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    Work and Heat

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    Work and Heat

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    Work and Heat

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    ME2101

    Basic Thermodynamics

    Concepts of Work and Heat

    Dr. Anjan Goswami


    Assistant Professor,
    Dept. of MPE, AUST
    anjan05me@gmail.com

    Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering


    Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
    Dhaka, Bangladesh
    Work & Heat
    › In Mechanics, Work is the energy transfer associated with force acting
    through a distance. Mathematically work done is evaluated by
    2  
    W1® 2 = ò F • ds
    1

    › Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between two systems
    (or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference.

    › Heat transfer and work transfer are the only mechanisms by which energy can
    be transferred across the boundary of a closed system.

    › Hence, if the energy crossing the boundary of a closed system is not heat, it
    must be work.
    Examples of Mechanical Work Concept
    Thermodynamic Work
    › Work can take on a number of forms (e.g., electrical, mechanical, or magnetic)
    since it can result from a variety of potential differences. The following general
    definition attempts to accommodate all forms of work in a general manner:

    › Work (and only work) is performed by a system on its surroundings during a


    process if the only effect external to the system could be the raising of a mass in
    a gravitational field.

    › The raising of mass is in effect of force acting through a distance, and so


    the work concept of mechanics is included.
    Thermodynamic Work

    YES
    Thermodynamic Work
    Examples of Work Interactions
    Examples of Work Interactions
    Sign Conventions for Heat & Work
    Point Function and Path Function
    › Point Function depends on the state only, and not on how a system reaches
    that state.
    › All properties (e.g. temperature, pressure, enthalpy, entropy etc.) are
    point functions. The differential of a property is “exact” (designated by
    the symbol d.) since it is independent of details of the process, e.g.
    2

    ò dT = T
    1
    2 - T1

    › The cyclic integral of a point function is zero.

    › The magnitude of Path Function depend on the path followed during a


    process as well as the end states. Work (W), heat (Q) are path functions.
    Point Function and Path Function
    › The magnitude of Path Function depend on the path followed during a
    process as well as the end states. Work (W), heat (Q) are path functions.
    › Differential of path functions are “inexact,” (designated by the symbol δ)
    the following integral can’t be evaluated without knowing details of the
    process:
    2 2
    ò dW = W ò dW = W2 - W1
    1
    1

    › The cyclic integral of a path function is non-zero.


    Understanding Heat & Work Interactions
    › An Energy transfer can be heat or work depending on system selection.
    Understanding Heat & Work Interactions
    Comparison of Heat & Work
    General Expression for Work
    Forms of Work
    Compression & Expansion Work (Boundary Work)
    Work is not a Property!
    Polytropic Expansion & Compression
    › In Polytropic process the pressure-volume relationship can be described by

    PVn= constant; n = constant


    Polytropic Expansion & Compression
    PVn= C; n = constant

    V2
    c
    V2 V2

    W1® 2 = ò PdV = ò ( n )dV = ò (cV - n )dV


    V1 V1 V V1

    æ V2 - V1 ö
    1- n 1- n
    é V ù V2
    1- n

    = cê ú V1 = cç ÷
    ë1 - n û è 1 - n ø

    1 1 = PV
    n n
    but c=PV 2 2

    = PV
    æ V 1- n
    - V 1- n
    ö æ PV - ( PV n
    )V 1- n
    ö Now, applying PV n
    = PV n
    ÷ =ç ÷
    n 2 2 2 2 1
    W1® 2 2 2 ç
    2 1
    2 2 1 1
    è 1- n ø è 1- n ø

    æ PV - PV1 1 ö
    W1® 2 = ç 2 2 ÷ n ¹1
    è 1- n ø
    Polytropic Expansion & Compression

    For n = 1 PV= c, P = c/V (Isothermal Process)

    æ cö
    V2 V2 V2
    W1® 2 = ò PdV = ò ç ÷ dV =c[lnV ]
    V1 V1 è V ø V1

    æ V2 ö
    = c(lnV2 - lnV1 ) = c lnç ÷
    è V1 ø
    æ V2 ö
    W1® 2 = P1V1 lnç ÷ n=1
    è V1 ø
    Polytropic Expansion & Compression

    For n = 0 P=c (Isobaric Process)


    V2

    W1® 2 = ò PdV = P(V2 - V1 ) n=0


    V1
    Polytropic Expansion & Compression

    For n = ∞ V=c (Isochoric Process)

    =0
    Polytropic Expansion & Compression
    Adiabatic System and Process

    › An adiabatic process should not be confused with an isothermal process. Even


    though there is no heat transfer during an adiabatic process, the energy content
    and thus the temperature of a system can still be changed by other means such
    as work.

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