Ac FUNDAMEN 1TALS

Fig
B Flemingas
igh
Han d A
Rula
or Moto
Flamin9S
Lefr
Hand L
Electical
Rla
EIetri cal Loa
Load

Crun
Dimeetin s Cusn DreHon
X to
So n a paxhC
Te

-lar insfar s.
im drech an
kV

C on charg ad
is

curtah
Aua m
en

Towords Reader
Reade
MoTLON
rom F
tS

FoRE From Fa 2
FiELD $ N to S- FinGuRE THuMB Fie LD > N to S
CBm)
tu

MoTIDN OF THE
Mo TION f THE
CONDuC T0R
dy

CONDUCT0R CURRENTC
CD Da on toard)
AB (Don ward) MIDDLEe AB (upwa rd)
CD (Upusar d) FINGER
C

LCAUs e Flaming's Rakt Result

en

tarRud comC toD

Result un Curan
tre

F m
CuvrenF o m A to B
om
Vartica Allisnman
B

N
N
A CASe 3
AB
DeO
CASe AB O
DC

Horrizenta
Alignm
N N
AD

CASe2 AB AB O
De O
 D De®

e
AB
DeO

Hooua distibuian o ) takas pla

Fia
Ac Arra he Coil, BmMagoohe fala
Te
kV

D4
is

Bm
en

Bm
A
Angla 2IO
tS

ale o Anae 18

linka okoaA as
tu

linkag Mnim MaimU Mmn

dy

Maum Didho
C

Bm Ac Cos | -0
en

Unit s
tre

Bm Ac Cosut abe

>d= PCosw -

Faraday's Laus .o leromagmehe Induui oni

a Condueto is placed in a
hznevr
avn aleomotve totee i
maanehe ,
is core a Cu
S he Conouetor circut
cate inwe
induce wheh is in
mgnehe eld in Fan si
#Faus' ways tochangehe
a 0.s op:
to dM2 m4gn eh
okabnghr Cahl Tlat ve
the Coil in r a oj h a A A m e

plaee ina
manp0ge
Coil
angna Ma lea
movinaa magaah tow ans
dr awayoa coil.
 S h e Inu cad et in a Coit is eaual to A rae ot chang

ofu inkaa

Lenz Laus An in duca elaetrie C u r anE ws in a drahn

. Sue hah h Cnaan otoses hcha
ainou ca ih

d
-
#*Generaion of Alte natimaoaa
nducHenr
omagnate
Faradays Las
Te

From h oElcdrom
and Lemz Law
kV

e-NE dh when, Number sCoils

= Flux Linking in #he
is

Coil
= Roh oehang
en

W now, P n Cos wt
tS

-N (oCoswt)
tu

= N ¢m Sn wt)
dy

L Sn cosz
o n o ol'onn Lronotin voltaa
C

Can be r canho
instontanaous in duced m
en

a instantaneous ola v.
tre

NE

m m a mumm

a a o n atina 8an n o
h rpressian
vo Urag Can bL writa
Vm n wt tot

3 Sn s Fontano US

90 volta
oto 3C to 2T
Tim Pauod(T).
a S
Dierent ormg sinusoidal 2au aton

19 Vm Sin wt

V * Vm Sin 21f t
0Anqul an

v = Vm Sin 2 Vsltage Cumur

Instontan 2ous
Similarly for C ent
m Sin wt Paok Vn I
RMs v
Te

+AdvatagoSin ora
kV

ar be 2lai'nad in. a impla

Can
is

mathn oteal
en

"An poisdic Ton S a GnUssidalware ean

tS

b apre ss ed as h2 Sum o a mumbe

ofsinwares . dament freamanias.

tu

Mor aÜT Hes

A rodtant
a ny
dy

maaane
a snusoidall a
saxDH id a uent' Me
T
C

Ainusadad an
Ah ota ohang of
en

shope s e cirv ulen

tre

he
LDaveenm caue he
Some Derom S - Hm as abeisa, is
plsttas,agoin st

6 a o t ouoluss Cur/Vohag
IS CaUa a

b. a to ne e a a to C
ha aca
Freapno u m ber cs Comlah in

Sn9ndi a y i s 50tz. eafr in

s e i complts
50 Come u h e l e

SO
S Snd a he m pvi'od s Coma e a
O0 2 S

a u indt Compla
calzi m a eio T.
VaiVari ou AUarnoUna

AA
a iunabna
Te

ddeawm aratomm
AlL he abgV
uamtiia
kV

Alxnoig conua u to
dirdn)
wih pe
is

an
(beh mogiuda
ime pevod.
cerain
en

apests o
re
tS

Aveoga &RMs valaa st on o r n5

CU nt
tu

n his Sect o itonou tha Avraa

dy

an a vog
Ror M2oan Sap or) RM amaT
a n in Smlar can pu
ial
C

Voua Ria cumar

en

Averea Valu-
tre

Here ha t a l ora o m
O to r is +0
asurin
a it S i +va hgre
hal a
ala). and o
2T is
-V ha s a
Arrea Und ha cww
Averaga a l u =
Lengn base os
Cw v
Band on mu aboe mo on the N . ralua a n AC

vo 'gal tb in aul u
be,
TWsiS w have
ata)
to ou
C2N- o) Halt yde
Aver aa Vouu
H CAc Avarage
isum O to
talttall c i s
b o a e wiu bu o)

ina alon
Area 2

,T
Te

Vn in at dhat)
kV

Vm Sin wt dhut)
is
en
tS

Meax -)V ) =2
tu
dy

Va O'G37 Vm Sna w a e
- bl
c37 I
C

uTiLa Tovg o
en

RMS-
RMS e r t i s h Ravale
tre

VRms V De uaiG

Vm Sinwt
dt Stand dord Eouabon
2
20
Vm
2rt o 26

2 ot dot)
2
2T
cos 2t 6 »-Co 2)
4T 20T

t) - Co 2b det)
Jo 2
 x 2 - V14T (SoAsr)- sin o)
.' SnO= O Sn 2/T
:

