1) Mathematics

Math skills are very important as they help us understand various machine-learning algorithms that play
an important role in Data Science.
Part 1:
Linear Algebra
Analytic Geometry
Matrix
Vector Calculus
Optimization
Part 2:
Regression
Dimensionality Reduction
Density Estimation
Classification
2) Probability
Probability is also significant to statistics, and it is considered a prerequisite for mastering machine
learning.
Introduction to Probability
1D Random Variable
The function of One Random Variable
Joint Probability Distribution
Discrete Distribution
Binomial (Python | R)
Bernoulli
Geometric etc
Continuous Distribution
Uniform
Exponential
Gamma
Normal Distribution (Python | R)
3) Statistics
Understanding Statistics is very significant as this is a part of Data analysis.
Introduction to Statistics
Data Description
Random Samples
Sampling Distribution
Parameter Estimation
Hypotheses Testing (Python | R)
ANOVA (Python | R)
Reliability Engineering
Stochastic Process
Computer Simulation
Design of Experiments
Simple Linear Regression
Correlation
Multiple Regression (Python | R)
Nonparametric Statistics
Sign Test
 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (R)
The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
The Kruskal-Wallis Test (R)
Statistical Quality Control
Basics of Graphs
4) Programming
One needs to have a good grasp of programming concepts such as Data structures and Algorithms.
The programming languages used are Python, R, Java, Scala. C++ is also useful in some places
where performance is very important.
Python:
Python Basics
List
Set
Tuples
Dictionary
Function, etc.
NumPy
Pandas
Matplotlib/Seaborn, etc.
R:
R Basics
Vector
List
Data Frame
Matrix
Array
Function, etc.
dplyr
ggplot2
Tidyr
Shiny, etc.
DataBase:
SQL
MongoDB
Other:
Data Structure
Time Complexity
Web Scraping (Python | R)
Linux
Git
5) Machine Learning
ML is one of the most vital parts of data science and the hottest subject of research among researchers
so each year new advancements are made in this. One at least needs to understand the basic
algorithms of Supervised and Unsupervised Learning. There are multiple libraries available in Python
and R for implementing these algorithms.
Introduction:
How Model Works
Basic Data Exploration
 First ML Model
Model Validation
Underfitting & Overfitting
Random Forests (Python | R)
scikit-learn
Intermediate:
Handling Missing Values
Handling Categorical Variables
Pipelines
Cross-Validation (R)
XGBoost (Python | R)
Data Leakage
6) Deep Learning
Deep Learning uses TensorFlow and Keras to build and train neural networks for structured data.
Artificial Neural Network
Convolutional Neural Network
Recurrent Neural Network
TensorFlow
Keras
PyTorch
A Single Neuron
Deep Neural Network
Stochastic Gradient Descent
Overfitting and Underfitting
Dropout Batch Normalization
Binary Classification
7) Feature Engineering
In Feature Engineering discover the most effective way to improve your models.
Baseline Model
Categorical Encodings
Feature Generation
Feature Selection
8) Natural Language Processing
In NLP distinguish yourself by learning to work with text data.
Text Classification
Word Vectors
9) Data Visualization Tools
Make great data visualizations. A great way to see the power of coding!
Excel VBA
BI (Business Intelligence):
Tableau
Power BI
Qlik View
Qlik Sense
10) Deployment
The last part is doing the deployment. Definitely, whether you are fresher or 5+ years of experience, or
10+ years of experience, deployment is necessary. Because deployment will definitely give you a fact is
that you worked a lot.
 Microsoft Azure
Heroku
Google Cloud Platform
Flask
DJango
11) Other Points to Learn
Domain Knowledge
Communication Skill
Reinforcement Learning
Different Case Studies:
Data Science at Netflix
Data Science at Flipkart
Project on Credit Card Fraud Detection
Project on Movie Recommendation, etc.
12) Keep Practicing
“Practice makes a man perfect” which tells the importance of continuous practice in any subject
to learn anything.
So keep practicing and improving your knowledge day by day. Below is a complete diagrammatical
representation of the Data Scientist Roadmap.

