Mains Marathon Compilation July 2024

Mains Marathon
Compilation
July, 2024
Mains Marathon Compilation July 2024
INDEX
Explain the constitutional basis of the right to be free from adverse climate effects. Discuss
potential implications for future climate litigation and policy-making in India. .................................... 4
Critically examine the implications of moving education from the State list to the Concurrent list in
India. Should education be brought back to the State list? Justify your answer with examples. ........ 5
Discuss the significance of voter secrecy in the context of democratic elections. How can
technology such as the totaliser help enhance voter anonymity? (250 words) ....................................... 6
Examine the role of the Finance Commission in enhancing financial devolution to local bodies in
India. What challenges have been faced in achieving this goal? (250 words) .......................................... 7
How can the implementation of a Question Bank system improve the fairness and transparency of
public examinations in India? ................................................................................................................................ 8
What are the major ethical concerns in the conduct of clinical trials in India, and how can they be
addressed? Discuss the role of ethics committees in ensuring ethical practices in medical research.
......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Explain the reasons behind the surplus of skimmed milk powder (SMP) in the Indian dairy
industry. How has this surplus affected the dairy farmers economically and politically? (250
words) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Analyze the current humanitarian crisis in Myanmar and its implications for India. Should India
revise its policy towards Myanmar in response to the crisis? Justify your answer. (250 words) .... 11
Critically evaluate the role of the judiciary in determining the essentiality of religious practices in
India. How does this align with the constitutional ethos and values? ..................................................... 12
Analyze the structure of India’s Balance of Payments (BoP) and discuss the significance of its key
components. How do these components reflect the economic health of the country? ....................... 13
What specific steps can the ANRF take to reduce bureaucratic hurdles and ensure timely disbursal
of research grants and fellowships? How does it benefit the research ecosystem in India? ............. 14
What are the potential economic benefits and challenges of implementing a buffer stock policy for
essential food items in India? .............................................................................................................................. 15
Discuss the ethical and social implications of universal vaccination against HPV in the context of
Indian society. (250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 16
Critically analyze the new provisions under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)
concerning the registration of FIRs and their implications for policing in India. (250 words) ........ 17
Analyze the potential positive and negative impacts of the draft Digital Competition Bill on Indian
start-ups and MSMEs.............................................................................................................................................. 17
Critically assess the effectiveness of a security-centric approach in dealing with Pakistan-
sponsored terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. What alternative strategies can be employed? ........ 18
Discuss how India’s demographic transition towards an aging population impacts its economic
development. What policy measures can be implemented to address these challenges? ................. 19
Analyze the reasons behind the persistent socio-economic disparities among Indian states despite
overall national progress. What policy measures can be implemented to address these disparities?
...................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Examine the significance of Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Austria in the context of India’s foreign
policy. How does this visit reflect India’s balancing act between Russia and Western nations? (250
words). ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Discuss the implications of providing special financial packages to States outside the Finance
Commission’s allocations. Evaluate the potential impacts on fiscal federalism and inter-state
equity in India. (250 words) ................................................................................................................................ 22
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Discuss the impact of the Public Distribution System (PDS) on the consumption patterns of
households in India. How does it influence expenditure on non-food items? [250 words] .............. 23
Critically analyze the arguments for deregulating non-subsidized fertilizers in India. What are the
potential benefits and challenges associated with this policy shift? [250 words] ............................... 24
Discuss the implications of the Supreme Court’s recent ruling on the Central Bureau of
Investigation’s (CBI) jurisdiction in states that have withdrawn general consent. How does this
affect the federal structure of India? ................................................................................................................. 25
Analyze the impact of the Union government’s tax policies on the financial autonomy of states in
India. How does this influence cooperative federalism? (250 words) .................................................... 26
How does climate change, particularly heatwaves, impact the right to play for children? Discuss
the socio-economic disparities exacerbated by this issue and suggest adaptive measures to
mitigate these impacts. ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Discuss the ethical and economic dimensions of private consumption by the elite in an unequal
society. How does this affect the overall economic welfare and what role does investment play in
ensuring long-term growth and productivity? ............................................................................................... 28
Discuss the role of the Indian Railways in reducing post-harvest losses of perishable agricultural
commodities. What measures can be taken to further enhance its efficiency? .................................... 29
Critically examine the role of the Finance Commission (FC) in ensuring both equity and efficiency
in the distribution of Union tax revenue among states. ............................................................................... 30
Discuss the potential benefits and challenges of large-scale tree planting schemes for ecological
restoration. How effective are these schemes in addressing climate change and biodiversity loss?
(250 words) .............................................................................................................................................................. 31
Examine the adequacy of existing laws in India to combat superstitious practices and exploitative
religious activities. Should there be a national anti-superstition law? Justify your answer. (250
words) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Evaluate the challenges faced by the unorganized sector in India in the context of employment
data collection. (250 words) ................................................................................................................................ 33
What is parametric insurance, and how does it differ from traditional indemnity-based insurance?
