Python Language Questions

. What is Python?
○ A high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability and
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flexibility.
. What are Python's built-in data types?
○ Integers, floats, strings, lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries.
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. Explain list comprehension.
○ A concise way to create lists by iterating over an iterable and applying a condition or
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transformation.
. What is the difference between == and is?
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○ == checks for value equality; is checks for object identity (if they are the same
object).
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. What is a lambda function?
○ An anonymous function defined with the lambda keyword, often for short,
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throwaway functions.
. What is PEP 8?
○ The style guide for Python code, promoting readable and consistent coding
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practices.
. What are decorators?
○ Functions that modify the behavior of another function or method, often used for
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logging or access control.
. What is a generator?
○ A function that returns an iterator, allowing iteration over a sequence of values with
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yield.
. Explain exception handling.
○ Using try, except, finally, and else to manage and respond to errors.
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. What does the with statement do?
○ Manages resources, ensuring proper cleanup, commonly used with file operations.
. How do you create a virtual environment?
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○ Using venv or virtualenv, e.g., python -m venv myenv.
. What is a class in Python?
○ A blueprint for creating objects, encapsulating data and methods.
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. What is inheritance?
○ A mechanism where a new class derives from an existing class, inheriting attributes
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and methods.
. What is polymorphism?
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 ○ The ability to present the same interface for different data types.
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. Explain the self keyword.
○ A reference to the current instance of a class, used to access instance attributes
and methods.
. What is a context manager?
○ An object that defines methods __enter__() and __exit__() for resource
management.
. What is the purpose of __init__?
○ The constructor method that initializes an object's attributes when it is created.
. What are modules in Python?
○ Files containing Python code that can define functions, classes, and variables,
facilitating code reuse.
. How do you create a list in Python?
○ By using square brackets, e.g., my_list = [1, 2, 3].
. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy?
○ A shallow copy creates a new object but inserts references to the original objects; a
deep copy creates a new object and recursively copies all objects.
Advanced Python Questions
. What are Python iterators?
○ Objects that implement the iterator protocol, consisting of __iter__() and __next__()
methods.
. How do you implement a singleton pattern in Python?
○ By overriding the __new__() method to ensure only one instance is created.
. What are list slicing and its syntax?
○ A way to access a subset of a list, using the syntax list[start:end:step].
. How do you handle exceptions in Python?
○ By wrapping code in a try block and using except to catch specific exceptions.
. What is the purpose of the map() function?
○ To apply a function to all items in an iterable and return a map object.
. Explain the filter() function.
○ It constructs an iterator from elements of an iterable for which a function returns
true.
. What does zip() do?
○ Combines elements from multiple iterables into tuples, stopping at the shortest
input iterable.
. How do you reverse a list in Python?
 ○ Using list.reverse() method or slicing list[::-1].
. What is the purpose of the join() method?
○ To concatenate elements of an iterable into a single string, using a specified
separator.
. How do you check if a key exists in a dictionary?
○ Using the in keyword, e.g., key in my_dict.
NumPy Questions
. What is NumPy?
○ A library for numerical computing in Python, providing support for arrays and
mathematical functions.
. How do you create a NumPy array?
○ Using numpy.array().
. What is the difference between a list and a NumPy array?
○ NumPy arrays are more efficient for numerical operations and support vectorized
computations.
. How do you perform element-wise operations in NumPy?
○ By using standard arithmetic operators on arrays.
. What are NumPy's main data types?
○ int, float, bool, str, and object.
. Explain broadcasting in NumPy.
○ The ability to perform operations on arrays of different shapes by automatically
expanding them.
. How do you reshape a NumPy array?
○ Using the reshape() method.
. What is the purpose of numpy.zeros()?
○ To create an array filled with zeros of a specified shape.
. How can you find the mean of a NumPy array?
○ Using numpy.mean().
. What is the difference between ndarray and matrix?
○ ndarray is a general-purpose array type; matrix is strictly 2D and has some different
behaviors.
More NumPy Questions
. How do you stack arrays vertically in NumPy?
○ Using numpy.vstack().
. What function would you use to concatenate arrays?
○ numpy.concatenate().
 . How do you select elements from a NumPy array?
○ Using indexing or boolean masks.
. What does numpy.sum(axis=0) do?
○ Computes the sum along the specified axis, aggregating values.
. How can you find the standard deviation in NumPy?
○ Using numpy.std().
. What is the purpose of numpy.arange()?
○ To create an array with evenly spaced values within a specified range.
. How do you get the shape of a NumPy array?
○ Using the shape attribute.
. What is a masked array in NumPy?
○ An array that allows you to mask certain values, effectively ignoring them in
operations.
. How do you sort a NumPy array?
○ Using numpy.sort() or numpy.argsort() for indices.
. How can you transpose a NumPy array?
○ Using the T attribute or numpy.transpose() function.
Pandas Questions
. What is Pandas?
○ A data manipulation and analysis library for Python, featuring data structures like
Series and DataFrame.
. How do you create a Pandas DataFrame?
○ Using pandas.DataFrame().
. What is a Series in Pandas?
○ A one-dimensional labeled array capable of holding any data type.
. How can you read a CSV file in Pandas?
○ Using pandas.read_csv().
. How do you filter rows in a DataFrame?
○ By applying boolean indexing.
. What is the purpose of groupby in Pandas?
○ To group data by one or more columns for aggregation or transformation.
. How can you handle missing data in Pandas?
○ Using methods like fillna(), dropna(), or isnull().
. What is the difference between loc and iloc?
○ loc is label-based indexing, while iloc is position-based indexing.
. How do you merge two DataFrames?
 ○ Using the merge() function.
. What is pivoting in Pandas?
○ Reshaping data from long to wide format using the pivot() function.
More Pandas Questions
. How do you sort a DataFrame by a column?
○ Using sort_values(by='column_name').
. What is the purpose of apply() in Pandas?
○ To apply a function along a DataFrame axis (rows or columns).
. How do you change the index of a DataFrame?
○ Using set_index().
. What is the purpose of concat() in Pandas?
○ To concatenate two or more DataFrames along a specified axis.
. How can you get descriptive statistics of a DataFrame?
○ Using the describe() method.
. What does drop_duplicates() do?
○ Removes duplicate rows from a DataFrame.
. How can you convert a DataFrame to a NumPy array?
○ Using the to_numpy() method.
. How do you set a specific column as the index?
○ Using set_index('column_name').

Matplotlib Questions

. What is Matplotlib?
○ A plotting library for Python that provides tools for creating static, animated, and
interactive visualizations.
. How do you create a simple line plot in Matplotlib?
○ Using plt.plot(x, y) followed by plt.show().
. What is the purpose of plt.subplot()?
○ To create a grid of subplots within a single figure.
. How can you customize a plot title and axes labels?
○ Using plt.title(), plt.xlabel(), and plt.ylabel().
. What function is used to save a figure in Matplotlib?
○ plt.savefig().
. How do you add a legend to a plot?
○ Using plt.legend().
. What is a scatter plot?
○ A plot that displays values for two variables, using dots to represent the values.
. How do you create a histogram in Matplotlib?
○ Using plt.hist(data).
. What are different styles available in Matplotlib?
○ Various styles can be set using plt.style.use(), such as 'ggplot' or 'seaborn'.
. How can you show multiple plots in the same figure?
○ By using plt.subplots() to create a grid of axes.
. What is the purpose of plt.xticks() and plt.yticks()?