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27 QUESTIONS
The following text is adapted from Mary Seacole's 1857 autobiography Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands.
That journey across the Isthmus [of Panama], insignificant in distance as it was, was by no means an easy one. It seemed as if
nature had determined to throw every conceivable obstacle in the way of those who should seek to join the two great oceans
of the world.
As used in the text, what does the word "“conceivable" most nearly mean?
A) Visible
B) Possible
C) Regular
D) Open
In a 2018 article celebrating films depicting the Black experience, critics for the New York Times ______ William Greaves's 1968
film Symbiopsychotaxiplasm, Take One and Spike Lee's 1992 film Malcolm X, praising the former as "a vital artifact of its time"
and the latter as "electrifying”.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) overlooked
B) commended
C) satirized
D) inspired
Louise Arner Boyd, who led several scientific expeditions off the coast of Greenland in the1930s, undoubtedly accomplished
much, but to gain a lasting place in our historical memory, there is little that can ______ being the first to do something. For
example, people will always remember that Enid Gordon-Gillian led the expedition that first mapped the area around Kalambo
Falls between Zambia and Tanzania.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) prevail over
B) constrain within
C) overreach by
D) fluctuate with
The Last of England, painted in the realist style by Ford Madox Brown, depicts a working-class family immigrating to Australia
to start a new life. The realists' emphasis on accurately portraying the experiences of average working people was largely a
rejection of the romantic style evident in many paintings by Léon Belly, which instead ______ their subjects' beauty or heroism
while hiding all imperfection.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) undermine
B) exaggerate
C) correct
D) mock
When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they typically think of winged dinosaurs, such as the bat-like Yi gi. However,
many dinosaurs that didn't have wings also had feathers on their bodies. For instance, research indicates that the wingless,
predatory Junavenator likely had feathers.
C) To point out the differences between dinosaur feathers and bird feathers
Can field mustard plants grow on Mars? Can pea plants? You might think the answer to these questions is obviously no, but
researchers in the Netherlands recently showed that the seeds of many common plant species can germinate in soil designed
to simulate Martian conditions, as long as water is supplied. In fact, some species actually did better in Martian soil than in
Earth soil: 30 percent of field mustard seeds sprouted when planted in simulated Martian soil, compared with 4 percent that
did when planted in soil from their home planet.
A) To explain an important study of differences in the composition of Martian soil and the composition of Earth soil
B) To present a surprising finding about plants grown in soil intended to be similar to Martian soil
C) To answer long standing questions about how Martian soil conditions can be simulated on Earth
D) To discuss an unexpected result about the role of water in plants grown in simulated Martian soil
Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Casta'er, and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of gyms, beauty
salons, and other businesses found in a given neighborhood. How we define a neighborhood and its boundaries is subjective,
so the team used a clustering algorithm to locate dense groupings of amenities that represent human-identified
neighborhoods like Boston's Central Square. The predictive model, which incorporates this algorithm, is sure to be invaluable
in determining the optimal mix of a city's amenities.
A) It describes how an algorithm can predict the success of certain businesses, discusses an example of a use of that
algorithm, and suggests potential uses of the algorithm in other fields.
B) It introduces a research team's study of urban neighborhoods, describes an aspect of the study’s methodology, and
suggests a potential application of the team's research.
C) It summarizes trends in recent urban development, describes a potential problem for urban planners, and suggests a
computational tool that can be used to solve that problem.
D) It explains why urban planners are interested in understanding the locations of certain businesses, details a study that has
addressed this question, and identifies one key finding.
The following, text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 novel Darius the Great is Not Okay. The narrator, Darius, is a teenager
visiting family in Iran. He and his friend Sohrab are at the entrance of the ruins of the ancient city of Persepolis.
“The Gate of All Nations," Sohrab said. He gestured to the lamassus [sculptures] and pillars surrounding us. "That's the name in
English."
It wasn't much of a gate anymore, since anyone of any nation could have easily stepped around it instead of walking through.
But it was still amazing.
Behind the lamassu, more columns sprouted from the ground like ancient trees in a petrifled forest, forty feet tall, spindly but
still miraculously upright. Giant stone slabs formed the remains of what must once have been a breathtaking structure.
Michelle Pereira et al. hypothesized that introducing health improvements into workplaces would increase productivity by
reducing absenteeism (sick employees not working) and presenteeism (sick workers working less productively due to illness).
Pereira's team enrolled groups of Australian workers in two programs: one that gave employees exercise training (EET) and one
that enrolled employees in health promotion seminars (EHP). They then calculated the productivity loss of those groups at 12
weeks and 12 months after the programs began (based on the 28 days preceding each point). They concluded that exercise
training was more effective at restraining productivity loss than health promotion seminars were, though this result took time
to become apparent.
Which choice best describes data from the table that most effectively strengthen Pereira and colleagues’ conclusion?
A) Productivity loss for the EET group barely decreased between 12 weeks and 12months after the program began, while
productivity loss for the EHP group significantly increased during the same time period.
B) Productivity loss was consistently higher for the EHP group than for the EET group over the twelve months that it was
measured, though the size of the difference between the two decreased over that time.
