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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the sap called animé, see Hymenaea courbaril. Not to be confused with Amine.
Anime
Duration: 2 minutes and 10 seconds.2:10
Trailer for the 2022 anime Heroines Run the Show
Publishers List of anime companies
Series Lists of anime
Languages Japanese
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 Manga
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Anime (Japanese: アニメ, IPA: [aꜜɲime] ⓘ) is hand-drawn and computer-generated animation originatin
g from Japan. Outside Japan and in English, anime refers specifically to animation produced in Japan.
[1]
However, in Japan and Japanese, anime (a term derived from a shortening of the English
word animation) describes all animated works, regardless of style or origin. Many works of animation
with a similar style to Japanese animation are also produced outside Japan. Video games sometimes
also feature themes and art styles that are sometimes labelled as anime.
The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917. A characteristic art style emerged in the
1960s with the works of cartoonist Osamu Tezuka and spread in following decades, developing a
large domestic audience. Anime is distributed theatrically, through television broadcasts, directly to
home media, and over the Internet. In addition to original works, anime are often adaptations of
Japanese comics (manga), light novels, or video games. It is classified into numerous genres targeting
various broad and niche audiences.[2]
Anime is a diverse medium with distinctive production methods that have adapted in response to
emergent technologies. It combines graphic art, characterization, cinematography, and other forms
of imaginative and individualistic techniques.[3] Compared to Western animation, anime production
generally focuses less on movement, and more on the detail of settings and use of "camera effects",
such as panning, zooming, and angle shots.[3] Diverse art styles are used, and character proportions
and features can be quite varied, with a common characteristic feature being large and emotive eyes.
[4]
The anime industry consists of over 430 production companies, including major studios such
as Studio Ghibli, Kyoto Animation, Sunrise, Bones, Ufotable, MAPPA, Wit Studio, CoMix Wave
Films, Madhouse, Inc., TMS Entertainment, Pierrot, Production I.G, Nippon Animation and Toei
Animation. Since the 1980s, the medium has also seen widespread international success with the
rise of foreign dubbed, subtitled programming, and since the 2010s due to the rise of streaming
services and a widening demographic embrace of anime culture, both within Japan and worldwide. [5]
[6]
As of 2016, Japanese animation accounted for 60% of the world's animated television shows.[7]
Etymology
As a type of animation, anime is an art form that comprises many genres found in other mediums; it
is sometimes mistakenly classified as a genre itself.[8] In Japanese, the term anime is used to refer to
all animated works, regardless of style or origin.[9] English-language dictionaries typically
define anime (/ˈænɪmeɪ/)[10] as "a style of Japanese animation"[11] or as "a style of animation
originating in Japan".[12] Other definitions are based on origin, making production in Japan a requisite
for a work to be considered "anime".[13]
The etymology of the term anime is disputed. The English word "animation" is written in
Japanese katakana as アニメーション (animēshon) and as アニメ (anime, pronounced [a.ɲi.me] ⓘ) in its
shortened form.[13] Some sources claim that the term is derived from the French term for
animation dessin animé ("cartoon", literally 'animated drawing'),[14] but others believe this to be a
myth derived from the popularity of anime in France in the late 1970s and 1980s.[13]
In English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun. (For

example: "Do you watch anime?" or "How much anime have you watched?")[15][16] As with a few
other Japanese words, such as saké and Pokémon, English texts sometimes spell anime as animé (as
in French), with an acute accent over the final e, to cue the reader to pronounce the letter, not to
leave it silent as English orthography may suggest. Prior to the widespread use of anime, the
term Japanimation, a portmanteau of Japan and animation, was prevalent throughout the 1970s and
1980s. In the mid-1980s, the term anime began to supplant Japanimation;[17] in general, the latter
term now only appears in period works where it is used to distinguish and identify Japanese
animation.[18]
History
Main article: History of anime
Precursors
Emakimono and shadow plays (kage-e) are considered precursors of Japanese animation.
[19]
Emakimono was common in the eleventh century. Traveling storytellers narrated legends and
anecdotes while the emakimono was unrolled from the right to left in chronological order, as a
moving panorama.[19] Kage-e was popular during the Edo period and originated from the shadow
plays of China.[19] Magic lanterns from the Netherlands were also popular in the eighteenth century.
[19]
The paper play called kamishibai surged in the twelfth century and remained popular in the street
theater until the 1930s.[19] Puppets of the Bunraku theater and ukiyo-e prints are considered
ancestors of characters of most Japanese animation.[19] Finally, manga were a heavy inspiration for
anime. Cartoonists Kitzawa Rakuten and Okamoto Ippei used film elements in their strips.[19]
Pioneers
Duration: 4 minutes and 19 seconds.4:19Namakura Gatana (1917), the oldest surviving Japanese
animated short film made for cinemas
Animation in Japan began in the early 20th century, when filmmakers started to experiment with
techniques pioneered in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia.[20] A claim for the earliest
Japanese animation is Katsudō Shashin (c. 1907),[21] a private work by an unknown creator.[22] In 1917,
the first professional and publicly displayed works began to appear; animators such as Ōten
Shimokawa, Seitarō Kitayama, and Jun'ichi Kōuchi (considered the "fathers of anime") produced
numerous films, the oldest surviving of which is Kōuchi's Namakura Gatana.[23] Many early works
were lost with the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.[24]
By the mid-1930s, animation was well-established in Japan as an alternative format to the live-
action industry. It suffered competition from foreign producers, such as Disney, and many animators,
including Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata, continued to work with cheaper cutout animation rather
than cel animation.[25] Other creators, including Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo, nevertheless made
great strides in technique, benefiting from the patronage of the government, which employed
animators to produce educational shorts and propaganda.[26] In 1940, the government dissolved
several artists' organizations to form the Shin Nippon Mangaka Kyōkai.[a][27] The first talkie anime
was Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka (1933), a short film produced by Masaoka.[28][29] The first feature-
length anime film was Momotaro: Sacred Sailors (1945), produced by Seo with a sponsorship from
the Imperial Japanese Navy.[30] The 1950s saw a proliferation of short, animated advertisements
created for television.[31]
Modern era
Frame from the opening sequence of Tezuka's 1963 TV

