TOS

Q1) State Hooke’s law giving it’s expression.

Ans:- Hook’s law.
It states that when a material is loaded within its elastic limit, the stress produced is
directly proportional to the strain.
σ αe

Q2) Define strain. State various types of strain.

Ans:- When a body of an elastic material is loaded upon by an axial force it undergoes
change in dimensions. The change in dimension per original dimension is called as strain.
Types of Strain:
a) Linear strain or Longitudinal strain.
i) Tensile
ii) Compression
b) Lateral strain.
c) Volumetric strain.
d) Shear strain.

Q3) State any four assumptions made in Euler’s theory of long column.

Ans:- a) The compressive load is exactly axial.

b) The material of the column is perfectly homogenous and isotropic.

c) The column is initially straight and of uniform lateral dimensions.

d) The self-weight of column is neglected.

e) The column is long and fails due to buckling only.

f) Shorting of the column due to direct compression is neglected.

g) The stresses do not exceed the limit of proportionality.

Q4) With a neat sketch, state effective lengths of column for various end conditions.
Ans:-
Q5) Define shear force and bending moment.

Ans:- Shear force: Shear force at any cross section of the beam is the algebraic sum of
vertical forces on the beam acting on right side or left side of the section is called as
shear force.
OR
A shear force is the resultant vertical force acting on the either side of a section of a beam.
Unit :- kN or N

Bending Moment: Bending moment at any section at any cross section is the algebraic
sum of the moment of all forces acting on the right or left side of section is called as bending
moment.

Unit: - kN-m or N-m

Q6) State the parallel axis theorem.

Ans:- Parallel Axis Theorem: The moment of inertia about any axis parallel to centroidal
axis is equal to moment of inertia about that particular centroidal axis (Ixx or Iyy) plus
product of area of figure and square of distance between these parallel axes.

Q7) State meaning of slenderness ratio.

Ans:- Slenderness ratio is defined as the ratio of effective length of a column and its
minimum radius of gyration.
As slenderness ratio increases buckling of column increases as it is proportional to effective
length of column.

Q8) Define radius of gyration

Ans:- Radius of gyration (K): The radius of gyration of a given area about any axis is the
distance from the given axis at which the area is assumed to be concentrated without
changing the MI about the given axis.
I
K=
A

Where, I = Moment of Inertia (mm4)

A = Cross Sectional Area (mm2)
K = Radius of Gyration. (mm)

Q9) Define ‘Moment of inertia’

Ans:- Moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the product of the area of the
body and square of the distance of its centroid from that axis.
OR
Moment of inertia of a body about any axis is defined as the sum of second moment of all
elementary areas about that axis. Unit- mm4, cm4, m4

Q10) Write down formula of M-I of quarter circle about its centroidal axes.
Ans:-
M.I. of quarter circle (IXX ) = 0.055R4

M.I. of quarter circle (IYY )= 0.055R4

Q11) Define stress and strain.

Ans:- Stress: The internal resistance force against the deformation per unit cross sectional
area is called stress.
Strain: When a body of an elastic material is subjected to an axial force it undergoes
change in dimensions. The change in dimension per original dimension is called as strain.

Q12) State the parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem.
Ans:- Parallel axis theorem: It states that the M. I. of a plane section about any axis parallel
to the centroidal axis is equal to the M. I. of the section about the centroidal axis plus the
product of the area of the section and the square of the distance between the two axes.
Perpendicular axis theorem: It states MI of a plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to
the plane of lamina and passing through the centroid of the lamina is equal to the addition of
the moments of inertia of the lamina about its centroidal axes.

Q13) Define centroid and centre of gravity.

Ans:- Centroid: It is defined as the point through which the entire area of a plane figure
is assumed to act, for all positions of the lamina.
e. g. Triangle, Square.
Centre of Gravity: It is defined as the point through which the whole weight of the body is
assumed to act, irrespective of the position of a body.
e.g. Cone, Cylinder
 Q14) Write classification of force system and explain any one in detail. Classification
of force system:
It is classified mainly into two types.
(1) Coplanar force system
(a) Collinear force system
(b) Concurrent force system
(c) Non-concurrent force system
(d) Parallel force system (i) Like parallel
(ii) Unlike parallel

(2) Non-coplanar force system

(a) Concurrent force system
(b) Parallel force system
(c) Non-concurrent, non-parallel or General force system

Coplanar Collinear force system: The force system in which forces lies on the same plane
and act along the same line of action are known as Coplanar Collinear force system.

 Coplanar Concurrent force system: The force system in which forces lies on the
same plane and meet at a point are known as Coplanar Concurrent force system.

 Coplanar Non-concurrent force system: The force system in which forces lies on
the same plane but meet at different points are known as Coplanar Concurrent force
system.
 Coplanar parallel force system:
(i) Like parallel force system: The force system in which forces lies on the same
plane and are parallel to each other acting in same direction are known as Coplanar
Like parallel force system.

(ii) Unlike parallel force system: The force system in which forces lies on the same
plane and are parallel to each other but acting in opposite direction are known as
Coplanar Unlike parallel force system.

 Non-coplanar concurrent force system: The force system in which forces lies in
different planes but meet at a point are known as Non-coplanar Concurrent force
system.