C) Productivity loss was fairly similar for the EET and EHP groups 12 weeks after each program began, but at 12 months
afterward it had significantly increased for the EHP group and significantly decreased for the EET group.
D) Productivity loss was largely due to absenteeism for the EHP group at 12 months after the program began, while
productivity loss was largely due to presenteeism for the FET group at 12 months after the program began.
10
Many believe that lullabies, characterized by their slow tempos, contain some acoustic features that are universally calming to
infants. In a study, Constance M. Bainbridge and colleagues played both a lullaby sung in the Luk Saami language and a non-
lullaby sung in the Tundra Nenets language to a group of infants. The researchers also measured the infants' heart rates, as a
reduced heart rate is considered a measure of relaxation. They claim that the lullaby did indeed relax the infants.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Bainbridge and colleagues' claim?
A) The heart rates of infants in the study were more irregular during the lullabies than during non-lullabies.
B) Infants' heart rates were substantially lower during the lullaby than during the non-lullaby.
C) Parents of infants in the study chose the lullaby over the non-lullaby when asked which song they would use to calm their
child.
D) Both the song in Luk Saami and the song in Tundra Nenets were sung by a female singer.
11
Memoirs of Eleanor Eldridge is an 1838 historical account by Eleanor Eldridge and Frances Harriet Whipple Green. In the book,
the authors assert that people don't need to be famous to be worthy of memoirs, writing, ______
Which quotation from Memoirs of Eleanor Eldridge most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) Then let no one turn with too much [fussiness] from the simple story of the humble Eleanor, though it may contain few,
or none, of the thrilling charms of poetry and passion.
B) “There is often a kind of [deceptive] light, playing around such [famous] names, calculated to dazzle and mislead, by their
false luster, until the eye can no longer receive the pure light of Truth, or the mind appreciate real excellence, or intrinsic
worth.”
C) It should not be considered essential to the interest and value of biography, that its subject be of exalted rank, or
illustrious name.
D) How careful ought we to be to speak nothing but the truth, even in regard to the most trifling circumstances; and not
only so, but to be well assured that what we suppose to be true, is truth, before we receive it as such.
12
To understand the extent of deforestation in the Chorotega region of Costa Rica, Juan Pablo Arroyo Mora and colleagues used
historical aerial photography and remote sensing data to track changes in the forest cover area across different land use
capability classes (categories that indicate possible uses of forest land). Due to the Chorotega region's accessibility, various
types of forested areas were converted to cattle pasture as rising international meat prices drove a cattle ranching boom in the
1960s and 1970s. By the mid-1980s, however, increased public awareness and environmental reforms, along with a decline in
meat prices, triggered a natural regrowth process, as evident by the ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?
A) decrease in the forest cover area for all classes from 1960 to 1979.
B) difference between the forest cover area in Class I-IV and in Class Vl in 2000.
C) increase in the forest cover area for all classes from 1979 to 2000.
D) similarity in forest cover area in Class I-IV and Class Vlll in 1986.
13
One way that young orangutans acquire foraging skills is through a behavior scientists call peering --- closely watching older
orangutans as they engage in an activity that the young have not yet mastered. Since male orangutans typically leave the area
of their birth upon maturity and females do not, Beatrice Ehmann and her colleagues hypothesized that it is more
advantageous for immature males than females to devote attention to orangutans who are immigrants to the home region of
the immature individual, and this should be reflected in sex specific differences in peering behavior.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Ehmann and colleagues' hypothesis?
A) The proportion of peering events directed at immigrants to immature orangutans’ home regions ranged from a low of
0.00 to a high of 1.00.
B) Individual 5 and individual 6 directed a lower proportion of peering events at immigrants to their home regions than did
individual 8 and individual 10.
C) Individual 8 directed a higher proportion of peering events at immigrants to its home region than did individual 10, and
individual 6 directed a higher proportion of peering events at immigrants to its home region than did individual 5.
D) Individual 10 had the highest total number of peering events observed at 33.
14
British professional soccer team Arsenal Football Club, whose home uniform color is mainly red, won more than half its home
matches between 1947 and 2003. This is a higher proportion than the proportion of home matches won by Watford Football
Club, whose home uniform color is not red, during the same period. According to a study by Martin J.Attrill and colleagues, the
color red can cause people to respond with fear and hesitation, which the researchers think helps explain Arsenal's success.
Nadav Goldschmied and colleagues reanalyzed the published data from this study, however, and found no evidence that red
uniformed teams are more likely than other teams to win, suggesting that Watford's home-match win percentage ______
A) would likely have remained roughly the same if its players had been wearing red uniforms.
C) was directly tied to its players' general satisfaction with their uniform color.
D) was likely influenced by its players' associations with the color red.
15
Studies have shown that when we listen to high-tempo music (songs with a high number of beats per minute, or bpm) during
endurance exercise, we perceive our effort as lower than it actually is, which leads to an increased pace and a higher heart rate.