series Astro Boy
In the 1960s, manga artist and animator Osamu Tezuka adapted and simplified Disney animation
techniques to reduce costs and limit frame counts in his productions.[32] Originally intended as
temporary measures to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced staff,
many of his limited animation practices came to define the medium's style.[33] Three Tales (1960) was
the first anime film broadcast on television;[34] the first anime television series was Instant
History (1961–64).[35] An early and influential success was Astro Boy (1963–66), a television series
directed by Tezuka based on his manga of the same name. Many animators at Tezuka's Mushi
Production later established major anime studios (including Madhouse, Sunrise, and Pierrot).
The 1970s saw growth in the popularity of manga, many of which were later animated. Tezuka's work
—and that of other pioneers in the field—inspired characteristics and genres that remain
fundamental elements of anime today. The giant robot genre (also known as "mecha"), for instance,
took shape under Tezuka, developed into the super robot genre under Go Nagai and others, and was
revolutionized at the end of the decade by Yoshiyuki Tomino, who developed the real robot genre.
[36]
Robot anime series such as Gundam and Super Dimension Fortress Macross became instant
classics in the 1980s, and the genre remained one of the most popular in the following decades.
[37]
The bubble economy of the 1980s spurred a new era of high-budget and experimental anime
films, including Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984), Royal Space Force: The Wings of
Honnêamise (1987), and Akira (1988).[38]
Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995), a television series produced by Gainax and directed by Hideaki
Anno, began another era of experimental anime titles, such as Ghost in the Shell (1995) and Cowboy
Bebop (1998). In the 1990s, anime also began attracting greater interest in Western countries; major
international successes include Sailor Moon and Dragon Ball Z, both of which were dubbed into
more than a dozen languages worldwide. In 2003, Spirited Away, a Studio Ghibli feature film directed
by Hayao Miyazaki, won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 75th Academy
Awards. It later became the highest-grossing anime film,[b] earning more than $355 million. Since the
2000s, an increased number of anime works have been adaptations of light novels and visual novels;
successful examples include The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya and Fate/stay night (both
2006). Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba the Movie: Mugen Train became the highest-grossing
Japanese film and one of the world's highest-grossing films of 2020.[39][40] It also became the fastest
grossing film in Japanese cinema, because in 10 days it made 10 billion yen ($95.3m; £72m). [40] It
beat the previous record of Spirited Away which took 25 days.[40][41][42][43][44]
In 2021, the anime adaptations of Jujutsu Kaisen, Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba and Tokyo
Revengers were among the top 10 most discussed TV shows worldwide on Twitter.[45][46] In
2022, Attack on Titan won the award of "Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2021" in the Global
TV Demand Awards. Attack on Titan became the first ever non-English language series to earn the
title of World's Most In-Demand TV Show, previously held by only The Walking Dead and Game of
Thrones.[47] In 2024, Jujutsu Kaisen broke the Guinness World Record for the "Most in-demand
animated TV show" with a global demand rating 71.2 times than that of the average TV show,
previously held by Attack on Titan.[48][49]
Attributes
Anime artists employ many distinct visual styles.
Clockwise from the top left: Dead Leaves, Flag, Serial Experiments Lain, Monster, Mind Game, Lucky
Star, Cat Soup, and Gurren Lagann.
Anime differs from other forms of animation by its art styles, methods of animation, its production,
and its process. Visually, anime works exhibit a wide variety of art styles, differing between creators,
artists, and studios.[50] While no single art style predominates anime as a whole, they do share some
similar attributes in terms of animation technique and character design.
Anime is fundamentally characterized by the use of limited animation, flat expression, the
suspension of time, its thematic range, the presence of historical figures, its complex narrative line
and, above all, a peculiar drawing style, with characters characterized by large and oval eyes, with
very defined lines, bright colors and reduced movement of the lips.[51][52]
Technique
Modern anime follows a typical animation production process, involving storyboarding, voice
acting, character design, and cel production. Since the 1990s, animators have increasingly
used computer animation to improve the efficiency of the production process. Early anime works
were experimental, and consisted of images drawn on blackboards, stop motion animation of paper
cutouts, and silhouette animation.[53][54] Cel animation grew in popularity until it came to dominate
the medium. In the 21st century, the use of other animation techniques is mostly limited to
independent short films,[55] including the stop motion puppet animation work produced by Tadahito
Mochinaga, Kihachirō Kawamoto and Tomoyasu Murata.[56][57] Computers were integrated into the
animation process in the 1990s, with works such as Ghost in the Shell and Princess Mononoke mixing
cel animation with computer-generated images.[58] Fuji Film, a major cel production company,
announced it would stop cel production, producing an industry panic to procure cel imports and
hastening the switch to digital processes.[58]
Prior to the digital era, anime was produced with traditional animation methods using a pose to pose
approach.[53] The majority of mainstream anime uses fewer expressive key frames and more in-
between animation.[59]
Japanese animation studios were pioneers of many limited animation techniques, and have given
anime a distinct set of conventions. Unlike Disney animation, where the emphasis is on the
movement, anime emphasizes the art quality and let limited animation techniques make up for the
lack of time spent on movement. Such techniques are often used not only to meet deadlines but also
as artistic devices.[60] Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views, and
backgrounds are instrumental in creating the atmosphere of the work.[20] The backgrounds are not
always invented and are occasionally based on real locations, as exemplified in Howl's Moving
Castle and The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya.[61][better source needed] Oppliger stated that anime is one of
the rare mediums where putting together an all-star cast usually comes out looking "tremendously
impressive".[62]
The cinematic effects of anime differentiates itself from the stage plays found in American animation.
Anime is cinematically shot as if by camera, including panning, zooming, distance and angle shots to
more complex dynamic shots that would be difficult to produce in reality.[63][64][65] In anime, the
animation is produced before the voice acting, contrary to American animation which does the voice
acting first.[66]
Characters
Anime character design is diverse, but often incorporates