 Non-coplanar parallel force system: The force system in which forces lies in
different planes but are parallel to each other are known as Non-coplanar parallel force
 system.

 General force system: The force system in which forces act in different planes and
they do not possess one single point of concurrency are known as General force
system.

Q15) State triangle law of forces with sketch and state it’s use.
Ans:- Triangle law of forces: It states that, “ if forces acting simultaneously on a particle
be represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a triangle taken in order, then
their resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the
triangle taken in opposite order.”
e.g. – Let, P and Q are forces acting at point O. Using Bow’s notation, P = AB and Q = BC.
Using suitable scale draw line ‘ab’ parallel to AB

Q16) Define free body diagram.

Ans:- When all active and reactive forces acting on the free body are shown and thus the
diagram obtained is called as „free body diagram‟.

Q17) State Polygon Law of forces.

Ans:-Polygon Law of forces: If any number of coplanar concurrent forces can be
represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order; then their
 resultant will be represented by the closing side of the polygon taken in opposite order.

Q18) State analytical conditions of equilibrium for coplanar non- concurrent force
system.
1. Σ Fx = 0 i. e. Algebraic sum of all the forces along X-axis must be equal to zero.
2. Σ Fy = 0 i. e. Algebraic sum of all the forces along Y-axis must be equal to zero.
3. Σ MA = 0 i. e. Algebraic sum of moments all the forces about any point (say point A)
must be equal to zero.

Q19) A cantilever of 2 m span carries a point load 20kN at its free end and a udl of
5kN/m upto 1 m from free end. Draw S.F. & B.M. diagrams.

I) Reaction Calculation:

∑Fy = 0
RA = 5×1+20 = 25kN

II) SF Calculation:
SF at A = +25kN
CL = +25kN
BL = +25-5×1=20kN
B = +20-20=0kN (⸫ ok)

III) BM Calculation:
BM at B = 0 kN-m (B is Free end)
B = -20×1-5×1×0.5 = -22.5 kN-m
A = -20×2-5×1×1.5 = -47.5 kN-m

Q20) A simply supported beam ABCD, AB = BC = 2m and CD = 3m carries point load

100N at B and udl 25N/m over a span CD. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams. Also state
maximum B.M. in beam.

Reaction Calculation:
∑MA = 0
RD×7 = 100×2 +(25×3) ×5.5
RD = 87.5N
∑Fy = 0
RA+RD = 100+(25×3)
RA= 87.5N II) SF Calculation:
SF at A = +87.5N
BL = +87.5N
BR = +87.5-100= -12.5N
C = -12.5N
DL = -12.5-25×3=-87.5N
D = -87.5+87.5=0 (⸫ ok) III) BM Calculation:
BM at A and D = 0 (⸪ Supports A and D are simple)
B= +87.5×2=+175N-m
C= +87.5×2-100×2 =+150N-m IV) Bmax:
BM = +175N-m at point B.
 Q21) A RCC column 400 mm x 400 mm is reinforced with 4 bars of 20 mm diameter. Determine
stresses induced in steel and concrete. If it is subjected to an axial load of 500 kN. Take modular
ratio (Es/Ec) = 13.33.

Given: Column 400 mm x 400 mm, Reinforcement- 4 bars of 20 mm,

E
P = 500kN, s = m =13.33.

Ec
Find: σ , σ =?c s

E
σs
m= s = =13.33
Ec σc
σ =13.33s ×σ -c - - - - - - - - - - - - (i)
A = 400 × 400 = 160000 mm 2

A = 4 × s  20 2 = 1256.63mm 2
A = A - A = 160000 - 1256.63 = 158743c s .37mm 2
P = P + Ps c
P= σ . A+ σ . A ss c c

500×10 =(13.33×3σc×1256.63)+(σc×158743.37)
σ =c 2.849 N/mm 2
From (i), σ =13.33s× 2.849
σ =s 37.978 N/mm 2

Q22) Draw S.F. and B.M. diagram for the cantilever beam as shown in fig. given below indicate the
value of important points.

. Reaction Calculation:
∑Fy = 0
RA = (5 × 4) +10 = 30 kN
II. SF Calculation:
A = + 30 kN
BL = + 30 – (5×2) = + 20 kN
BR = + 20 – 10 = + 10 kN
C = + 10 – (5×2) = 0
III. BM Calculation:
BM at C = 0 (C is Free end)
B = – (5×2)×1 = – 10kN-m
A = – (5×4)×2 – 10×2 = – 60 kN-m

Q23) Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the cantilever beam loaded as
shown in figure 1. Indicate all important values.

I) Reaction Calculation:
∑Fy = 0
RA = 3+(1×3.5)+2 = 8.5kN
II) SF Calculation:
SF at A = +8.5kN
BL = +8.5-1×1 = +7.5kN
BR = +7.5-3 = 4.5kN
C = 4.5 - 1×2.5 = 2.0kN
DL = +2.0kN
DR = +2 - 2 = 0kN
E = 0kN (⸫ ok)
III) BM Calculation:
BM at E = 0kN-m (Eis Free end)
E = 0kN-m
C = -2×1 =- 2kN-m
B = -2×3.5 - (1×2.5) ×1.25 = -10.125kN-m
A = -2×4.5 - (1×3.5) ×1.75 - 3×1 = -18.125kN-m