Researchers recently designed a follow-up study in which participants jogged outdoors for 30 minutes while listening to
Aerosmith's "Livin' on the Edge" (169 bpm) continuously. The next day, participants performed the same activity while listening
to Beyoncé's "Irreplaceable” (88bpm). As expected, listening to that song resulted in participants ______
A) perceiving their effort as higher while jogging than they had the previous day.
B) jogging a longer distance in the 30 minutes than they had the previous day.
C) varying their jogging pace more than they had the previous day.
D) exhibiting a higher average heart rate while jogging than they had the previous day.
16
In the 1960s and the 1970s, a loose-knit group ofwriters including Sonia Sanchez, Gwendolyn Brooks, and James Baldwin ______
monumental works of poetry and fiction exploring the Black American experience and together came to be known as the Black
Arts movement.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) are publishing
B) published
C) will publish
D) publish
17
An upcoming exhibition will showcase Vincent van Gogh's drawing Building in Eindhoven, which Van Gogh ______ in the city of
Nuenen nearly 150 years ago.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) completed
B) will complete
D) is completing
18
At 1,666 years old, RCR 1, a foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) located in the United States, is one of the oldest know trees in the
world. With almost two millennia of climate data in its tree rings, a single tree like ______ claims dendrochronologist Valerie
Trouet, can tell the history of the world.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) this:
B) this;
C) this
D) this,
19
In the Silurian hypothesis, astrophysicist Adam Frank and climatologist Gavin Schmidt suggest the geological record may
contain evidence of prehuman advanced civilizations. This sensational hypothesis obscures the scientists' practical ______ Frank
and Schmidt don't believe such a civilization existed, and their "hypothesis” is a thought experiment exploring the traces our
own civilization will leave on the geological record.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) aim, however,
B) aim, however;
C) aim. However,
D) aim: however,
20
A 2012 study led by ______ studied the impact of fertilizers containing nitrogen on grassland arthropod populations. Another
study, led by Kimberly J. La Pierre in 2015, looked at fertilizers containing nitrogen and two other macronutrients: phosphorus
and potassium.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
21
Included among a particular group of mid-twentieth-century artists known as the New York School, French abstract ______ was
known for using energetic brushstrokes and for capturing the energy and chaos of modern life.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
22
Scientists were able to isolate a relatively pure sample of cadmium in 1817, the same year they first discovered the element's
existence. ______ the isolation process took longer for niobium, which was isolated in its pure form 63 years after scientists first
discovered it.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) For instance,
B) Thus,
C) Similarly,
D) By contrast,
23
When ordering the branches of the Colville River system by Hack's method, one begins with the riverway's lowest point, the
Colville River. _____ when using Strahler's method, one begins at the top of the river system, with the Okokmilaga River and
other tributaries fed by the riverway's source, Alaska's De Long Mountains.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Indeed,
B) Specifically,
C) In other words,
D) Alternatively,
24
The student wants to specify the location of Buland Darwaza. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
B) Buland Darwaza was built by the Mughal Empire, a South Asian empire that started in the early sixteenth century.
C) The Mughal Empire, which built Buland Darwaza, lasted from the early sixteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century.
25
- Musicians prize his Stradivarius violins for their famed sound quality.
- Many of the 500 or so that exist today are named for a previous owner.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to explain how the ex-Berglund Stradivarius got its
name?
A) The ex-Berglund Stradivarius is named after its former owner, Paavo Berglund.
B) Of the 1,000 or so violins Antonio Stradivari made, only about 500 exist today.
C) Designed by Antonio Stradivari, Stradivarius violins like the ex-Berglund are renowned for their quality.
26
- For centuries in Japan, it was common practice for farmers to cultivate terraced rice fields (tanada in Japanese).
- Tanada were built by carving the steep hillsides into a series of large, flat steps.
- This agricultural method allowed farmers to increase arable land and prevent landslides.
- The Sawajiri tanada in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, was developed during the Sengoku period.
- The Sengoku period (1467 CE-1615 CE) was characterized by social upheaval and civil war.
The student wants to explain the design of the Sawajiri tanada. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The Sawajiri terraced rice field, or tanada, was built by carving the steep hillside into a series of large, flat steps, making
the land more arable and less prone to landslides.
B) Developed in the Sengoku period, the Sawajiri tanada was built during a time of Japanese history characterized by social
upheaval and civil war.
C) The agricultural method of carving hillsides into terraced rice fields was common practice in Japan for centuries.
D) During the Sengoku period, a farming method was used that involved carving large, flat steps out of the steep hillsides.
27
- She is best known for creating sculptures and prints that explore the Black experience.
- It is made of marble.
The student wants to describe a sculpture by Elizabeth Catlett. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
B) Artist Elizabeth Catlett is best known for creating sculptures and prints that explore the Black experience.