common elements depending on the target demographic and era. These are representative samples.
Clockwise from the top left: Ashita no Joe (1970), Macross: Do You Remember Love? (1984), Ghost in
the Shell (1995), K-On! (2009), Your Name (2016), The Hidden Dungeon Only I Can
Enter (2021), Fruits Basket (2001), and Rurouni Kenshin (1996).
The body proportions of human anime characters tend to accurately reflect the proportions of the
human body in reality. The height of the head is considered by the artist as the base unit of
proportion. Head to height ratios vary drastically by art style, with most anime characters falling
between 5 and 8 heads tall. Anime artists occasionally make deliberate modifications to body
proportions to produce super deformed characters that feature a disproportionately small body
compared to the head; many super deformed characters are two to four heads tall. Some anime
works like Crayon Shin-chan completely disregard these proportions, in such a way that they
resemble caricatured Western cartoons.
A common anime character design convention is exaggerated eye size. The animation of characters
with large eyes in anime can be traced back to Osamu Tezuka, who was deeply influenced by such
early animation characters as Betty Boop, who was drawn with disproportionately large eyes.
[67]
Tezuka is a central figure in anime and manga history, whose iconic art style and character designs
allowed for the entire range of human emotions to be depicted solely through the eyes. [68] The artist
adds variable color shading to the eyes and particularly to the cornea to give them greater depth.
Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the tone color, and a dark shade is used.[69][70] However, not all
anime characters have large eyes. For example, the works of Hayao Miyazaki are known for having
realistically proportioned eyes, as well as realistic hair colors on their characters.[71]
Hair in anime is often unnaturally lively and colorful or uniquely styled. The movement of hair in
anime is exaggerated and "hair actions" is used to emphasize the action and emotions of characters
for added visual effect.[72] Poitras traces hairstyle color to cover illustrations on manga, where eye-
catching artwork and colorful tones are attractive for children's manga.[72] Some anime will depict
non-Japanese characters with specific ethnic features, such as a pronounced nose and jutting jaw for
European characters.[73] In other cases, anime feature characters whose race or nationality is not
always defined, and this is often a deliberate decision, such as in the Pokémon animated series.[74]
Anime and manga artists often draw from a common canon of iconic facial expression illustrations to
denote particular moods and thoughts.[75] These techniques are often different in form than their
counterparts in Western animation, and they include a fixed iconography that is used as shorthand
for certain emotions and moods.[76] For example, a male character may develop a nosebleed when
aroused.[76] A variety of visual symbols are employed, including sweat drops to depict nervousness,
visible blushing for embarrassment, or glowing eyes for an intense glare.[77] Another recurring sight
gag is the use of chibi (deformed, simplified character designs) figures to comedically punctuate
emotions like confusion or embarrassment.[76]
Music
See also: Anime composer and Anime song
Japanese composer Yuki Kajiura, known for her musical

