures. - used for public speaking
- Close phase - 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)
PROPORTION Far phase - 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.
- is the term used to describe the
relationship between two things of CLASSIFICATION OF SPACES
different size.
SOCIOFUGAL
THEME - describing environmental conditions that
- a dominant feature of a work art that is discourage or prevent social interaction,
carried throughout the piece. - such as rows of seats facing the
same way (e.g., church pews) or
ambient noise that interferes with
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE M5: communication.
- A physical environment with these
PROXEMICS characteristics is termed a sociofugal
- is the study of measurable distances space.
between people as they interact and SOCIOPETAL
refers to man's use of space as an - describing environmental conditions that
aspect of his culture ( Edward Hall ) promote social interaction,
- Nature, degree and effect of spatial - such as circular seating
separation individuals naturally maintain arrangements and a comfortable
ambient room temperature.
- A physical environment with these
characteristics is termed a sociopetal
space.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF CROWDING

SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF CROWDING

- The presence of a high density of people
per unit space

INTERPERSONAL STIMULATION AND INTERACTION

- Defined by “being crowded” as “receiving
excessive stimulation from social sources”
Intimate distance
- for embracing, touching or whispering PERSONAL SPACE AND TERRITORY
- Close phase - less than 6 inches (15 cm) - Having an area of personal territory in a
Far phase - 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm) public space is the key feature of many
Personal distance architectural designs
- for interactions among good friends or
family members PLACE IDENTITY
- Close phase - 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm) - As a person interacts with various places
Far phase - 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 120 cm) and spaces, he/she is able to evaluate
which properties in different environments
fulfill his/her various needs
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THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE M6:

COLORS AND THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL COLORS

COLOR MIXING COLOR TERMINOLOGIES

Primary Colors
Hue Another name for color
- red, blue, and yellow.
- These can be mixed from any other colors Chroma Intensity or saturation of colors
and are the starting point for every other
color. Value The lightness or darkness of color

Secondary Colors Tint Color + White

- the term used to describe colors that are
Tone Color + Grey
created by mixing two primary colors.
- Red + Blue = Violet Shade Color + Black
Red + Yellow = Orange
Blue + Yellow = Green Key Dominant color in a color scheme or
Color mixture
Tertiary Colors
- Colors created by mixing one primary and
COLOR SCHEME
one secondary color.
Color Scheme
- Red + Orange = Red-Orange
- combination of colors that harmonize with
Yellow + Green = Yellow-Green
each other
Blue + Violet = Blue-Violet
Mono-Chromatic
- Using one color (hue) throughout, utilizing
VISIBLE SPECTRUM OF COLOR
that colors various tints, tones and
shades.
Complimentary
- Using two colors (hue) that are opposites
such as red and green or violet and
yellow.
Analogous
- Using three colors (hue) that are
neighboring each other on the color
wheel.
- These schemes can be warm or cool
since colors are adjacent on the color
wheel.
Triadic
- Using three colors (hues) that are equal
distance apart on the color wheel, such as
red, yellow and blue or using secondary
colors yellow-green, blue-violet and
red-orange
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PSYCHOLOGY OF COLOR (M6B) and

- Mellow - Ambition
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COLOR (M6A)
- Retro - Success
- Balance
RED
- gives the impression and feeling of As SAFETY color guides
warmth, love, anger, danger, boldness, - Orange means DANGER
excitement, speed, strength, energy, a. Dangerous parts of machine or
determination, desire, passion, courage. energized equipment
- Tends to produce rage or passion
- Exciting and stimulate the brain YELLOW
- Has an aggressive quality and is - Denotes gayety
frequently associated with violence and - Stimulating cheering
excitement - Most luminous color
- Also demands attention, and so it is used
Represents: in dangerous locations, such as edge of a
subway platform to mark the hazard.
- Passion - Strength
- gives the impression and feeling of
- Fire - Excited
attention-grabbing, comfort, liveliness,
- Blood - Attention
cowardliness, hunger, optimism,
- Energising - Powerful
overwhelm, summer, comfort, liveliness,
- Bold
intellect, happiness, energy, conflict for
As SAFETY color guides: safety color guide
- Red means STOP
a. Fire protection equipment and Represents:
apparatus such as pumps,
- Happy - Cheerful
buckets, sprinkler pipings
- Fun - Friendly
b. Dangerous cans of inflammable
- Young - Caution
liquid, barricades or temporary
- Summer
obstructions.
c. Stop - stop bars on hazardous As SAFETY color guides:
machines; stop buttons or switches - Yellow means CAUTION or RISK
indicates prohibition. a. Marking physical hazards such as
possibility of stumbling, falling,
ORANGE tripping, striking againts
- Has a stimulating effect and should something, or being “caught in
usually be used in relatively small between”
amounts. b. Dangerous cans of inflammable
- The occupant of an orange office, liquid, barricades or temporary
for instance will become ill at ease obstructions dictates dangers such
after a short time and will leave it as fire, explosion, radiation, and
at every opportunity. poison.
- gives the impression and feeling of c. Solid yellow, black and yellow
cheerfulness, low cost, affordability, stripes should be used
enthusiasm, stimulation, creativity, interchangeably, employing the
aggression, food, cheap, ambition, combination which will attract the
success, retro and mellow. most attention in the particular
situation.
Represents:
- Warm - Justice
- Friendly - Cheap
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GREEN PURPLE
- Has a cooling quality - Sedative and soothing
- Acts as a sedative - Suggest a stately or melancholy
- gives the impression and feeling of atmosphere
durability, reliability, environmental, - Cheerfulness or cowardice
luxurious, optimism, well-being, nature, - gives the impression and feeling of power,
calm, relaxation, Spring, safety, honesty, royalty, nobility, elegance, sophistication,
optimism, harmony, freshness as safety artificial, luxury, mystery, royalty, elegance,
color guide, magic

Represents: Represents:
- Nature - Good luck - Romantic - Decadent
- Freshness - Money - Sensual - Wealth
- Ecology - Greed - Eclectic - Nobility
- Calm - Envy - Psychic - Nausea
- Diplomacy - Mystical
As SAFETY color guides:
- Green means SAFETY BLACK
a. First aid dispensary or kits, - gives the impression and feeling of
stretchers, safety deluge showers, elegance, sophistication, formality, power,
etc. strength, illegality, depression, morbidity,
b. Escape Routes night, death

BLUE
- Peaceful and tranquil
- Reduces excitability and therefore helps
one to concentrate
- gives the impression and feeling of peace,
tranquil, professionalism, loyalty, reliability,
honor, melancholia, boredom, coldness,
winter, depth, stability, professionalism,
honor, trust

Represents:
- Stability - Intelligent
- Trust - Royal
- Liberal - Cold
- Frest - Sadness