Discuss its potential benefits for disaster-prone regions in India. (250 words) .................................. 33
Discuss the dilemmas faced by India in balancing its engagements with Quad and BRICS. How does
India’s independent foreign policy influence its role in these multilateral groupings? (250 words)
...................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Analyze the implications of Article 361 of the Indian Constitution concerning the immunity of the
President and Governors. How does this provision impact the balance of power between the
executive and judiciary? (250 words). ............................................................................................................. 35
Examine the necessity and implications of Karnataka’s draft Bill on regulating gig-based work for
platform workers in India. ................................................................................................................................... 36
Analyze the impact of heat stress on labor productivity and economic output in India, with a focus
on vulnerable sectors such as agriculture and construction...................................................................... 37
Analyze the legal and environmental considerations involved in the Supreme Court’s verdict on
the environmental release of GM mustard. ..................................................................................................... 38
Discuss the rationale behind the argument that adaptation should receive at least as much
importance as mitigation. Evaluate the potential consequences of prioritizing adaptation for
developing countries like India. ......................................................................................................................... 39
Evaluate the arguments for and against the removal of absolute immunity granted to the
President and Governors under Article 361. .................................................................................................. 40
How can the Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme support the development of urban
infrastructure? Evaluate the role of public-private partnerships (PPP) in the successful
implementation of these strategies. .................................................................................................................. 41
Discuss the challenges faced by state governments in enforcing safety regulations in illegal coal
mines. Analyze the economic and social factors contributing to the prevalence of illegal coal
mining in India. ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
Analyze the environmental concerns associated with the development and deployment of AI
technologies. What measures can be taken to mitigate the carbon footprint of AI data centers? ... 43
Discuss the historical evolution and the legal framework of reservations in India. Highlight the
recommendations of the Mandal Commission and their impact on the reservation policy. (250
words) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Examine the current state of plastic waste management in India. Discuss the role and effectiveness
of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system in addressing the plastic waste problem.
(250 words) .............................................................................................................................................................. 45
Discuss the implications of delaying the decennial Census in India. How does it affect the
implementation of government schemes and policies?............................................................................... 46
Evaluate the impact of restricting visas for Chinese technicians on India’s manufacturing sector. 47
Explain the constitutional basis of the right to be free from adverse climate effects.
Discuss potential implications for future climate litigation and policy-making in India.
Introduction: Contextual Introduction
Body: What is the constitutional basis of the right to be free from adverse climate effects and
implications for climate litigation and policymaking?
Conclusion: Way forward
The Supreme Court of India's recent judgment in M.K. Ranjitsinh and Ors. vs Union of India & Ors. has
recognized a new constitutional right to be free from the adverse effects of climate change
Constitutional Basis
• Right to Life (Article 21): The Supreme Court has interpreted the right to life under Article 21 to
include the right to a healthy environment. This implies a right to be free from environmental
degradation, which includes the negative impacts of climate change.
• Right to Equality (Article 14): Climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable
communities. The Court has argued that unequal distribution of the burden of climate change
violates the right to equality.
Implications for Climate Litigation and Policy-making
• Stronger Legal Basis for Climate Action: This new interpretation provides a stronger legal
foundation for lawsuits against the government for inaction on climate change. Activists and
communities can now challenge policies with a higher chance of success.
• Increased Government Accountability: The recognition of this right increases pressure on the
government to take concrete steps to mitigate climate change and adapt to its effects. This could
lead to more stringent environmental regulations and climate-resilient infrastructure projects.
• Focus on Equity: The emphasis on equality in the right to be free from adverse climate effects
necessitates policies that address the needs of vulnerable communities most affected by climate
change.
• Business and Civil Society Engagement: An enabling climate law should encourage active
participation from businesses, civil society, and local communities. Policies should foster public-
private partnerships, support innovative solutions, and leverage the knowledge and capabilities of
diverse stakeholders.
• Judicial Oversight: Courts may play a more active role in overseeing government actions related
to climate change. Judicial directives could compel the government to implement specific
measures, enforce existing laws more rigorously, or develop new policies to meet climate targets.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s recognition of the right to be free from adverse climate effects marks a significant
development in India's constitutional and environmental jurisprudence. To realize this right, India will
need to adopt a holistic approach, incorporating robust legal frameworks, coordinated governance,
inclusive participation, and equitable policies that address both mitigation and adaptation challenges. This
transformative approach is essential for safeguarding the environment and ensuring a sustainable and
resilient future for all citizens.
Critically examine the implications of moving education from the State list to the
Concurrent list in India. Should education be brought back to the State list? Justify your
answer with examples.
Body: What are the implications of the shift in moving education from the State list to the Concurrent
list?
The Constitution of India originally placed education in the State List, which gave state governments
exclusive authority over education. However, the 42nd Amendment of 1976 moved education to the
Concurrent List, allowing both the central and state governments to legislate on educational matters.
Implications of the Shift
• Uniform Standards: Central oversight has promoted uniformity in education standards and
policies nationwide, such as the National Curriculum Framework and the Right to Education Act.
• National Priorities: Central control allows for addressing national priorities like digital literacy,
skill development, and higher education reforms coherently.
• Loss of State Autonomy: States may struggle with centrally imposed policies that do not consider
local needs and contexts, potentially stifling innovation and responsiveness.
• Centralization Issues: Recent controversies like the NEET-UG exam irregularities highlight that
centralization does not necessarily eliminate corruption or mismanagement.
Should Education be Brought Back to the State List?
Arguments for Returning to State List:
• Local Context and Needs: States can develop policies tailored to their unique cultural, linguistic,
and socio-economic contexts. For instance, Kerala's high literacy rates are attributed to state-
specific policies. States can be more accountable for educational outcomes, potentially leading to
better governance and management.