contributions to the soundtracks of several popular anime series such as Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no
Yaiba, Sword Art Online and Puella Magi Madoka MagicaAn example of a 2022 anime video with
anime music
The opening and credits sequences of most anime television series are accompanied by J-pop or J-
rock songs, often by reputed bands—as written with the series in mind—but are also aimed at the
general music market, therefore they often allude only vaguely or not at all, to the thematic settings
or plot of the series. Also, they are often used as incidental music ("insert songs") in an episode, in
order to highlight particularly important scenes.[78][better source needed]
Future funk, a musical microgenre that evolved in the early 2010s from Vaporwave with a French
house Euro disco influence, heavily uses anime visuals and samples along with Japanese City pop to
build an aesthetic.[79]
Since the 2020s anime songs have experienced a rapid growth in global online popularity due to their
widened availability on music streaming services like Spotify and promotion by fans and artists on
social media.[80] In 2023, the opening theme "Idol" by Yoasobi of the anime series Oshi no Ko topped
the Billboard Global 200 Excl. U.S. charts with 45.7 million streams and 24,000 copies sold outside
the U.S. "Idol" has become the first Japanese song and anime song to top the Billboard Global chart
as well as taking the first spot on the Apple Music's Top 100: Global chart.[81][82]
Genres
Anime are often classified by target demographic, including children's (子供, kodomo), girls' (少
女, shōjo), boys' (少年, shōnen), young men (青年, Seinen), young women (女性, josei) and a diverse range
of genres targeting an adult audience. Shōjo and shōnen anime sometimes contain elements popular
with children of all genders in an attempt to gain crossover appeal. Adult anime may feature a slower
pace or greater plot complexity that younger audiences may typically find unappealing, as well as
adult themes and situations.[83] A subset of adult anime works featuring pornographic elements are
labeled "R18" in Japan, and are internationally known as hentai (originating from pervert (変
態, hentai)). By contrast, some anime subgenres incorporate ecchi, sexual themes or undertones
without depictions of sexual intercourse, as typified in the comedic or harem genres; due to its
popularity among adolescent and adult anime enthusiasts, the inclusion of such elements is
considered a form of fan service.[84][85] Some genres explore homosexual romances, such
as yaoi (male homosexuality) and yuri (female homosexuality). While often used in a pornographic
context, the terms yaoi and yuri can also be used broadly in a wider context to describe or focus on
the themes or the development of the relationships themselves.[86]
Anime's genre classification differs from other types of animation and does not lend itself to simple
classification.[87] Gilles Poitras compared the labeling of Gundam 0080 and its complex depiction of
war as a "giant robot" anime akin to simply labeling War and Peace a "war novel".[87] Science fiction is
a major anime genre and includes important historical works like Tezuka's Astro
Boy and Yokoyama's Tetsujin 28-go. A major subgenre of science fiction is mecha, with
the Gundam metaseries being iconic.[88] The diverse fantasy genre includes works based on Asian and
Western traditions and folklore; examples include the Japanese feudal fairytale InuYasha, and the
depiction of Scandinavian goddesses who move to Japan to maintain a computer
called Yggdrasil in Ah! My Goddess.[89] Genre crossing in anime is also prevalent, such as the blend of
fantasy and comedy in Dragon Half, and the incorporation of slapstick humor in the crime anime
film Castle of Cagliostro.[90] Other subgenres found in anime include magical girl, harem, sports,
martial arts, literary adaptations, medievalism,[91] and war.[92]
Formats
Early anime works were made for theatrical viewing, and required played musical components
before sound and vocal components were added to the production. In 1958, Nippon
Television aired Mogura no Abanchūru ("Mole's Adventure"), both the first televised and first color
anime to debut.[93] It was not until the 1960s when the first televised series were broadcast and it has
remained a popular medium since.[94] Works released in a direct-to-video format are called "original
video animation" (OVA) or "original animation video" (OAV); and are typically not released
theatrically or televised prior to home media release.[95][96][better source needed] The emergence of the
Internet has led some animators to distribute works online in a format called "original net animation"
(ONA).[97][better source needed]
The home distribution of anime releases was popularized in the 1980s with the VHS
and LaserDisc formats.[95] The VHS NTSC video format used in both Japan and the United States is
credited with aiding the rising popularity of anime in the 1990s.[95] The LaserDisc and VHS formats
were transcended by the DVD format which offered the unique advantages; including multiple
subtitling and dubbing tracks on the same disc.[98] The DVD format also has its drawbacks in its usage
of region coding; adopted by the industry to solve licensing, piracy and export problems and
restricted region indicated on the DVD player.[98] The Video CD (VCD) format was popular in Hong
Kong and Taiwan, but became only a minor format in the United States that was closely associated
with bootleg copies.[98]
A key characteristic of many anime television shows is serialization, where a continuous story
arc stretches over multiple episodes or seasons. Traditional American television had an episodic
format, with each episode typically consisting of a self-contained story. In contrast, anime shows such
as Dragon Ball Z had a serialization format, where continuous story arcs stretch over multiple
episodes or seasons, which distinguished them from traditional American television shows;
serialization has since also become a common characteristic of American streaming television shows
during the "Peak TV" era.[99]
Industry
See also: List of anime companies and List of Japanese animation studios
Akihabara district of Tokyo is popular with anime and