Writer Lydia Davis observed that while traditional literary forms, such as the novel, are recognizable as such even as they
evolve, there are more ______ forms that might, for example, borrow elements from both fables and realist narratives to make
something unconventional. The late-period pieces of James Tate arguably fit in this category, since they straddle the line
between prose and poetry.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) dispersed
B) customary
C) amorphous
D) neutral
A speaker at a recent children's book publishing conference noted that, while many illustrators do excellent work, in her mind,
no one has ever ______ Amos Ferguson's work as the illustrator of Under the Sunday Tree: there is no better example of the
form, according to the speaker.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) convened
B) eclipsed
C) cited
D) augmented
3
Some robots such as Justin (developed in 2008) and TAL.0S (developed in 2017) feature humanoid characteristics like the
ability to respond to voice commands so that people will find it easier to interact with them. While these features can help to
______ feelings of comfort in people, a robot that looks too human can fall into the "uncanny valley," meaning that its
appearance unintentionally unsettles those who encounter it.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) counterbalance
B) repudiate
C) constrict
D) engender
Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by mischievous users of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that almost anyone can
freely edit, have quickly been detected and removed a few entries that knowledgeable readers should have realized were
______, such as those for the country singer-songwriter Joseph G. Williams and the television miniseries Sheer Perection,
persisted on the site for many years before they were finally recognized as falsehoods and deleted.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) spurious
B) scrupulous
C) palpable
D) compulsory
In 2015 Filipa Faleiro and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior
of Hippocampus guttulatus, a species of fish. However, Faleiro and colleagues' study relied on a mean sample size of only 6
fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists' conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Timothy D.
Clark and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis.
Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.
A) It summarizes a problem that scientists are investigating, then provides a possible solution to that problem.
B) It describes a characteristic of a fish species, then explains why that characteristic is noteworthy.
C) It presents the result of a study, then raises a potential concern related to that result.
D) It states a similarity between two scientific studies, then notes a difference between them.
Text 1
According to a study by a conservation group representing 11 tribal nations in the Great Lakes region, the firefly (waawaatesi in
the Ojibwe language) will have significantly worse outcomes over the next 50 years if temperatures increase as much as some
models suggest. By contrast, the white tailed deer (waawaashkeshi in Ojibwe) should be able to withstand the highest
predicted warming without much harm and so likely won't require the conservation efforts that the frefly will.
Text 2
US government agencies involved in conservation are unfortunately not able to address every possible threat to natural
resources. They must use the best information available to decide which species are most threatened and therefore most in
need of conservation efforts.
Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement?
A) A collaborative approach is necessary to keep temperatures in the Great Lakes region from increasing to the highest
predicted levels.
B) Agencies involved in natural-resource management in the Great Lakes region should focus their conservation efforts
more on the firefly than on the white tailed deer.
C) Conservation efforts focused on the firefly are more likely to be successful if they incorporate state and federal agency
resources with the knowledge of tribal groups in those efforts.
D) State, federal, and tribal groups involved in natural-resource management in the Great Lakes region should immediately
begin conservation programs for both the firefly and white tailed deer.
According to historical documents, Marietta Strozzi --- a young woman who was prominent in fifteenth century Florentine
culture --- inspired several artworks, including a portrait bust sculpted by Desiderio da Settignano. Multiple sculptures dating
to the period have been alleged to be the reported bust, but none have been authenticated as Desiderio's depiction of Strozzi.
Given the historical importance of both Strozzi and Desiderio's sculpture of her, positively identifying the bust would be a
notable accomplishment for art historians.
A) Although there is documentation that Desiderio was commissioned to sculpt the portrait bust of Strozzi, numerous
instances of false identification have made art historians skeptical that the sculpture will be uncovered.
B) Although successfully finding and authenticating Desiderio's portrait bust of Strozzi remains a challenge, the historical
importance of the work justifies the continued pursuit of this goal.
C) Although numerous fifteenth-century Florentine portrait busts have been recovered over time, evidence has led art
historians to conclude that Desiderio's bust of Strozzi is likely no longer extant.
D) Although historians strongly suspect that a particular sculpture is Desiderio's portrait bust of Strozzi, they do not
currently have a method for conclusively verifying the artist or subject.
Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals' foraging behaviors reflect cost-benefit trade-offs that vary by species and
with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which Alexander Lang and colleagues found
to be negatively associated with foraging by white throated round eared bats but Patricia C. Wright found to be positively
associated with foraging by three striped night monkeys. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the monkeys' greater
reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more than it benefits the bats
According to the text, the difference between Lang and colleagues' findings and Wright's findings can be attributed to which
difference between white-throated round-eared bats and three-striped night monkeys?
A) The bats are less reliant on vision than the monkeys are.
B) The bats decrease their foraging activity as lunar intensity increases, whereas the monkeys increase their foraging activity.
C) The bats are more vulnerable to predators than the monkeys are.
D) The bats encounter different levels of lunar intensity than the monkeys do.
The following text is adapted from Guy de Maupassant's 1884 short story “A Recollection," from the collection Guy de
Maupassant Short Stories (translated by Albert M.c. McMaster etal. in 1903). The narrator is taking a boat down the Seine river
from Paris, France, to the surrounding countryside.