• Innovation and Responsiveness: States can experiment and implement innovative educational
models without central constraints, as seen in Tamil Nadu’s ICT integration in schools.
Arguments Against Returning to State List:
• Resource Disparities: Central support is crucial for resource-poor states to ensure equitable
educational opportunities.
• National Cohesion: Uniform standards promote national integration and ensure students across
states receive comparable education. Central policies help align Indian education with
international benchmarks, making students more globally competitive.
Conclusion
While there are compelling reasons both for and against moving education back to the State List, a balanced
approach that leverages the strengths of both central oversight and state-specific adaptation appears to be
the most practical solution. Improving coordination, flexibility, and capacity building can ensure that the
educational needs of India’s diverse population are met efficiently and effectively.
Discuss the significance of voter secrecy in the context of democratic elections. How can
technology such as the totaliser help enhance voter anonymity? (250 words)
Body: What is the significance of voter secrecy in elections and how can technology help enhance voter
anonymity?
Voter secrecy is a cornerstone of democratic elections, ensuring that individuals can vote freely without
fear of retribution or undue influence.
Significance of Voter Secrecy in Democratic Elections
• Protection Against Intimidation and Retribution: Voter secrecy prevents powerful individuals
or groups from intimidating voters into choosing a particular candidate. Without secrecy, voters
might fear backlash from those in power if their vote is revealed.
• Freedom of Choice: Secrecy allows voters to make their choices based solely on their preferences,
free from external pressures. This helps maintain the integrity of the electoral process and ensures
that the elected representatives truly reflect the will of the people.
• Prevention of Vote Buying: When votes are secret, it becomes harder for corrupt practices like
vote-buying to take place. Those who might seek to buy votes cannot verify if the voter has upheld
their end of the bargain.
• Strengthening of Democratic Principles: Voter secrecy reinforces the democratic principle that
every individual has an equal voice. It ensures that elections are about policies and ideas rather
than coercion and manipulation.
Role of Technology such as the Totaliser in Enhancing Voter Anonymity
• Masking Booth-Level Voting Patterns: The totaliser aggregates votes from multiple EVMs before
counting, making it impossible to determine how specific areas or booths voted.
• Reducing Post-Election Harassment: By preventing the identification of voting patterns in
specific localities, the totaliser helps mitigate the risk of post-election retribution against
communities or individuals who may have voted against the winning candidate or party.
• Encouraging Free and Fair Voting: When voters are assured that their votes cannot be traced
back to them or their communities, they are more likely to vote according to their true preferences.
This enhances the overall fairness and integrity of the election process.
• Promoting Inclusivity: By ensuring that votes are counted without revealing the geographical or
demographic origins of the votes, the totaliser helps foster a sense of inclusivity. It reassures
minority groups and other vulnerable populations that their votes are valued and protected.
Conclusion
Voter secrecy is essential for upholding democratic principles, and ensuring that elections are free from
coercion, intimidation, and corruption. By masking booth-level voting patterns, the totaliser helps
safeguard voter identities and protect them from potential retribution, thereby fostering a more inclusive
and democratic society.
Examine the role of the Finance Commission in enhancing financial devolution to local
bodies in India. What challenges have been faced in achieving this goal? (250 words)
Body: What is the role of the Finance Commission and the challenges faced in achieving financial
devolution?
The 16th Finance Commission (FC) has been established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution,
primarily focusing on the devolution of the consolidated fund. The Finance Commission plays a crucial role
in strengthening financial devolution, or the transfer of financial resources from the central and state
governments to local bodies (panchayats and urban local bodies) in India.
Role of Finance Commission
• Revenue Sharing: The FC recommends the allocation of a share of central taxes to local bodies,
both urban and rural. This helps ensure that local governments have a steady flow of funds to
manage their responsibilities effectively.
• Grants-in-Aid: The FC provides grants-in-aid to augment the resources of local bodies. These
grants are meant to supplement the funds available to local governments for specific purposes,
such as infrastructure development, maintenance of public services, and implementing
developmental programs.
• Enhancing Financial Autonomy: The FC suggests measures to improve the financial autonomy
of local bodies, such as enhancing their revenue-generating capacities through better tax
administration, property tax reforms, and user charges for services.
• Incentives for Good Governance: The FC sometimes introduces incentives for local bodies that
show good governance practices, transparency in financial management, and efficient delivery of
public services.
Challenges
• State government resistance: Some state governments might be reluctant to devolve a larger
share of resources, fearing a strain on their finances. This can lead to delays in constituting State
Finance Commissions (SFCs) or implementing their recommendations.
• Limited tax base: Local bodies often struggle with a limited tax base, making it difficult for them
to generate sufficient revenue independently. Property tax collection, for instance, remains low in
India.
• Capacity building: Local bodies may lack the administrative and technical expertise to effectively
utilize devolved funds. This can lead to inefficiencies and delays in project implementation.
• Uncertainties with GST: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) has introduced a new dynamic. While
it aims to streamline tax collection, concerns remain about the predictability of compensation for
revenue losses faced by states, which can indirectly impact local bodies.
Conclusion
Overall, the Finance Commission acts as a crucial bridge in strengthening financial devolution to local
bodies. However, overcoming challenges related to state cooperation, local body capacity building, and
navigating the evolving GST framework remains essential for achieving this goal.
How can the implementation of a Question Bank system improve the fairness and
transparency of public examinations in India?
Body: How can the Question Bank system improve the fairness and transparency of exams in India?