manga fans as well as otaku subculture in Japan.
The animation industry consists of more than 430 production companies with some of the major
studios including Toei Animation, Gainax, Madhouse, Gonzo, Sunrise, Bones, TMS
Entertainment, Nippon Animation, P.A.Works, Studio Pierrot, Production I.G, Ufotable and Studio
Ghibli.[100] Many of the studios are organized into a trade association, The Association of Japanese
Animations. There is also a labor union for workers in the industry, the Japanese Animation Creators
Association. Studios will often work together to produce more complex and costly projects, as done
with Studio Ghibli's Spirited Away.[100] An anime episode can cost between US$100,000 and
US$300,000 to produce.[101] In 2001, animation accounted for 7% of the Japanese film market, above
the 4.6% market share for live-action works.[100] The popularity and success of anime is seen through
the profitability of the DVD market, contributing nearly 70% of total sales.[100] According to a 2016
article on Nikkei Asian Review, Japanese television stations have bought over ¥60 billion worth of
anime from production companies "over the past few years", compared with under ¥20 billion from
overseas.[102] There has been a rise in sales of shows to television stations in Japan, caused by late
night anime with adults as the target demographic.[102] This type of anime is less popular outside
Japan, being considered "more of a niche product".[102] Spirited Away (2001) was the all-time highest-
grossing film in Japan until overtaken by Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen
Train in 2020.[103][104][105] It was also the highest-grossing anime film worldwide until it was overtaken
by Makoto Shinkai's 2016 film Your Name.[106] Anime films represent a large part of the highest-
grossing Japanese films yearly in Japan, with 6 out of the top 10 in 2014, 2015 and also in 2016.
Anime has to be licensed by companies in other countries in order to be legally released. While
anime has been licensed by its Japanese owners for use outside Japan since at least the 1960s, the
practice became well-established in the United States in the late 1970s to early 1980s, when such TV
series as Gatchaman and Captain Harlock were licensed from their Japanese parent companies for
distribution in the US market. The trend towards American distribution of anime continued into the
1980s with the licensing of titles such as Voltron and the 'creation' of new series such
as Robotech through the use of source material from several original series.[107]
In the early 1990s, several companies began to experiment with the licensing of less child-oriented
material. Some, such as A.D. Vision, and Central Park Media and its imprints, achieved fairly
substantial commercial success and went on to become major players in the now very lucrative
American anime market. Others, such as AnimEigo, achieved limited success. Many companies
created directly by Japanese parent companies did not do as well, most releasing only one or two
titles before completing their American operations.
Licenses are expensive, often hundreds of thousands of dollars for one series and tens of thousands
for one movie.[108] The prices vary widely; for example, Jinki: Extend cost only $91,000 to license
while Kurau Phantom Memory cost $960,000.[108] Simulcast Internet streaming rights can be cheaper,
with prices around $1,000–2,000 an episode,[109] but can also be more expensive, with some series
costing more than US$200,000 per episode.[110]
The anime market for the United States was worth approximately $2.74 billion in 2009.[111] Dubbed
animation began airing in the United States in 2000 on networks like The WB and Cartoon
Network's Adult Swim.[112] In 2005, this resulted in five of the top ten anime titles having previously
aired on Cartoon Network.[112] As a part of localization, some editing of cultural references may occur
to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture.[113] The cost of English localization
averages US$10,000 per episode.[114]
The industry has been subject to both praise and condemnation for fansubs, the addition of
unlicensed and unauthorized subtitled translations of anime series or films.[115] Fansubs, which were
originally distributed on VHS bootlegged cassettes in the 1980s, have been freely available and
disseminated online since the 1990s.[115] Since this practice raises concerns for copyright and piracy
issues, fansubbers tend to adhere to an unwritten moral code to destroy or no longer distribute an
anime once an official translated or subtitled version becomes licensed. They also try to encourage
viewers to buy an official copy of the release once it comes out in English, although fansubs typically
continue to circulate through file-sharing networks.[116] Even so, the laid back regulations of the
Japanese animation industry tend to overlook these issues, allowing it to grow underground and thus
increasing its popularity until there is a demand for official high-quality releases for animation
companies. This has led to an increase in global popularity of Japanese animation, reaching
$40 million in sales in 2004.[117] Fansub practices have rapidly declined since the early-2010s due to
the advent of legal streaming services which simulcast new anime series often within a few hours of
their domestic release.[118]
Since the 2010s, anime has become a global multibillion industry setting a sales record in 2017 of
¥2.15 trillion ($19.8 billion), driven largely by demand from overseas audiences.[119] In 2019, Japan's
anime industry was valued at $24 billion a year with 48% of that revenue coming from overseas
(which is now its largest industry sector).[120] By 2025 the anime industry is expected to reach a value
of $30 billion with over 60% of that revenue coming from overseas.[121]
Markets
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) valued the domestic anime market in Japan at ¥2.4
trillion ($24 billion), including ¥2 trillion from licensed products, in 2005.[122] JETRO reported sales of
overseas anime exports in 2004 to be ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).[123] JETRO valued the anime market in
the United States at ¥520 billion ($5.2 billion),[122] including $500 million in home video sales and
over $4 billion from licensed products, in 2005.[124] JETRO projected in 2005 that the worldwide
anime market, including sales of licensed products, would grow to ¥10 trillion ($100 billion).[122]
[124]
The anime market in China was valued at $21 billion in 2017,[125] and is projected to reach $31
billion by 2020.[126] In Europe the anime merchandising market was valued at about $950 million with
the figurine segment accounting for most of the share and is expected to reach a value of over $2
billion by 2030.[127] The global anime market size was valued at $26.055 billion in 2021 with 29% of
the revenue coming from merchandise. It is expected that the global anime market will reach a value
of $47.14 billion by 2028.[128][129] By 2030 the global anime market is expected to reach a value of
$48.3 Billion with the largest contributors to this growth being North America, Europe, Asia–
Pacific and The Middle East.[130] The global anime market size was valued at $25.8 Billion in 2022 and
is expected to have a market size of $62.7 Billion by 2032 with a CAGR of 9.4%.[131][132][133] In 2019, the
annual overseas exports of Japanese animation exceeded $10 billion for the first time in history.[134]
Awards
The anime industry has several annual awards that honor the year's best works. Major annual
awards in Japan include the Ōfuji Noburō Award, the Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film,
the Animation Kobe Awards, the Japan Media Arts Festival animation awards, the Seiyu Awards for
voice actors, the Tokyo Anime Award and the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. In the
United States, anime films compete in the Crunchyroll Anime Awards. There were also the American
Anime Awards, which were designed to recognize excellence in anime titles nominated by the
industry, and were held only once in 2006.[135] Anime productions have also been nominated and won
awards not exclusively for anime, like the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature or the Golden
Bear.
Working conditions
In recent years, the anime industry has been accused by both Japanese and foreign media of
underpaying and overworking its animators.[136][137][138] In response the Japanese Prime Minister Fumio
Kishida promised to improve the working conditions and salary of all animators and creators working
in the industry.[139] A few anime studios such as MAPPA have taken actions to improve the working
conditions of their employees.[140] There has also been a slight increase in production costs and
animator pays during the COVID-19 pandemic.[141] Throughout 2020 and 2021 the American
streaming service Netflix announced that it will greatly invest and fund the anime industry as well as
support training programs for new animators.[142][143][144] On April 27, 2023, Nippon Anime Film Culture
Association (NAFCA) was officially founded. The association aims to solve problems in the industry,
including the improvement of conditions of the workers.[145][146]
Global popularity and cultural impact
See also: Japanese pop culture in the United States, History of anime in the United States, List of
anime theatrically released in the United States, List of anime distributed in India, Japanese influence
on Chinese culture, Japanese influence on Korean culture, Anime in hip hop, and List of highest-
grossing anime films
Anime Expo in Los Angeles, California, United