Data Scientist Roadmap: Education Routes

Regardless of your academic path, unlock success through lifelong learning and skill mastery. Dive
into coding languages like Python and R, conquer statistics and machine learning fundamentals,
whether your background is in computer science, math, or beyond. Gain hands-on
experience through data science projects, internships, and powerful networking. Build a robust
skillset and stay ahead of the curve with the latest data science trends.
1. Educational Background:
Bachelor’s Degree:
Most data scientists have at least a bachelor’s degree in fields like computer
science, statistics, mathematics, or engineering.
Non-traditional backgrounds are okay, but having a solid foundation in quantitative subjects is
beneficial.
Advanced Degrees:
Many data scientists pursue master’s or Ph.D. degrees, especially for specialization or research.
Degrees in data science, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or related fields are
increasingly available.
2. Core Skills:
Programming Languages:
Learn languages commonly used in data science, like Python or R.
Use libraries and frameworks such as NumPy, Pandas, scikit-learn, TensorFlow, and PyTorch.
Statistics and Mathematics:
Understand statistical concepts and mathematical foundations, including linear algebra and
calculus.
Data Manipulation and Analysis:
Master data manipulation and analysis with tools like SQL and Pandas.
Machine Learning:
 Gain expertise in machine learning algorithms, covering supervised and unsupervised
learning, regression, classification, clustering, etc.
Data Visualization:
Communicate insights through visualization tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau.
Big Data Technologies:
Familiarize yourself with big data technologies like Hadoop and Spark.
3. Projects and Practical Experience:
Work on real-world projects to apply knowledge and build a portfolio.
Participate in Kaggle competitions or similar challenges.
Contribute to open-source projects or collaborate on data-related projects.
4. Networking:
Attend data science meetups, conferences, and networking events.
Join online communities, forums, and social media groups related to data science.
5. Continuous Learning:
Stay updated with the latest trends and technologies in data science.
Take online courses, attend workshops, and pursue certifications for skill enhancement.
6. Internships and Work Experience:
Seek internships or entry-level positions for practical experience.
Get exposure to real-world data science problems.
7. Soft Skills:
Develop communication skills to convey findings effectively to non-technical stakeholders.
Cultivate problem-solving, critical thinking, and attention to detail.
Below is a comprehensive roadmap that outlines the key steps and topics you should cover on your journey to b
Full Stack ML engineer. Keep in mind that this is a high-level roadmap, and you can customize it based on your i
and goals.

1. Python Programming
Python is widely considered the best programming language for machine learning. It has gained immense popul
field of data science and machine learning.
Python basics, Variables, Operators, Conditional Statements
List and Strings
Dictionary, Tuple, Set
While Loop, Nested Loops, Loop Else
For Loop, Break, and Continue statements
Functions, Return Statement, Recursion
File Handling, Exception Handling
Object-Oriented Programming

2. Data Analysis
NumPy and Pandas are two essential Python libraries that provide tools for handling and manipulating large data
efficiently. NumPy is primarily used for numerical computations, while Pandas is built on top of NumPy and offer
data structures and functions designed to simplify data analysis tasks.

Numpy
Vectors, Operations on Matrix
Reshaping Arrays
Diagonal Operations, Trace
Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Add, Subtract, Multiply, Dot, and Cross Product.
Pandas
Different ways to create DataFrame
Series and DataFrames
Slicing, Rows, and Columns
Read, Write Operations with CSV files
Handling Missing values
GroupBy and Concatenation

3. Data Visualization
One of the most popular data visualization libraries in Python is Matplotlib, which forms the foundation for other
like Seaborn and Plotly.