Implementing a Question Bank system can significantly enhance the fairness and transparency of public
examinations in India by addressing several critical issues outlined by the committee under Koppillil
Radhakrishnan and the NEP 2020.
Improve Fairness and Transparency
• Standardization and Uniformity: A Question Bank ensures that all questions are pre-vetted and
standardized, covering the entire syllabus comprehensively.
• Reduction of Bias and Errors: Questions in a Question Bank undergo rigorous checks to eliminate
biases and errors, promoting fairness and objectivity in the evaluation process.
• Elimination of Malpractices: Making the Question Bank publicly available at the beginning of the
academic year removes the element of secrecy, significantly reducing the scope for question paper
leaks and other malpractices.
• Promotion of Holistic Learning: The Question Bank system encourages students to understand
and grasp the entire syllabus rather than focusing on selective topics.
• Transparency in Examination Conduct: Publicly available Question Banks ensure transparency
in the examination process.
• Efficiency in Exam Preparation and Conduct: Knowing that questions will be derived from a
well-structured Question Bank, students can prepare more effectively, reducing anxiety associated
with unpredictable question patterns.
• Enhanced Institutional Accountability: Institutions will be incentivized to digitize and
streamline their examination processes, as recommended by the Parliamentary Standing
Committee.
• Curtailment of Cheating: By assigning different sets of questions to different examination centers
or even individual students, the Question Bank system can significantly reduce cheating and
copying.
• Building Trust in the System: The transparency and fairness brought by the Question Bank
system ensure that all stakeholders—students, educators, and institutions—have confidence in
the evaluation process.
• Long-term Institutional Improvement: The NEP 2020’s vision includes evolving independent
cadres like the Indian Education Service and specialized courses in educational management.
Conclusion
The implementation of a Question Bank system addresses several long-standing issues in the conduct of
public examinations, promoting fairness, transparency, and efficiency. It aligns with the NEP 2020’s goals
of transforming learning assessments and ensuring high standards of education across the country. By
curbing malpractices, encouraging holistic learning, and enhancing institutional accountability, the
Question Bank system fosters a trustworthy and robust evaluation framework, essential for the progress
and integrity of India's educational landscape.
What are the major ethical concerns in the conduct of clinical trials in India, and how can
they be addressed? Discuss the role of ethics committees in ensuring ethical practices in
medical research.
Body: What are major ethical concerns in clinical trials & role of ethics committees in research?
The conduct of clinical trials in India faces several ethical concerns that need to be addressed to ensure the
safety and rights of participants and the integrity of the research.
Major Ethical Concerns in the Conduct of Clinical Trials in India
• Informed Consent Violations: Participants, especially those from vulnerable groups, are not fully
informed about the nature, risks, and benefits of the trials they are enrolled in. The need is to
ensure that the informed consent process is rigorous, transparent, and conducted in the
participants' native languages.
• Lack of Regulatory Oversight: Trials sometimes proceed with inadequate regulatory oversight,
leading to ethical and procedural lapses. The need is to strengthen regulatory frameworks and
ensure strict compliance with existing guidelines.
• Non-reporting of Adverse Events: Adverse events during clinical trials are often underreported
or not reported at all, compromising participant safety. Hence, enforce stringent monitoring and
reporting requirements for adverse events.
• Exploitation of Vulnerable Populations: Individuals from economically disadvantaged
backgrounds or with limited literacy are often targeted for clinical trials, leading to their
exploitation. Therefore, implement additional safeguards to protect these groups, such as
involving independent advocates during the consent process and ensuring equitable selection
criteria.
• Conflict of Interest: Researchers and institutions may have financial or other interests that
compromise the integrity of the trials. The need is to mandate the disclosure of conflicts of interest
and implement policies to manage and mitigate these conflicts.
Role of Ethics Committees in Ensuring Ethical Practices
• Review and Approval of Research Protocols: Ethics committees review the scientific and ethical
aspects of proposed research protocols to ensure they comply with ethical standards and
regulatory requirements.
• Monitoring Ongoing Research: They monitor trials to ensure continued compliance with ethical
guidelines.
• Ensuring Ethical Conduct of Trials: Ethics committees ensure that trials are conducted ethically
by scrutinizing protocols, informed consent forms, and procedures for participant recruitment.
• Protecting Vulnerable Populations: Committees implement additional safeguards for
vulnerable populations, ensuring that their participation is ethical and voluntary.
• Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: By making relevant trial data publicly available,
as mandated by the Supreme Court of India, ethics committees can enhance transparency and
accountability in clinical research.
Conclusion
By strengthening these safeguards, India can ensure that clinical trials are conducted ethically and
contribute meaningfully to medical advancements while protecting the well-being of participants.
Explain the reasons behind the surplus of skimmed milk powder (SMP) in the Indian
dairy industry. How has this surplus affected the dairy farmers economically and
politically? (250 words)
Body: What are the reasons for the surplus of SMP & impact of the surplus on farmers?
The surplus of skimmed milk powder (SMP) in India's dairy industry is a complex issue with a ripple effect
on both farmers and the industry itself.
Reasons for the Surplus
• Production Dynamics: During peak milk production periods (known as the flush season), dairies
convert surplus milk into SMP to manage the perishability of fresh milk. This surplus occurs when
dairies procure more milk than can be immediately absorbed by the market, resulting in excess
SMP production.