I took up a position in the bows [front of the boat], standing up and looking at the quays, the trees, the houses and the bridges
disappearing behind us. And suddenly I perceived the great viaduct of Point du jour which blocked the river. It was the end of
Paris, the beginning of the country, and behind the double row of arches the Seine, suddenly spreading out as though it had
regained space and liberty, became all at once the peaceful river which flows through the plains, alongside the wooded hills,
amid the meadows, along the edge of the forests.
Based on the text, which choice best expresses the narrator's characterization of the Seine?
A) The journey along the Seine is mostly peaceful, but the current intensifies briefly under the Point du Jour.
B) The waters of the Seine are more confined and rough in Paris than they are in the countryside.
D) As the journey progressed from Paris to the countryside, the waters of the Seine gradually cleared.
10
Water flowing around an obstruction creates vortices (patterns of swirls) of varying size; by detecting the vortices, fish can
determine the size and position of the obstruction. Testing by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar Akanyeti, and James C, Liao using
models of three head shapes --- narrow (low ratio of width to length), intermediate, and wide (high ratio of width to length) ---
showed that for large vortices, fish with intermediate heads would be better able than narrow headed fish to distinguish
between vortices and general turbulence in the water. A second research team has therefore hypothesized that in low-visibility
conditions, intermediate-headed fish will be more likely than narrow-headed fish to detect obstructions that create large
vortices.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the second research team's hypothesis?
A) A study using obstructions that created large vortices in low-visibility conditions found that some specimens of the
intermediate-headed black seabass (Centropristis striates) bumped into the obstructions more often than other specimens
of the same fish did.
B) A study using obstructions that created large vortices in low-visibility conditions found that the narrow-headed flat
needlefish (Ablennes hians) bumped into obstructions more often than the intermediate-headed black seabass (Centropristis
striates) did.
C) A study using obstructions that created large vortices in low-visibility conditions found that the intermediate headed
black sea bass (Centropristis striates) bumped into the obstructions just as often as the narrow-headed flat needlefish
(Abiennes hians) did.
D) A study using obstructions that created large vortices in low-visibility conditions found that the flat needlefish (Ablennes
hians), which has a relatively narrow head, bumped into more than half of the obstructions.
11
A report from an international organization that monitors the numbers of women serving as judges or magistrates on various
nations' highest courts, such as the Supreme Court in Sweden and the Supreme Court in Honduras, indicates that among the
countries that had a different number of women on these courts in 2013 than they had in 2009, the number increased in some
countries but decreased in others. For instance, the number of women judges and magistrates on high courts in ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?
A) Honduras was lower in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in Sweden was the same in 2013 as in 2009.
B) Kenya was greater in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in Honduras was lower in 2013 than in 2009.
C) Kenya was greater in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in Sweden was the same in 2013 as in 2009.
D) Sweden was the same in 2013 as in 2009, but it had more women on its high courts than either Kenya or Honduras did in
2013.
12
Psychologists Gregory Bryant, Dorsa Amir, and colleagues investigated cross-cultural perceptions of spontaneous (real)
laughter and volitional (fake or forced) laughter. Study participants from 21 societies, including those in Austria and Turkey,
listened to randomized recordings of 18 spontaneous laughs taken from natural conversations between pairs of women and 18
volitional laughs produced separately by 18 different women in response to an experimenter's instruction to laugh. Analysis of
the participants’ evaluations of the laughs prompted the team to conclude that the ability to distinguish between spontaneous
and volitional laughter appears to be universal across cultures.
Which quotation from a psychologist not involved in the team's study would most directly weaken the team's conclusion?
A) “When an individual chooses to produce volitional laughter in a natural social context, the laughter often shares certain
acoustic qualities, such as pitch and fluctuation of intensity, with spontaneous laughter.”
B) Although the team considered the average size of communities in each society in the study, that demographic factor was
found to have no effect on listeners' identifications of laughter as spontaneous or volitional.
C) “Judgments of spontaneous laughter are often associated with acoustic features such as greater intensity variability and
higher pitch."
D) Recent studies in communications have shown that certain acoustic features of spontaneous laughter, such as pitch and
intensity, are consistent both within and across societies.
13
Arthurian legends (tales related to the character of King Arthur) derive from many sources, such as Annales Cambriae,
composed around 970, and Perceval, the Story of theGrail from around 1181. One of the most significant sources, Geofirey of
Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, was written in Latin in the 1130s; some material from it was later adapted by the
Norman poet Wace into the Roman de Brut in 1155. But while no source before 1155 includes references to the famous Round
Table at which Arthur's knights assembled, both the Roman de Brut and Sir Thomas Malory's 15th-centurycompilation of
Arthurian legends, Le Morte d'Arthur, do. It can therefore be inferred that ______
A) Geoffrey of Monmouth was unaware of stories of the Round Table when composing his History, though historians know
that works containing such stories were available to him.
B) Le Morte dArthur is more historically accurate than History, because Perceval, the Story of the Grail had not been written
when Geoffrey of Monmouth was writing his work.
C) Malory did not use Annales Cambriae as a source for information he presented about the Round Table.
D) Geoffrey of Monmouth's accounts of Arthurian legends in his History are more similar overall in content to the accounts
in Perceval, the Story of the Grail than they are to the accounts in Roman de Brut.
