OPEN ENDED PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of

polytechnic diploma In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNDER
SBTE

SUBMITTED BY

ABDULLAH S (2101010255)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

YOUNUS COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, THALACHIRA PO,
KOTTARAKARA KOLLAM-691538

NOVEMBER 2023
 YOUNUS COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC
THALACHIRA PO, KOTTARAKARA, KOLLAM-691538

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafied record of open ended project done on Structural
Engineering Drawing Laboratory report of Abdullah S (2101010255) the
student in the fifth semester in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Polytechnic Diploma In Civil Engineering under state board of
technical education Kerala.

Co-Ordinator: Head of the department

Ms. Manna Mariam Philip Mr. Ajin A

Lecturer HOD
Dept of Civil Engineering Dept of Civil Engineering
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Industrial visit stands complete only by dedicating sincere gratitude to those few who
have contributed a lot towards the successful completion of it.

First of all, I thank the almighty for giving us life, health and strength to present this open
ended project. I avail this opportunity to express my gratitude to Mr. HASHIM YOUNUS
vice chairman of Younus College of Polytechnic .

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to our respected Principal Dr. SHAHSAD A S for providing
the opportunity and facility for doing this open ended project without which this effort would
not have seen light.

I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. AJIN A Head of the Department and open ended project
coordinator Ms. MANNA MARIAM PHILIP for their inspiring assistance, encouragement
and valuable suggestions and guidance for doing the open ended project report.

ABDULLAH S

i
 ABSTRACT

Compression members are very important components for any building. All the kinds of loads
such as dead load or live load are ultimately transferred to the columns (compression members)
which in turn transfer it to the foundation. Thus, a column can be considered to be the main
supporting unit for any kind of structure. This article gives a brief description about the
characteristics and the behaviour of steel compression members. The various design steps are
taken in accordance to IS:800. This report includes the provisions for designing column using
IS 456 2000 and design of compression members using IS 800 codes

Keywords : IS 800, Provisions, Design

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Sl.No. Content Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE OF CONTENT iii

LIST OF FIGURE iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 CODAL PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN OF COLUMN 2

2.1 Design of columns as per is 456 code basic formulas 2

2.2 Basic key points taken in design 3

2.3 Steps followed in column design by using is456-2000 3

2.4 Example of column design by using is 456-2000 code 3

2.5 Conclusions of rcc column design by using is 456

7
code
3 COMPRESSION MEMBERS 8

3.1 Possible failure modes of a compression member 8

3.2 Classification of columns based on their lengths and

9
their behaviour
3.3 Slender compression members (elastic buckling) 10

3.4 Steps for design of axially loaded columns 11

3.5 Classification of cross sections 13

iii
 LIST OF FIGURE

Fig No. Figure Name Page No.

1.1 Types of Compression Members 1

2.1 4 Bars in Rectangular and 6 bars in circular 3

2.2 Column Design Result 7

3.1 Short Column 9

3.2 Long Column 9

3.3 Buckling class 12

3.4 Effective Length of column 14

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that

transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below. In other words, a column is a compression member. The term column applies especially
to a large round support (the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal, which
is made of stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called
a post. Supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually called piers.

For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral
forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress
conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts
of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also
has certain proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element
not needed for structural purposes; many columns are engaged, that is to say form part of a
wall. A long sequence of columns joined by an entablature is known as a colonnade.

Compression members are commonly used as columns in building structures, chords or webs
in trusses, bridge piers or braces in framed structures. The maximum strength of a steel
compression member depends, to a large extent, on the member length and end support
conditions. Steel compression members are commonly classified as short, intermediate or long
members.. Intermediate members are more complex to analyze but also are the most common
in steel structures. They may fail by a combination of yielding, overall buckling and/or local
buckling including interaction between buckling modes.

Fig 1.1 Types of Compression Members

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 CHAPTER 2

CODAL PROVISIONS FOR DESIGN OF COLUMN

RCC Column design is one of the most important concept in structural design. The
reinforcement values of the column sections are depends upon the total amount of the vertical
load acting on that particular column section. Basically loads which are related to combination
of dead load and live load is initially transfer to slab section through that slab section it will
distributed to beams and then to columns and to foundation. So if we design the column section
with safety then entire building will be stable.

2.1 DESIGN OF COLUMNS AS PER IS 456 CODE BASIC FORMULAS

The complete column design process as per IS code is determined by using below 3 basic
formulas

1. The minimum eccentricity values as per IS 456 code provision is calculated by using
below formula in the column design we need to consider minimum or greater than 20
mm value as eccentricity value.

emin = (L/500) + (D/30) ≥ 20 mm

2. The calculation of main steel is determined by using the below formulae which is shown
below

Pu=0.45fckAc+0.67fyAsc

3. The gross area, steel area required for the column section is determined by using below
formulae

Ag=Asc + Ac

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2.2 BASIC KEY POINTS TAKEN IN DESIGN

The following four key points are used in complete RCC column design

 Percentage of steel in RCC column is taken as 0.8% to 6% of the gross area.