• Market Demand and Supply: Fluctuations in demand and supply play a crucial role. In recent
times, increased milk production, especially during a year of continuous milk supplies, has led to a
significant surplus of SMP. This surplus is exacerbated when market demand does not absorb the
quantities produced.
• Policy and Economic Factors: Government policies, such as subsidies on milk and dairy products
or restrictions on cattle slaughter (which influence the population of unproductive cattle), also
impact SMP production. These policies can indirectly affect milk production and the subsequent
processing into SMP.
Impact on Dairy Farmers:
• Economic Impact: The surplus SMP has led to a drop in its market prices, affecting the revenue
generated by dairies. This, in turn, impacts the prices they can offer to dairy farmers for their milk.
Lower milk prices reduce farmers' income and can discourage them from investing in better
feeding or expanding their dairy operations.
• Political Implications: The surplus SMP has become a political issue, especially in states like
Maharashtra, where dairy farming is a significant economic activity.
Possible Solutions:
• Export Subsidies: Providing subsidies on SMP exports could help reduce domestic stocks by
making Indian SMP competitive in global markets.
• Buffer Stocks: Establishing buffer stocks of SMP could stabilize prices by absorbing excess supply
during peak production seasons and releasing it during lean periods.
• Diversification and Market Development: Encouraging the use of SMP in diverse industries such
as food processing (e.g., ice cream, biscuits) or industrial applications (e.g., baby formula) could
create new avenues for its consumption, reducing dependency on traditional dairy markets.
Conclusion
Addressing the surplus of SMP requires a multi-faceted approach involving market strategies, policy
adjustments, and industry collaboration to ensure sustainable growth and stability in the Indian dairy
sector.
Analyze the current humanitarian crisis in Myanmar and its implications for India.
Should India revise its policy towards Myanmar in response to the crisis? Justify your
answer. (250 words)
Body: What is the current situation in Myanmar and its implications for India?
The current humanitarian crisis in Myanmar, exacerbated by the conflict between ethnic armed
organizations (EAOs) and the military junta, presents significant implications for India's policy towards
Myanmar.
Current Situation in Myanmar
• Humanitarian Crisis: The conflict has led to a severe humanitarian crisis, with widespread
displacement, refugees fleeing into neighboring countries including India, and significant
challenges in accessing necessities like food, water, and medical supplies.
• Geopolitical Dynamics: EAOs, supported by China, control substantial territories along
Myanmar’s borders, impacting regional stability. China's influence over these groups contrasts
with India's historical engagement primarily with the military junta.
• International Pressure: The United Nations and other international bodies have highlighted the
humanitarian crisis, urging action to alleviate suffering and stabilize Myanmar.
Implications for India:
• Border Security and Refugees: India shares a long border with Myanmar, particularly in
Northeast India. The influx of refugees and potential destabilization due to cross-border activities
necessitates a proactive response from India.
• Strategic Interests: India’s ‘Act East’ policy aims to enhance connectivity and trade with Southeast
Asia via Myanmar. Instability in Myanmar affects these strategic interests, requiring a nuanced
approach.
• Humanitarian Responsibility: As a regional power, India faces moral and practical imperatives
to address humanitarian crises affecting its neighbors. Providing humanitarian assistance can
enhance India’s soft power and regional influence.
Justification for Policy Review:
• Shift in Myanmar’s Dynamics: The military junta’s diminished control and the rise of EAOs
controlling significant territories signify a fundamental shift. India’s traditional policy of
engagement primarily with the junta needs reassessment to adapt to the current geopolitical
realities.
• Dialogue with EAOs: Experts advocate for India to establish channels with EAOs to mitigate
conflict and stabilize the region. This approach aligns with addressing humanitarian needs and
securing India’s interests in Myanmar’s stability.
• Balancing Regional Influence: China’s influence over EAOs underscores the urgency for India to
recalibrate its strategy, balancing engagement between various stakeholders to safeguard its
interests and contribute positively to Myanmar’s stability.
Conclusion
By taking these steps, India can show its commitment to humanitarian principles while safeguarding its
strategic interests in a complex situation.
Critically evaluate the role of the judiciary in determining the essentiality of religious
practices in India. How does this align with the constitutional ethos and values?
Body: Highlight the role of the judiciary in determining the essentiality of religious practices.
The role of the judiciary in determining the essentiality of religious practices in India is pivotal and
contentious, as it involves balancing religious freedoms with constitutional values. This balance was
brought to the fore in the case of P. Navin Kumar (2024), where the Madras High Court allowed the
practice of angapradakshinam.
Role of Judiciary
• Historical Context: The judiciary has historically intervened to ascertain which religious practices
are "essential," starting with the Shirur Mutt case (1954), where the Supreme Court introduced
the "essential practices" doctrine. This doctrine has been pivotal in numerous cases, including the
Sabarimala Temple Entry case (2018) and the Triple Talaq case (2017).
• Inconsistency in Rulings: The judiciary has been criticized for inconsistent rulings regarding
essential religious practices. For instance, in the Durgah Committee, Ajmer case (1961), the
Supreme Court ruled that only essential practices are protected, dismissing those deemed
superstitious or non-essential. However, in cases like M. Ismail Faruqui (1995), the Court's
decision appeared to disregard established religious significance, showing inconsistency.
• Judicial Overreach: Critics argue that the judiciary should not act as clergy, making theological
determinations. This overreach can be seen in cases like Mohammed Fasi (1985), where the
Kerala High Court ruled on the essentiality of growing a beard in Islam based on empirical evidence
rather than religious texts.