14
Exclusively inhabiting tropical countries such as Tanzania, wild chimpanzees lackad aptations to seasonal variations in
ultraviolet 8 (UVB) irradiance from sunlight; since UVB exposure enables vertebrates to synthesize vitamin D, this raises
questions about how chimpanzees in mid latitude zoos are affected by the lower and more variable UVB irradiance in those
locations. In a study of zoo chimpanzees in France and other mid-latitude countries, Sophie Moittie and colleagues found not
only that chimpanzees' vitamin D levels correlate with UVB irradiance but also that vitamin D levels show no evidence of
plateauing as UVB irradiance reaches its highest local levels, suggesting that ______
A) adaptations to seasonal variations in UVB irradiance may be emerging in zoo chimpanzees in France and other mid-
latitude countries.
B) averaged across seasons, vitamin D levels in zoo chimpanzees in mid-latitude countries such as France tend to be
comparable to those in wild chimpanzees in tropical countries such as Tanzania.
C) providing supplemental vitamin D to chimpanzees in zoos in France and other mid-latitude countries would likely not be
beneficial.
D) zoo chimpanzees in France and other mid-latitude countries tend to synthesize less vitamin D than they are inherently
capable of synthesizing.
15
Writer Silvia Moreno.Garcia's love of short fiction began when she read a collection of Edgar Allan Poe stories as a child, and
she would develop into a prolific short story writer herself, publishing pieces like “In the Details" (2015) and “Shade of the
Ceiba Tree” (2011). Yet she's best known as a novelist, in part due to her ______ Gothic(2020) earning a spot on the New York
Times Best Sellers list.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) novel (Mexican
B) novel Mexican
C) novel: Mexican
D) novel, Mexican
16
Within Earth's biomes, there are four main types of desert: arid, semiarid, coastal, and cold. The Australian Desert in Australasia
is an arid ______ it is one of the largest such deserts in the world, with a total area of about 2,700,000 km2.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
17
The Quadrantid meteor shower has a zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) of 110, meaning that at the shower's peak, 110 meteors per
hour could potentially be seen by a hypothetical observer. A calculation that assumes ideal viewing conditions, ______
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) the number of meteors an actual viewer observes in an hour may differ considerably from the ZHR.
B) there may be a considerable difference between the number of meteors an actual viewer observes in an hour and the
ZHR.
C) an actual viewer's observed number of meteors in an hour and the ZHR may differ considerably.
D) the ZHR may differ considerably from the number of meteors an actual viewer observes in an hour
18
Though he's performed on many respected albums, including DBIII: Live at the Cotton Club Tokyo by Dean Brown, drummer
Dennis Chambers may be best known for his time as house drummer for the hip-hop label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play
drums on the label's classic song "Rapper's Delight," ______ joined the label after the song's release.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) however, he
B) however he
C) however and he
D) however. He
19
With one in Finland and another in Japan, the observatory sites that form the Super Dual Auroral Radar ______ or SuperDARN,
as space physicists like Tadahiko Ogawa call it --- number nearly five dozen. Located across the globe, the radars track gravity
waves and other geospace phenomena.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) Network:
B) Network
C) Network ---
D) Network,
20
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tracks comparative price list data for its thirty-eight
member countries. For instance, in July 2021, a hypothetical basket of goods priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in the United
States would have cost 39 USD and 130 USD in fellow OECD ______ and Iceland, respectively.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) nations; Colombia
B) nations: Colombia
C) nations, Colombia
D) nations Colombia
21
With their distinctive cone shapes and steeply sloping sides, the volcanoes Maungarei (New Zealand) and Fisher (Alaska) may
look simllar from afar. Pranabendu Moitra and other volcanologists, ______ can tell by how each was formed that Maungarei is a
cinderc one voleano, while Fisher is a composite volcano.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) for example,
B) in addition,
C) though,
D) therefore,
22
In a 2022 analysis, researchers investigated how negative adjectives like “unhappy" evolve. ______ the researchers applied a
statistical model to a set of words to infer the rate of cognate replacement --- the rate at which a word will be replaced over
time with a noncognate form --- in Indo-European languages.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Specifically,
B) Thus,
C) Granted,
D) Therefore,
23
The title of "Of Moderation," an essay by French philosopher Michel de Montaigne, suggests a straightforward topic. However,
Montaigne's expansive, curious mind meant that he never limited himself to one subject. ______ the essay is not just a
discussion of moderation but a broad exploration of Montaigne's entire worldview.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Additionally,
B) That said,
C) Lastly,
D) Predictably,
24
- Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services to their residents.
The student wants to emphasize the size of Singuilucan. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
B) Providing water treatment is just one example of the public services that municipalities provide.
C) The municipality of Singuilucan in Hidalgo, Mexico, covers an area of roughly 420 km2.
D) Singuilucan --- a governmental region in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico --- provides many public services to its residents.
25
- Modularity of mind is the notion that the mind is at least partly composed of innate neural structures (modules) that perform
fast, necessary tasks.