 Minimum of 4 Bars are used in Rectangular column and 6 Bars in circular column
 Transverse reinforcement (pitch not greater than)

Least lateral dimensions

16d (d is small longitudinal bar diameter) (300 mm)

 Diameter of the bar not less than 0.25 d (5 mm)

Fig 2.1 : 4 Bars in Rectangular and 6 bars in circular

2.3 STEPS FOLLOWED IN COLUMN DESIGN BY USING IS456-2000

The following 4 steps are followed in RCC column design

1. Calculation of Ac by assuming Asc

2. Calculation of dimensions of the column by using Ag
3. Calculation of reinforcement values of main steel Ac
4. Calculation of transverse reinforcement

2.4 EXAMPLE OF COLUMN DESIGN BY USING IS 456-2000 CODE

Design RCC column which carries 1200kN load with 3.5 m length. Assume M20 grade
concrete and Fe415 grade steel

Since given load is 1200kN we need to make that to factored load

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Factored load = 1.5X1200 =1800 KN

Step 1: Calculation of Ac by assuming Asc

By assuming the percentage of steel as 1% of the gross area

Asc =(1/100)Ag

So Asc = 0.01Ag

And also we have Ag = Ac + Asc

By substituting the Asc value we can easily get Asc

So Ac = Ag-0.01Ag

So finally Ac = 0.99Ag

Step 2: Calculation of dimensions of the column by using Ag

Since we have

Pu=0.45fckAc+0.67fyAsc

By substituting the values

1800X103=0.45X20X0.99Ag+0.67X415X0.01Ag

By calculation we can get Ag = 153971.173 mm2

By taking column as square section which is having a side area of the rectangle is a2.

So a2 = 153971.173 mm2

And Finally a = 392.39 mm

So, Take a as 400 mm.

Now the next step is checking for the emin

4
Since

emin = (L/500) + (D/30)

= (3500/500) + (400/30)

= 7+13.333

= 20.33 mm

Hence it is safe as per emin

Since the emin value is less than 20 mm so we can proceed to the design section of 400 mm X
400 mm column

Step 3: Calculation of reinforcement values of main steel Ac

Again we will use same Pu formulae for calculating the reinforcement values

Since

Pu=0.45fckAc+0.67fyAsc

By substituting the values

1800X103=0.45X20X(153971.173-Asc)+0.67X415XAsc

By calculating we can get Asc = 1539.711 mm2

So let us consider 1540 mm2 area

By assuming the 16mm diameter bars

The area of 1 single bar is (Π/4)162 = 201 mm2

Number of bars required is given by is given by (Asc/Area of 16mm bar)

N = 1540/201 = 7.661 no’s

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Take approximately 8 no’s

So take 8 no’s of 16mm diameter bars as main reinforcement

Step 4: Calculation of transverse reinforcement

In transverse reinforcement initially we need to determine the pitch

Pitch is the least for following 3 values

1. 16d =16X16 = 256mm

2. Minimum lateral dimensions =400mm
3. 300mm

The least of above three values is 256mm so we will take 256mm is the pitch for the column
section design.

Diameter of bars calculation

The diameter of the transverse reinforcement is calculated by using two expressions shown
below

1. 0.25d = 0.25 X 16 = 4 mm
2. 5 mm

So the final reinforcement use of 8 no’s of 16mm diameter main reinforcement and 6mm
diameter bars of 256 mm centre to centre distance is used in the 400mmX400mm size with
1200kN point load. The complete reinforcement details are shown in the below figure 2.2

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 Fig 2.2 Column Design Result

2.5 CONCLUSIONS OF RCC COLUMN DESIGN BY USING IS 456 CODE

Well now the above explained concepts are related to the complete RCC column design as per
IS 456-2000 code. The reinforcement details are calculated as per 4 steps Calculation of Ac by
assuming Asc, Calculation of dimensions of the column by using Ag, Calculation of
reinforcement values of main steel Ac and Calculation of transverse reinforcement

As per the calculation the reinforcement values obtained as use of 8 no’s of 16mm diameter
main reinforcement and 6mm diameter bars of 256 mm center to center distance is used in the
400mmX400mm size with 1200kN point load.