Alignment with Constitutional Ethos
• Secularism and Equality: The Indian Constitution enshrines secularism, mandating that the state
maintain an equidistant relationship with all religions. The judiciary's role in determining essential
practices should align with this principle, ensuring that religious practices do not contravene
constitutional values such as equality, dignity, and human rights.
• Social Reforms and Public Health: The framers of the Indian Constitution subordinated freedom
of religion to other fundamental rights, including public order, health, and morality. The judiciary's
interventions, like in P. Navin Kumar (2024), should consider these aspects. Justice
Swaminathan's ruling on angapradakshinam ignored potential health hazards, raising questions
about the practice's alignment with public health and morality.
Conclusion
The judiciary's role in determining the essentiality of religious practices is crucial in maintaining a balance
between religious freedom and constitutional values. While decisions like P. Navin Kumar (2024)
highlight the judiciary's commitment to protecting individual rights, they also underscore the need for
consistency and rationality in such determinations. Ultimately, the judiciary must ensure that religious
practices do not undermine constitutional ethos, promoting a balanced approach that respects both
religious diversity and the supremacy of the Constitution. The Constitution, rather than religion, should
guide the extent of religious freedom in a progressive nation like India.
Analyze the structure of India’s Balance of Payments (BoP) and discuss the significance of
its key components. How do these components reflect the economic health of the
country?
Introduction: What is BoP?
Body: Key components of BoP & their significance
India's Balance of Payments (BoP) is a comprehensive ledger detailing the country's economic transactions
with the rest of the world.
Components of India's Balance of Payments
Current Account: The Current Account records transactions of goods, services, income, and current
transfers.
• Merchandise Trade: This involves the export and import of tangible goods.
• Services Trade: Includes exports and imports of intangible services such as IT, tourism,
transportation, and finance.
• Primary Income: Comprises income from investments and compensation of employees.
• Secondary Income: Includes unilateral transfers like remittances from Indians working abroad,
foreign aid, and grants.
Capital and Financial Account: The Capital and Financial Account captures transactions involving
financial assets and liabilities.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Long-term investments by foreign entities in Indian

businesses, real estate, etc., indicating investor confidence in the Indian economy.
• Portfolio Investment: Investments in financial instruments like stocks and bonds.
• External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs): Loans taken by Indian businesses from international
lenders.
• Reserve Assets: Changes in foreign exchange reserves held by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI),
including gold reserves, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), and foreign currency assets.
• Other Investments: Includes trade credits, loans, currency, and deposits.
Significance of Key Components
• Trade Deficit/Surplus: A trade deficit indicates higher imports than exports, which can pressure
foreign exchange reserves and weaken the domestic currency.
• Service Balance: A surplus here can offset a merchandise trade deficit, contributing positively to
the current account balance.
• Primary and Secondary Income: Positive net income from abroad, particularly remittances,
supports the current account and domestic consumption.
• FDI and Portfolio Investments: Sustained FDI inflows signify long-term investor confidence and
are crucial for economic growth.
• ECBs: Help in financing growth but require careful management to avoid excessive external debt.
• Foreign Exchange Reserves: Adequate reserves are essential for maintaining exchange rate
stability, meeting international payment obligations, and bolstering investor confidence.
Reflection of Economic Health
• Current Account Deficit (CAD): A manageable CAD, typically between 1.5%-2% of GDP, is
considered sustainable for India and consistent with a GDP growth rate of 7%-8%. A high CAD can
indicate excessive import dependence and vulnerability to external shocks.
• Current Account Surplus: While a surplus can indicate a healthy balance of payments, it may also
reflect reduced domestic demand, as seen during economic slowdowns like the Covid-induced
lockdowns in FY2020-21.
• Capital Account Surplus: A surplus driven by strong FDI and portfolio investments indicates
robust economic health and investor confidence.
Conclusion
The structure of India’s Balance of Payments provides a comprehensive view of the country’s economic
interactions with the world. A balanced approach to managing these components is essential for
maintaining economic stability and fostering sustainable growth.
What specific steps can the ANRF take to reduce bureaucratic hurdles and ensure timely
disbursal of research grants and fellowships? How does it benefit the research ecosystem
in India?
Body: What steps can ANRF take to reduce bureaucratic hurdles and how does this benefit the research
ecosystem in India?
The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has the potential to significantly benefit the
research ecosystem in India.
Steps to Reduce Bureaucratic Hurdles and Ensure Timely Disbursal
• Streamlined Governance Structure: Consolidate multiple committees into a single, streamlined

committee responsible for formulating and implementing strategies. This reduces confusion and
improves decision-making efficiency.
• Robust Grant Management System: Implement a modern, efficient system for managing grants,
including online application and tracking capabilities.
• Reduced Bureaucratic Constraints: Allow flexibility in spending research funds without strict
adherence to government financial rules (GFR) and bypassing portals like the Government e-
Marketplace (GeM) for purchases.
• Diverse Industry Representation: Increase representation of Indian industry leaders and
entrepreneurs on the governing board and executive council to strengthen industry-academia
collaboration.
Benefits to the Research Ecosystem in India
• Accelerated Research Impact: By reducing bureaucratic obstacles and ensuring timely funding,
the ANRF can accelerate the pace of research and innovation in India. This facilitates faster
translation of research outcomes into real-world applications.