- 1983: cognitive scientist Jerry A. Fodor hypothesized that low-level cognitive systems (e.g.. perception, language) are
modular.
- 2003: cognitive scientist Peter Carruthers proposed the massive modularity hypothesis (MMH).
- MMH expands modularity to include all cognitive systems
The student wants to compare Fodor's hypothesis with Carruthers's. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) In considering some but not all cognitive systems modular, Fodorian modularity is not as expansive in its definition of
modularity as MMH is.
B) The hypotheses of Fodor and Carruthers differ in whether they consider low-level cognitive systems, such as perception
and language, modular.
C) In 2003, Carruthers proposed the massive modularity hypothesis, disagreeing with Fodor's earlier hypothesis that the
mind is composed of innate neural structures.
D) Following Fodor's 1983 hypothesis, Carruthers proposed that modularity of mind includes all cognitive systems.
26
- There are more than 500 National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) across the United States.
- The Mason Neck NWR is a 2,276-acre area in Virginia, on the Atlantic coast.
- The Coachella Valley NWR is a 3,592-acre area in California, on the Pacific coast.
- It was established to protect the endangered Coachella Valley fringe toed lizard.
The student wants to provide an overview of the NWR program. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Both the Mason Neck NWR and the Coachella Valley NWR were established to protect endangered species.
B) One of more than 500 NWRs in the US, the Mason Neck NWR encompasses 2,276acres in Virginia.
C) The US's more than 500 NWRs protect endangered species from coast to coast.
D) California's Coachella Valley NWR was established to protect the endangered Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard.
27
- The flags of many countries include symbols like animals, plants, or landforms.
- These symbols often represent an aspect of the region's history, culture, or landscape.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to make and support a generalization about symbols
on flags?
A) Many countries feature symbols on their flags, and the study of these designs is known as vexillology.
B) Cyprus's flag includes an olive branch, a symbol that is important to that country's national identity.
C) The flags of some countries include symbols of plants; Cyprus's, for example, includes an olive branch.
D) Vexillology is the study of flags; accordingly, vexillologists are interested in flags from around the world.
Math Module 1
22 QUESTIONS
Line r in the xy-plane has a slope of 8 and passes through the point (0, 11). Which equation defines line r?
A) y= -11x + 8
B) y = 11x + 8
C) y = 8x - 11
D) y = 8x + 11
In the figure, line p is parallel to line q, and line t intersects both lines. What is the value of x + 165?
A) 75
B) 90
C) 165
D) 180
A large square has an area of 1,296 square centimeters (cm2). Small squares of area 36 cm2 are cut out of the large square one
by one. Which function f gives the area of the resulting figure, in cm2, after x small squares are cut out?
A) f(x) = 1,296-36x
B) f(x) = 1,332x
C) f(x) = 1,296x-6
D) f(x)= 1,290x
The shaded region shown in the graph represents all the solutions to which inequality?
A) x ≤ 18
B) x ≥ 18
C) y ≤ 18
D) y ≥ 18
A) Infinitely many
B) Exactly two
C) Exactly one
D) Zero
h(x) = x+b
For the linear function h, b is a constant and h(0)= 21. What is the value of b?
The function g is defined by g(x) = 2x -148. For what value of x does g(x)= 78?
The Mars Perseverance rover is a robot designed to collect samples of rock and soil. During an experiment, the rover moves at
a constant speed on a straight path toward a designated target. The equation y= 500- 145x gives the rover's remaining
distance from its target y, in meters, x hours after the start of the experiment. What is the best interpretation of 500 in this
context?
C) The rover's distance, in meters, from its target at the start of the experiment
10
A biologist is designing a study to observe the behavior of male and female amethyst-throated hummingbirds. According to
the study's design, at least 91 hummingbirds will be observed, and the positive difference between the number of males, x, and
the number females, y, will not exceed 8. Which of the following systems of inequalities represents this situation?
A) x + y ≥ 91 ; | x - y |≤ 8
B) x + y ≥ 91 ; x - y ≤ 8
C) x + y ≤ 91 ; x - y ≤ 8
D) x + y ≤ 91; | x - y |≤8
11
The graph of a polynomial function y= f(x) in the xy-plane passes through the point (3, 5). What is the value of f (3)?
A) 3
B) 5
C) 8
D) 15
12
A district school board in a certain state is proposing a change to the length of lunch periods for all high schools in the district.
A sample of 365 high school students was selected at random from all high school students in the district. The selected
students were asked whether they approved of the proposed change, and 211 students responded that they did not approve.
Which of the following is the largest population to which the results of the survey can be generalized?
D) The 211 students who responded that they did not approve of the proposed change
13
A company that produces only one type of item wants to estimate the percent of the items produced in a typical week that are
defective. A random sample of 540 of the items produced in a certain week were tested. Based on the sample, it is estimated
that 12.5% of all items produced by the company in this week are defective, with an associated margin of error of 2.79%. Based
on the estimate and associated margin of error, which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion about all items
produced by the company during this week?
B) It is plausible that between 9.71% and 15.29% of the items are defective.