States – one of the largest fan conventions in the Western world[147]
Anime has become commercially profitable in Western countries,[148][149] as demonstrated by early

commercially successful Western adaptations of anime, such as Astro Boy and Speed Racer. Early
American adaptions in the 1960s made Japan expand into the continental European market, first
with productions aimed at European and Japanese children, such as Heidi, Vicky the
Viking and Barbapapa, which aired in various countries. Italy, Spain, and France[150][151] grew a
particular interest in Japan's output, due to its cheap selling price and productive output. As of 2014,
Italy imported the most anime outside Japan.[152] Anime and manga were introduced to France in the
late 1970s and became massively popular in spite of a moral panic led by French politicians in the
1980s and 1990s.[153] These mass imports influenced anime popularity in Latin
American, Arabic and German markets.[154]
The beginning of 1980 saw the introduction of Japanese anime series into the American culture.
[155]
In the 1990s, Japanese animation slowly gained popularity in America. Media companies such as
Viz and Mixx began publishing and releasing animation into the American market.[156] The 1988
film Akira is largely credited with popularizing anime in the Western world during the early 1990s,
before anime was further popularized by television shows such as Pokémon and Dragon Ball Z in the
late 1990s.[157][158] By 1997, Japanese anime was the fastest-growing genre in the American video
industry.[159] The growth of the Internet later provided international audiences with an easy way to
access Japanese content.[117] Early on, online piracy played a major role in this, through over time
many legal alternatives appeared which significantly reduced illegal practices. Since the 2010s
streaming services have become increasingly involved in the production, licensing and distribution of
anime for the international markets.[160][161] This is especially the case with net services such
as Netflix and Crunchyroll which have large catalogs in Western countries, although until 2020 anime
fans in multiple developing countries, such as India[162] and the Philippines, had fewer options for
obtaining access to legal content, and therefore would still turn to online piracy.[163][164] However
beginning with the 2020s anime has been experiencing yet another boom in global popularity and
demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic and streaming services like Netflix, Amazon Prime
Video, HBO Max, Disney+, Hulu and anime-only services like Crunchyroll and Hidive, increasing the
international availability of the amount of new licensed anime shows as well as the size of their
catalogs.[165][166][167][168][169] Netflix reported that, between October 2019 and September 2020, more
than 100 million member households worldwide had watched at least one anime title on the
platform. Anime titles appeared on the streaming platform's top-ten lists in almost 100 countries
within the one-year period.[170] As of 2021, anime series are the most demanded foreign-language
television shows in the United States accounting for 30.5% of the market share. (In comparison,
Spanish-language and Korean-language shows account for 21% and 11% of the market share,
respectively.)[171] In 2021 more than half of Netflix's global members watched anime.[172][173] In 2022,
the anime series Attack on Titan won the award of "Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2021" in
the Global TV Demand Awards. Attack on Titan became the first ever non-English language series to
earn the title of "World's Most In-Demand TV Show", previously held by only The Walking
Dead and Game of Thrones.[47][174] In 2024, the anime series Jujutsu Kaisen won the award of "Most
In-Demand TV Series in the World 2023" in the Global TV Demand Awards.[175]
Rising interest in anime as well as Japanese video games has led to an increase of university students
in the United Kingdom wanting to get a degree in the Japanese language.[176] The
word anime alongside other Japanese pop cultural terms like shonen, shojo and isekai have been
added to the Oxford English Dictionary.[177][178]
Various anime and manga series have influenced Hollywood in the making of numerous famous
movies and characters.[179] Hollywood itself has produced live-action adaptations of various anime
series such as Ghost in the Shell, Death Note, Dragon Ball Evolution and Cowboy Bebop. However
most of these adaptations have been reviewed negatively by both the critics and the audience and
have become box-office flops. The main reasons for the unsuccessfulness of Hollywood's adaptions
of anime being the often change of plot and characters from the original source material and the
limited capabilities a live-action movie or series can do in comparison to an animated counterpart.[180]
[181]
One of the few particular exceptions to this includes Alita: Battle Angel, which has become a
moderate commercial success, receiving generally positive reviews from both the critics and the
audience for its visual effects and following the source material. The movie grossed $404 million
worldwide, making it director Robert Rodriguez's highest-grossing film.[182][183]
Anime and manga alongside many other imports of Japanese pop culture have helped Japan to gain
a positive worldwide image and improve its relations with other countries such as its East
Asian neighbours China and South Korea.[184][185][186][187][188] In 2015, during remarks welcoming
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to the White House, President Barack Obama thanked Japan for
its cultural contributions to the United States by saying:
This visit is a celebration of the ties of friendship and family that bind our peoples. I first felt it when I
was 6 years old when my mother took me to Japan. I felt it growing up in Hawaii, like communities
across our country, home to so many proud Japanese Americans... Today is also a chance for
Americans, especially our young people, to say thank you for all the things we love from Japan.
Like karate and karaoke. Manga and anime. And, of course, emojis.[189]
In July 2020, after the approval of a Chilean government project in which citizens of Chile would be
allowed to withdraw up to 10% of their privately held retirement savings, journalist Pamela
Jiles celebrated by running through Congress with her arms spread out behind her, imitating the
move of many characters of the anime and manga series Naruto.[190][191] In April
2021, Peruvian politicians Jorge Hugo Romero of the PPC and Milagros Juárez of the UPP cosplayed
as anime characters to get the otaku vote.[192]
In April 2023, the Japan Business Federation laid out a proposal aiming to spur the economic growth
of Japan by further promoting the contents industry abroad, primarily anime, manga and video
games, for measures to invite industry experts from abroad to come to Japan to work, and to link
with the tourism sector to help foreign fans of manga and anime visit sites across the country
associated with particular manga stories. The federation seeks on quadrupling the sales of Japanese
content in overseas markets within the upcoming 10 years.[193][194]
A 2018 survey conducted in 20 countries and territories using a sample consisting of 6,600
respondents held by Dentsu revealed that 34% of all surveyed people found excellency in anime and
manga more than other Japanese cultural or technological aspects which makes this mass Japanese
media the 3rd most liked "Japanese thing", below Japanese cuisine (34.6%) and Japanese
robotics (35.1%). The advertisement company views anime as a profitable tool for marketing
campaigns in foreign countries due to its popularity and high reception.[195] Anime plays a role in
driving tourism to Japan. In surveys held by Statista between 2019 and 2020, 24.2% of tourists from
the United States, 7.7% of tourists from China and 6.1% of tourists from South Korea said they were
motivated to visit Japan because of Japanese popular culture.[196] In a 2021 survey held by
Crunchyroll market research, 94% of Gen-Z's and 73% of the general population said that they are