Matplotlib
Bar Chart, Pie Chart, Histogram, Scatter Plot
Format Strings in Plots
Label Parameters, Legend
Seaborn
Wide Range of Plot Types
Statistical Enhancements
 Categorical Data Visualization
Customization and Theming
Additionally, you can learn Ploty and Tableau if you want.

4. Statistics
Statistics for machine learning come as a significant tool that studies this data for recognizing certain patterns.
find unseen patterns by providing a proper direction for utilizing, analyzing, and presenting the raw data that is
implemented in fields like computer vision and speech analysis.

Descriptive Statistics
Continuous and Discrete Functions
Probability Distribution
Gaussian Normal Distribution
Measure of Frequency and Central Tendency
Measure of Dispersion
Skewness and Kurtosis
Normality Test
Regression Analysis
Linear and Non-Linear Relationship with Regression
ANOVA
Homoscedasticity
Goodness of Fit
Inferential Statistics
t-Test, z-Test
Hypothesis Testing
Type I and Type II errors
One-way and Two way ANOVA
Chi-Square Test
Implementation of continuous and categorical data

5. Machine Learning
To become proficient in machine learning algorithms, the most effective approach is to utilize the Scikit-Learn fr
Scikit-Learn provides a wealth of pre-defined algorithms that can be easily implemented by creating class objec
Familiarizing yourself with these algorithms is essential, especially those falling under the categories of Supervis
Unsupervised Machine Learning:
1. Linear Regression
2. Logistic Regression
3. Decision Tree
4. Gradient Descent
5. Random Forest
6. Ridge and Lasso Regression
7. Naive Bayes
8. Support Vector Machine
9. KMeans Clustering
Other important things to know
 Principal Component Analysis
Recommender systems
Predictive Analytics
Exploratory Data Analysis

6. Natural Language Processing

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is of paramount importance for Machine Learning (ML) engineers for several
NLP enables ML engineers to work with human language data, which is prevalent in various applications and ind
Handling Unstructured Text DataSentiment analysis
Text Classification and Sentiment Analysis
Named Entity Recognition (NER)
Text preprocessing
Text Generation and Language Translation
Topic Modeling
Machine Translation, BLEU Score
Summarization, ROUGE Score
Language Modeling, Perplexity
Building a text classifier
Speech Recognition

7. Deep Learning
The best way to master deep learning algorithms is to work with TensorFlow or PyTorch.
Neural networks basics
Activation functions
Backpropagation algorithm
Popular deep learning frameworks: TensorFlow or PyTorch
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for computer vision
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) for sequential data
Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) for data generation

8. Computer Vision
Computer vision is a fascinating field that involves teaching computers to understand and interpret visual inform
images and videos, just like the human visual system does.
Working with OpenCV
Understanding Pretrained models like AlexNet, ImageNet, ResNet.
Neural Networks
Building a perceptron
Building a single-layer neural network
Building a deep neural network
Recurrent neural network for sequential data analysis
Image Content Analysis
Operating on images using OpenCV-Python
Detecting edges

9. MLOps
You can master any one of the cloud services providers from AWS, GCP, and Azure. You can switch easily once y
understand one of them. We will focus on AWS - Amazon Web Services first
Working with Deep Learning on AWS
Amazon Rekognition - Image Applications
Amazon Textract - Extract Text
Amazon Transcribe - Speech to Text
AWS Polly - Voice Analysis
Amazon Lex - Natural Language Understanding
Amazon SageMaker - Building and deploying models
Deploy ML models using Flask

10. Git & GitHub

Git and GitHub are essential tools in the field of Machine Learning (ML) for version control, collaboration, and sh
projects with the community.
Understanding Git
Commands and How to commit your first code?
How to use GitHub?
How to make your first open-source contribution?
How to work with a team? - Part 1
How to create your stunning GitHub profile?
How to build your own viral repository?
Building a personal landing page for your Portfolio for FREE
How to grow followers on GitHub?
How to work with a team? Part 2 - issues, milestone and projects