14
A) 2/9
B) 2
C) 9
D) 18
15
Which system of linear equations has infinitely many solutions?
A) 6x + 2y = 12x + 12y = 72
B) x + 2y = 12x + 12y = 72
C) x + 2y = 126x + 12y = 72
D) 6x + 2y = 126x + 12y = 72
16
A) -4
B) -2
C) 1
D) 4
17
A) The plane reached an estimated maximum height of 11,900 meters 4.9 seconds after it started the parabolic maneuver.
B) The plane reached an estimated maximum height of 11,900 meters 8.8 seconds after it started the parabolic maneuver.
C) The plane reached an estimated maximum height of 4.9 meters 11,900 seconds after it started the parabolic maneuver.
D) The plane reached an estimated maximum height of 8.8 meters 11,900 seconds after it started the parabolic maneuver.
18
19
A) R=9r and H=8h
20
A)
B)
C)
D)
21
( x – 6 ) – 8 ( y + 2 ) = 131
( x - 6) + 8 ( y + 2 ) = 438
The solution to the given system of equations is (x, y). What is the value of 10(x -6)?
22
On average, a certain tree grows 39 centimeters every m months. At this rate, which expression represents the number of
centimeters, on average, the tree grows every k years?
A) 13m/4k
B) 13k/4m
C) 468m/k
D) 468k/m
Math Module 2
22 QUESTIONS
A) f(x) = (2/5)x-4
B) f(x) = (5/2)x-4
C) f(x) = -(2/5)x-4
D) f(x) = -(5/2)x-4
A) 5
B) 7
C) 40
D) 42
A)
B)
C)
D)
The number of bacteria in a liquid medium doubles every day. There are 83,000 bacteria in the liquid medium at the start of an
observation. Which of the following represents the number of bacteria, y, in the liquid medium t days after the start of the
observation?
A)
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
b-59 = x/y
The given equation relates the positive numbers b, x, and y. Which equation correctly expresses a in terms of b and y?
A) x = (b-59)/y
B) x = by -59y
C) x = by -59
D) x = (by -59) /y
Ari examined a set of 85 plants. The lightest plant had a mass of 2.8 kg and the heaviest plant had a mass of6.2 kg. Chihiro
examined the same set of 85 plants and also an additional plant with a mass of 11.6 kg. Which of the following must be true
about the set of plants that Ari examined and the set of plants that Chihiro examined?
A) The standard deviation of the masses, in kg, of the plants that Ari examined is greater than the standard deviation of the
masses, in kg, of the plants that Chihiro examined.
B) The range of the masses, in kg, of the plants that Ari examined is greater than the range of the masses, in kg, of the
plants that Chihiro examined.
C) The median of the masses, in kg, of the plants that Ari examined is less than the median of the masses, in kg, of the
plants that Chihiro examined.
D) The mean of the masses, in kg, of the plants that Ari examined is less than the mean of the masses, in kg, of the plants
that Chihiro examined.
A linear model estimates the population of a city from 1992 to 2016. The model estimates the population was 53 thousand in
1992, 224 thousand in 2012, and x thousand in 2016. To the nearest whole number, what is the value of x?
For the polynomial function v, v(2)=3 and v(0)= -13. The graph of y = v(x) in the xy-plane passes through the points (-2, 7) and
(6, 0). Which of the following must be true?
A) I only
B) II only
C) I and ll
D) Neither I nor ll
11
A clothing store buys shirts at a wholesale price of 4.00 dollars each and resells them each at a retail price that is 340% of the
wholesale price. At the end of the season, any remaining shirts are marked at a discounted price that is 80% off the retail price.
What is the discounted price of each remaining shirt, in dollars?
12
A) 2
B) 13
C) 18
D) 82
13
14
A) 0
B) 9/2
C) 50
D) 405/4
15
A) -19
B) -3
C) 1
D) 19
16
A)
B)
C)
D)
17
The length of each edge of a box is 79 centimeters. Each side of the box is in the shape of a square. The box does not have a
lid. What is the exterior surface area, in square meters, of this box without a lid? (1 meter =100 centimeters)
18
A)
B)
C)
D)
19
20
21
A) I only
B) II only
C) I and ll
D) Neither I nor II
22
An object's speed is increasing at a rate of 4.9 meters per second squared. What is this rate, in miles per minute squared,
rounded to the nearest tenth? (Use 1 mile = 1,609 meters.)
A) 0.2
B) 11
C) 131.4
D) 328.4
Reading and Writing Module Answers
1. B 1. C
2. B 2. B
3. A 3. D
4. B 4. A
5. D 5. C
6. B 6. B
7. B 7. B
8. D 8. A
9. C 9. B
10. B 10. B
11. C 11. B
12. C 12. B
13. B 13. C
14. A 14. C
15. A 15. B
16. B 16. C
17. A 17. D
18. D 18. D
19. B 19. D
20. C 20. D
21. A 21. C
22. D 22. A
23. D 23. B
24. D 24. C
25. A 25. A
26. A 26. C
27. A 27. C