• Improved Resource Utilization: Streamlined processes and flexible spending options enable
researchers to utilize resources efficiently, enhancing the overall quality and impact of research
projects.
• Strengthened Industry-Academia Partnership: Increased industry representation fosters
closer collaboration between academia and industry, leading to collaborative research projects
that address real-world challenges and foster innovation.
• Enhanced Funding Opportunities: A robust grant management system and quick disbursal of
funds attract more researchers and institutions to apply for ANRF grants, thereby expanding
funding opportunities across the country.
• Catalyst for Research Excellence: By prioritizing outstanding research cells in state universities
and colleges, the ANRF contributes to enhancing the overall research excellence and
competitiveness of Indian institutions globally.
Conclusion
Addressing these issues through effective governance, streamlined processes, and enhanced collaboration
can position the ANRF as a pivotal institution in catalyzing research and innovation across India, benefiting
both the academic community and industry stakeholders.
What are the potential economic benefits and challenges of implementing a buffer stock
policy for essential food items in India?
Introduction: Brief contextual Introduction
Body: What are the economic benefits and challenges of implementing a buffer stock policy?
Implementing a buffer stock policy for essential food items in India can have several potential economic
benefits and challenges.
Potential Economic Benefits
• Price Stability: Buffer stocks can help stabilize prices of essential food items by releasing stocks
during periods of scarcity and procuring excess stocks during bumper harvests. This stabilizes
food prices in the market, benefiting both consumers and producers.
• Food Security: Buffer stocks ensure a consistent supply of essential food items, reducing the risk
of shortages during times of crop failures or adverse weather conditions. This enhances food
security and reduces vulnerability to price shocks.
• Income Support for Farmers: Procurement of food grains and other commodities at Minimum
Support Prices (MSPs) provides income support to farmers. It encourages them to produce more,
even during surplus years, knowing there is a guaranteed market for their produce.
• Market Regulation: By managing supply in the market, buffer stocks can prevent extreme price
fluctuations caused by sudden changes in demand or supply shocks due to climate events or other
factors.
• Reduced Market Manipulation: A significant buffer stock discourages hoarding and speculative
trading by private players, leading to a fairer market environment.
Potential Economic Challenges
• Financial Burden: Maintaining and managing buffer stocks requires significant financial
resources for procurement, storage infrastructure, and management. This can strain government
budgets, especially during years of large procurements.
• Market Distortion: Excessive government intervention through buffer stocks can distort market
dynamics, potentially discouraging private investment and innovation in the agricultural sector. It
may also lead to inefficiencies if stocks are not managed effectively.
• Policy Effectiveness: Ensuring that buffer stocks are effectively targeted to mitigate price
volatility and support farmers requires sound policy implementation and management. Poorly
managed stocks may not achieve the desired outcomes.
• Trade Relations: Accumulating large buffer stocks can impact international trade relations,
especially if India becomes a significant player in global markets for certain commodities. It may
affect export competitiveness and trade negotiations.
• Management Issues: Inefficient management of buffer stocks can lead to issues like corruption,
rotting of grains, and delays in releasing stocks during shortages.
Conclusion
Overall, a buffer stock policy can be a valuable tool for ensuring food security and price stability in India.
However, careful design and efficient management are crucial to minimize the economic challenges and
maximize the benefits.
Discuss the ethical and social implications of universal vaccination against HPV in the
context of Indian society. (250 words)
Body: What are the ethical and social implications of universal vaccination against HPV?
Universal vaccination against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in India raises several ethical and social
implications.
Ethical Implications
• Questionable Efficacy: The assertion that only a couple of HPV strains are associated with
precancerous lesions and that most HPV-positive individuals do not develop cancer, questions the
efficacy and necessity of universal vaccination. This raises ethical concerns about promoting a
vaccine without definitive proof of its necessity.
• High Costs and Accessibility: The high cost of Cervavac, even with partial subsidies, limits access
for many, particularly the economically disadvantaged. Ethical vaccination programs should
ensure affordability and equitable access, which is currently not the case.
• Moral and Cultural Sensitivities: The focus on pre-puberty girls assumes high-risk sexual
behavior, which can be culturally sensitive and morally contentious in Indian society. This
approach can inadvertently reinforce patriarchal norms by targeting females while neglecting
male carriers.
• Opaque Pricing Strategies: The pricing strategy of Cervavac, despite substantial public and
philanthropic funding, raises ethical concerns about profit motives overriding public health
interests.
Social Implications
• Sexual Health Stigma: The association of HPV with sexual activity can lead to stigma, particularly
for young girls. This stigma can discourage vaccination and lead to social ostracization.
• Healthcare Costs: The high cost of the vaccine burdens both the government and individuals. This
financial strain is particularly problematic in a country with significant out-of-pocket health
expenditures.
• Education and Awareness: Effective education campaigns are necessary to address
misconceptions, and cultural sensitivities, and promote informed decisions. However, these
campaigns must be transparent and evidence-based to build public trust.
• Balancing Public and Private Interests: Policies must balance public health goals with private
sector interests, ensuring that public investments lead to affordable and accessible healthcare
solutions.
Conclusion
The push for universal HPV vaccination in India raises ethical and social concerns, including its necessity,
pricing, cultural sensitivities, and potential gender biases. A more responsible approach would involve
selective vaccination for high-risk groups, transparent pricing, and comprehensive education campaigns.