familiar with anime.[197][198]
Fan response
See also: Anime and manga fandom, ACG (subculture), and List of anime conventions
Cosplay of Madoka Kaname and Kyubey from Puella Magi
Madoka Magica during Tracon 2013 event at the Tampere Hall in Tampere, Finland
Anime clubs gave rise to anime conventions in the 1990s with the "anime boom", a period marked by
anime's increased global popularity.[199] These conventions are dedicated to anime and manga and
include elements like cosplay contests and industry talk panels.[200] Cosplay, a portmanteau of
"costume play", is not unique to anime and has become popular in contests and masquerades at
anime conventions.[201] Japanese culture and words have entered English usage through the
popularity of the medium, including otaku, an unflattering Japanese term commonly used in English
to denote an obsessive fan of anime and/or manga.[202] Another word that has arisen describing
obsessive fans in the United States is wapanese meaning 'white individuals who want to be
Japanese, or later known as weeaboo or weeb, individuals who demonstrate an obsession with
Japanese anime subculture, a term that originated from abusive content posted on the
website 4chan.org.[203] While originally derogatory, the terms "Otaku" and "Weeb" have
been reappropriated by the anime fandom overtime and today are used by some fans to refer to
themselves in a comedic and more positive way.[204] Anime enthusiasts have produced fan
fiction and fan art, including computer wallpapers, and anime music videos (AMVs).[205]
Many fans will visit sites depicted in anime, games, manga and other forms of otaku culture, this
behavior is known as "Anime pilgrimage".[206]
As of the 2020s, many anime fans and followers use social media platforms and other sites
like YouTube, Twitch,[207] Fandom,[208] Facebook, Reddit,[209] Discord,[210] Tumblr,[211] 4chan, TikTok and T
witter[212][213] with online communities and databases such as IMDb, MyAnimeList to discuss anime,
manga and track their progress watching respective series as well as using news outlets such
as Anime News Network.[214][215]
According to Crunchyroll's research data from 2023 to 2024 provided by its President Rahul Parini,
revealed that there are approximately 800 million people globally (outside of China and Japan) who
are either highly aware of anime, show interest in anime or currently watch anime and identify as
fans.[216][217][218]
According to a 2024 survey conducted on anime fans by Polygon, 65% of the surveyed anime fans
said that they find anime more emotionally compelling than other forms of media and more than 3
in 4 of Millennial and Gen-Z fans use the medium as a form of escapism. Almost two-thirds of the
anime-watching Gen Z audience said they emotionally connect better with anime than they do with
traditional media. Over 50% of surveyed Gen-Z anime fans said that anime influences their identity,
fashion and social understanding.[219]
Due to anime's increased popularity in recent years, a large number of celebrities such as Elon
Musk, BTS and Ariana Grande have come out as anime fans.[220]
Anime style
Main article: Anime-influenced animation
One of the key points that differentiated anime from a handful of Western cartoons is the potential
for visceral content. Once the expectation that the aspects of visual intrigue or animation are just for
children is put aside, the audience can realize that themes involving violence, suffering, sexuality,
pain, and death can all be storytelling elements utilized in anime just as much as other media. [221]
"Japanese animation is so different from what airs here. It's far edgier, more adult and violent."
Mike Lazzo of the American Cartoon Network[222]
However, as anime itself became increasingly popular, its styling has been inevitably the subject of
both satire and serious creative productions.[13] South Park's "Chinpokomon" and "Good Times with
Weapons" episodes, Adult Swim's Perfect Hair Forever, and Nickelodeon's Kappa Mikey are examples
of Western satirical depictions of Japanese culture and anime, but anime tropes have also been
satirized by some anime such as KonoSuba.
Traditionally only Japanese works have been considered anime, but some works have sparked debate
about blurring the lines between anime and cartoons, such as the American anime-style
productions Avatar: The Last Airbender and Avatar: The Legend of Korra.[223] These anime-styled
works have become defined as anime-influenced animation, in an attempt to classify all anime styled
works of non-Japanese origin.[224] Some creators of these works cite anime as a source of inspiration,
for example the French production team for Ōban Star-Racers that moved to Tokyo to collaborate
with a Japanese production team.[225][226][227] When anime is defined as a "style" rather than as a
national product, it leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries, [223] but
this has been contentious amongst fans, with John Oppliger stating, "The insistence on referring to
original American art as Japanese "anime" or "manga" robs the work of its cultural identity." [13][228]
While some anime will depict non-Japanese characters with specific ethnic features, such as a
pronounced nose and jutting jaw for European characters,[73] there are some styles that deliberately
forgo any identification of its characters with real-world ethnicities or nationalities, termed in
criticism as mukokuseki (statelessness). Mukokuseki characters can significantly impact the reception
of a property outside of Japan.[229][230]
A U.A.E.-Filipino produced TV series called Torkaizer is dubbed as the "Middle East's First Anime
Show", and is currently in production[231] and looking for funding.[232][needs update] Netflix has produced
multiple anime series in collaboration with Japanese animation studios,[233] and in doing so, has
offered a more accessible channel for distribution to Western markets.[234] Similar initiatives have
been enacted by the US-based streaming service Crunchyroll,[235] producing titles such as High
Guardian Spice and an adaptation of Tower of God.
The web-based series RWBY, produced by Texas-based company Rooster Teeth, is produced using an
anime art style, and the series has been described as "anime" by multiple sources. For
example, Adweek, in the headline to one of its articles, described the series as "American-made
anime",[236] and in another headline, The Huffington Post described it as simply "anime", without
referencing its country of origin.[237] In 2013, Monty Oum, the creator of RWBY, said "Some believe
just like Scotch needs to be made in Scotland, an American company can't make anime. I think that's
a narrow way of seeing it. Anime is an art form, and to say only one country can make this art is
wrong."[238] RWBY has been released in Japan with a Japanese language dub;[239] the CEO of Rooster
Teeth, Matt Hullum, commented "This is the first time any American-made anime has been marketed
to Japan. It definitely usually works the other way around, and we're really pleased about that."[236]
Media franchises
Further information: Media mix and List of highest-grossing media franchises
Pokémon Center in Singapore at the Jewel Changi Airport
In Japanese culture and entertainment, media mix is a strategy to disperse content across multiple
representations: different broadcast media, gaming technologies, cell phones, toys, amusement
parks, and other methods.[240] It is the Japanese term for a transmedia franchise.[241][242] The term
gained its circulation in late 1980s, but the origins of the strategy can be traced back to the 1960s
with the proliferation of anime, with its interconnection of media and commodity goods. [243]
A number of anime and manga media franchises such as Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, Dragon
Ball and Gundam have gained considerable global popularity, and are among the world's highest-
grossing media franchises. Pokémon in particular is estimated to be the highest-grossing media
franchise of all time.[244]
See also
 Animation director
 Aeni
 Chinese animation
 Cinema of Japan
 Cool Japan
 Culture of Japan
 History of anime
 Japanophilia
 Japanese language
 Japanese popular culture