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 CHAPTER 3
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Compression members are very important components for any building. All the kinds of loads
such as dead load or live load are ultimately transferred to the columns (compression members)
which in turn transfer it to the foundation. Thus, a column can be considered to be the main
supporting unit for any kind of structure. This article gives a brief description about the
characteristics and the behaviour of steel compression members. The various design steps are
taken in accordance to IS:800.

A structural member which is subjected to compressive forces which tend to decrease its length
is called a compression member. If the net end moments are zero, then the load is said to be
acting concentrically to the member and the structure is said to be axially loaded. Compression
members are usually given names: the vertical compression members in building frames are
called columns, the inclined ones are called struts. The principal compression member in a
crane is called a boom.

The strength of a column depends on the following parameters:-

 Material of the column or member.

 Cross-sectional configuration.

 Support conditions.

 Length of the column.

 Residual stresses.

3.1 POSSIBLE FAILURE MODES OF A COMPRESSION MEMBER (axially loaded):

 Local Buckling

Failure occurs by buckling or deflection of one or more parts of the member, for example:
flange or web of an I-section. No overall deflection is observed in this kind of buckling.

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3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS BASED ON THEIR LENGTHS AND THEIR
BEHAVIOUR:

 Short Columns

Short columns are very short a compression members. Slenderness ratio of such columns is
very low. The failure of such columns occurs by yielding and hence stresses at failure are yield
stresses. No buckling is observed in such columns.

Fig 3.1 Short Column

 Slender Or Long Compression Members

The strength of any compression member decreases with the increase in its length.
Compression members with high slenderness ratio and which satisfy all the conditions of
Euler’s Formula for buckling are called slender or long compression members. These columns
will fail by elastic buckling. The stresses induced during failure (buckling) are well below the
yield limit and lie in the elastic zone. So, the failure occurs elastically.

Fig 3.2 Long Column

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 Intermediate Columns

A column under an axial load has some fibers yielded some fibers in the elastic limit are known
as intermediate columns. These compression members would fail both by yielding and
buckling. The failure would fall under the ‘inelastic’ category. Hence, Euler’s formula is not
applicable for such columns.

3.3 SLENDER COMPRESSION MEMBERS (ELASTIC BUCKLING):

The buckling of slender compression member or a column was first described by Euler. He
was the first one to give remarks about the strength of a column. Euler considered an ideal
column with the following properties-

 Material of the member is perfectly isotropic and homogeneous.

 Column has no imperfections.

 Column is pinned at both the ends.

 Column is initially straight and the load are acting concentrically.

The design compressive strength is given by

Pd = Aefcd

Where Ae = effective cross sectional area of the member.

fcd = design compressive stress

The design stress fcd is computed as:-

 = 0.5 [1 + α (λ – 0.2)+ λ2]

λ = non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio

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 On the basis of the value of a particular buckling curve is selected.

Buckling
a b c d
Class

α 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76

From the selected curve and the effective slenderness ratio, the value of design stress fcd can
be obtained.

3.4 STEPS FOR DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS:

(i) Assume a suitable trial section and classify the section in accordance with the classification
as detailed in the Table (Limiting Width to Thickness Ratios) of IS: 800.(page no.44)

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Fig 3.3 Buckling class

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3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS SECTIONS

1. Plastic

2. Compact

3. Semi compact

4. Slender

In actual practice, totally plastic or slender sections are not available. But, if the section is more
on the plastic side, the failure would occur by yielding of the section while it is on the slender
side, failure would occur by buckling in the elastic zone. Hence, sections more on the side of
plastic limit have a better strength than the ones on the slender or elastic side.)

(If section is slender then apply appropriate corrections.)

(ii) Calculate effective sectional area,

Ae as defined in Clause 7.3.2 of IS: 800

(iii) Calculate effective slenderness ratio

KL/r, ratio of effective length KL, to appropriate radius of gyration, r

(Note: values of r for a particular section are given in the steel table.)

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Fig 3.4 Effective Length of column

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(iv) Calculate λ from the equation,

λ = non dimensional effective slenderness ratio=

(v) Calculate φ from the equation, φ = 0.5[1+α (λ - 0.2)+ λ 2 ]

Where, α = Imperfection factors for various Column Buckling Curves

a, b, c and d are given in the following Table: (of IS: 800)

(vi) Calculate χ from equation

(vii) Choose appropriate value of Partial safety factor for material strength, γ m0 from
Table 5.2 of IS: 800

(viii) Calculate design stress in compression, fcd , (Clause 7.1.2.1 of IS: 800):

(ix) Compute the load Pd , that the compression member can resist Pd = A e f cd

(x) Calculate the factored applied load and check whether the column is safe against the
given loading.

The most economical section can be arrived at by trial and error, i.e. repeating the above
process.

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