2 Sn |
Vm

Or opcabla
Nm V 0T07 V»
V = Sw sada
Simil on, I 0 o7 In
oTm Faer k)
R TmS value 7ot Vm Thiss
awag Ya O637x Vm
Te

ak faxtor
kV

Vm
R
Piok a l u I414
o t 7 Vm
is

m.S a

N
en

Letan qu a e m.. alue

em.S.
=peako =
ONea r a l u
tS
tu
dy

Som Naum 2tic as-

Whar is pouo e cf. tim a
ren w
C

Ca) 5d Hz Go Hz.
en

To O 0 2s
T
tre

Find Gu; i Avoa ra hak Yàba Angul

an ra Tstankansous Vàl ar

o s , v form fa , vii) lean faor.

Crerr i 3 1717 Sin14t + )
i s he phana
i17 7 sin (14tt A
h2onenabud 24pato i s , i In s

haa
is aap na)
msr

7 /7 S34t) . w
en a zao 24mal on wge
ger
Com oring a ga
wt 31 L 314.
Now 2 314,
2 314.
319 49q7Sso
2

Tm 17 17
T aka 4
E 12 14
oha de
m a k e ît rok

dgik
Aveaa Valua PaVal
Lav O'37x Tm T1717 A Anh
Te

= l0 313.
kV

i Aha o ({)= SoHz

aaI 14 AA
is
en

An9war
314 314 as|sA t 0'12S
tS

ort=F°sin(3/4xo12
+0
tu

vFovm facror (k,)= i,1717 S C8+0

dy

av
12 '109L38
C

0 94
en

R ' A
tre

m 2
viil) Fak fauh CEp) 2 14 '4143
.Rp I41| .
Sneance oe RMS
RMS Sanar Rovt 2
Mcan a saronuA

2
No
V =(
2T

Thi pard is h s This i

Te

ba ou he Swou
kV

toa or
,2(
12m 2
is

V = Sin Cutd
en

21T
tS

zan e
*Squara Ko ha
tu

m 2
dy

Stmdsd Eamo Vrms

C
en
tre

AC

RT ,R+2 R+. ..t

RT
22 2
t2+ +
aivalon
De Cutn
, t . +n
w Lams
Qmo w s

RngI I n(ot dst Tecanle

2T

2pvalr Kina
LO
PhPhoae 2 Phoao Representalon -
he phase o.am' alroenaing u art oan me t
a s wit
he, phasoa maNes sithe
Ahe
a n d k he.ang useh
med n e ph as ongi s t o k a n p s s t e
ans
Ana cloce uce reion he angula pe s on

wtk
2

Vm
Te

.
kV

mSun wt
-VnsinatrdnVmSin
co
is

(Vasl-
en

w
tS

20
tu

-Vt ASume : 3
dy

B0.|
AcCoroing to
- Vn Sin Parees stand
C

Vng Sin t + )
en

Hene; s =
Vmssinot Ladi
tre

&, . 6
=Nm3
Sslanl, v3 iss aUuvr
, tha is wh
w.t

L So his Ph a n r an als Can be dona wi any

oltn at anals,i ear magriJs, bu he
a mush be °' drasn m s i deung San

ha son diag-

Phanom DiaOn
Fhanor diag ams ae
gaophica t ay
erearliy ha
mamfude Ond
alrnnaG qmants ih Sama n
onmor
Phaaon diaqram is a o n Comad dung m,m. S
valu
 h a sh q he ware m on the ime as or angl ais
and he angu is cal9
phana s
i n whan
moh u m b c a od pk o, ouwa
we un a
h e Nauous
ac cirwt he phaa d UncrA max
oa ano Cwrus.

NoL, . Vn Sin ob - ) V i n ot +d)

he s a
posiie consrar

when
t
Te

hn
ate 3ati
Vm t= - man
kV

aGes
condng
to moham
at h a
- ais o e
h hein is
is

LHS ha )
N
en

, Vm in w t i s r f d u n ca. h phame
tS

du a n om usu b

V
tu

Lea
dy

Vo.
L
C
en

V Coswt). = in @0-wt)Vmsine
Vm
V o90 1 8 2 3 Nortestas
tre

Vn Sin) -Vm O

Vn Coct) -v.,|ov Vm C o s E

+Vm

- Vm 90)
- Vm in ot
 Vm
Te

= Vm Sint)
kV

Vm iwt )
Vms in (ut-d
is

drau
en

diagtam S
Ac tu a h oae

h Rns
tS

Vm
Vrms V
tu
dy

So, a phaser ooagam

N2
C
en

Vma V>V shows

tre

Ramarshuda
Vav,7 Vi