 Lists of anime
 Mass media in Japan
 Manga
 Mechademia
 Otaku
 Television in Japan
 Vtuber
 Voice acting in Japan
Notes
1. ^ Japanese: 新日本漫画家協会, lit. "New Japan Manga Artist Association"
2. ^ Spirited Away was later surpassed as the highest-grossing anime film by Your
Name (2016).
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Duration: 2 minutes and 10 seconds.2:10

Trailer for the 2022 anime Heroines Run the Show

Publishers List of anime companies

Series Lists of anime

Anime and manga

 Original video animation

 Original net animation

Anime and manga portal

Part of a series on the

Mythology and folklore

Music and performing arts

In English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun. (For

Main article: History of anime

Frame from the opening sequence of Tezuka's 1963 TV

Anime character design is diverse, but often incorporates

See also: Anime composer and Anime song

Japanese composer Yuki Kajiura, known for her musical

Akihabara district of Tokyo is popular with anime and

Global popularity and cultural impact

Anime Expo in Los Angeles, California, United

Anime has become commercially profitable in Western countries,[148][149] as demonstrated by early

Main article: Anime-influenced animation

Mike Lazzo of the American Cartoon Network[222]

Further information: Media mix and List of highest-grossing media franchises

Pokémon Center in Singapore at the Jewel Changi Airport

 Japanese popular culture

 Mass media in Japan

 Voice acting in Japan

1. ^ Japanese: 新日本漫画家協会, lit. "New Japan Manga Artist Association"

3. ^ Jump up to:a b Craig 2000, pp. 139–140.

6. ^ "Decades of Growth, Rise of VOD and Streaming Trigger Anime

12. ^ "Anime". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013.

14. ^ Kroon, Richard W. (2010). A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media,

15. ^ "Anime". American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.).

17. ^ Patten 2004, pp. 85–86.

18. ^ Patten 2004, pp. 69–70.

20. ^ Jump up to:a b Schodt 1997.

22. ^ Clements & McCarthy 2006, p. 169.

24. ^ Clements & McCarthy 2006, p. 170.

26. ^ Yamaguchi, Katsunori; Watanabe, Yasushi (1977). Nihon animēshon eigashi.

27. ^ Kinsella 2000, p. 22.

28. ^ Baricordi 2000, p. 12.

32. ^ Brenner 2007, p. 6.

34. ^ Patten 2004, p. 271.

35. ^ Patten 2004, p. 219.

36. ^ Patten 2004, p. 264.

37. ^ Patten 2004, pp. 306–307.

38. ^ Le Blanc & Odell 2017, p. 56.

50. ^ Brenner 2007, p. 231.

56. ^ Sharp, Jasper (2004). "Interview with Kihachirō Kawamoto". Midnight