Ensuring public health initiatives are evidence-based, affordable, and culturally sensitive is crucial for
building public trust and achieving equitable health outcomes.
Critically analyze the new provisions under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita
(BNSS) concerning the registration of FIRs and their implications for policing in India.
(250 words)
Body: What are the key provisions of BNSS concerning FIR and its implications for policing?
The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 (BNSS) replaces the outdated Code of Criminal Procedure,
1973 (CrPC) with a modernized framework aimed at addressing contemporary legal challenges.
Key Provisions on FIR Registration
• Mandatory Registration Regardless of Jurisdiction: Police must register FIRs regardless of

jurisdiction, known as zero FIR, and transfer the case to the appropriate station. This ensures that
citizens are not turned away when attempting to file a complaint and can improve access to justice
• Electronic Means for FIR Registration: FIRs can be filed orally, in writing, or electronically, and
must be signed within three days. The inclusion of electronic means facilitates easier and more
accessible reporting, especially in remote areas, and can lead to faster processing of complaints.
• Penal Action for Non-Registration: Non-registration of FIRs can attract penal action under
various sections. This provision aims to hold police officers accountable, reducing the likelihood of
arbitrary refusals to register complaints.
Implications
• Increased Accountability and Transparency: Online and zero FIR provisions ensure that
complaints are documented and traceable, reducing the scope for police misconduct. Penal
consequences for non-registration create a deterrent against negligence and corruption.
• Enhanced Access to Justice: Allowing electronic FIRs makes the process more inclusive,
especially for individuals in remote areas or those who cannot visit police stations in person. Time-
bound registration and electronic submissions can expedite the initiation of investigations, leading
to swifter justice.
• Data-Driven Policing: Online registration enables real-time data collection, facilitating better
resource allocation and strategic planning by law enforcement.
Conclusion
The BNSS provisions on FIR registration represent significant reforms aimed at enhancing transparency,
accountability, and accessibility within the Indian policing system. By mandating registration regardless of
jurisdiction and allowing electronic submissions, these provisions seek to improve citizens' access to
justice and streamline the complaint process. However, successful implementation requires addressing
challenges related to the digital divide, training, and resource allocation. Ensuring legal compliance and
ethical conduct is crucial for maintaining public trust and achieving equitable justice outcomes.
Analyze the potential positive and negative impacts of the draft Digital Competition Bill
on Indian start-ups and MSMEs.
Body: What are the positive and negative impacts of the draft Digital Competition Bill on MSME &
Startups?
The draft Digital Competition Bill aims to regulate the digital market in India, ensuring fair competition and
addressing anti-competitive practices by major tech companies.
Positive Impacts
• Early Intervention: The ex-ante framework allows the Competition Commission of India (CCI) to
prevent anti-competitive practices before they occur, potentially curbing the dominance of big tech
companies early on. This can provide a more level playing field for start-ups and MSMEs.
• Market Fairness: With obligations on Systemically Significant Digital Enterprises (SSDEs) to
operate fairly and transparently, smaller businesses may benefit from reduced discriminatory
practices, such as self-preferencing or anti-steering by dominant players.
• Fair Competition: By restricting SSDEs from engaging in unfair practices like bundling and
exclusive tie-ups, start-ups, and MSMEs can access the market on more equitable terms.
• Data Utilization: Prohibiting SSDEs from cross-utilizing user data for unfair advantages can help
protect smaller businesses from being outcompeted due to data misuse.
• Encouragement of Local Start-ups: By addressing monopolistic tendencies of large digital
enterprises, the bill may foster an environment conducive to innovation and growth for domestic
start-ups and MSMEs.
Negative Impacts
• Compliance Costs: Implementing and adhering to the new regulations could impose significant
costs on start-ups and MSMEs, diverting resources from innovation and growth.
• Operational Challenges: MSMEs relying heavily on big tech platforms for market access and
customer outreach might face challenges if the regulations disrupt these platforms' operations.
• Stifled Growth: The stringent regulations might deter start-ups from scaling up quickly, fearing
they might cross the regulatory thresholds and attract additional scrutiny.
• Jurisdictional Differences: The transposition of the EU's Digital Markets Act to India without
considering local market nuances might lead to inefficiencies and unintended consequences.
• Increased Costs: Restrictions on bundling and data usage by SSDEs could lead to higher
operational costs for MSMEs, which have benefited from these practices.
Conclusion
Overall, the Digital Competition Bill has the potential to benefit Indian startups and MSMEs by fostering a
fairer market. However, careful calibration is needed to ensure the regulations don't inadvertently hinder
their growth.
Critically assess the effectiveness of a security-centric approach in dealing with Pakistan-

sponsored terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. What alternative strategies can be
employed?
Body: Assess the effectiveness of the security approach in dealing with terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir
The ongoing issues of Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) highlight the limitations
of a security-centric approach and underline the need for a more nuanced strategy.
Achievements of a security-centric approach
• Neutralization of Militants: The Indian security forces have successfully neutralized many high-
profile militants, disrupting terrorist networks and reducing the immediate threat of attacks.
• Deterrence: A strong military presence has deterred large-scale militant operations and kept
militant activities in check to some extent.
• Enhanced Security Measures: Improved surveillance, intelligence, and counter-insurgency
operations have contributed to thwarting numerous potential attacks.
Limitations of a security-centric approach

• Limited Scope: Focuses on neutralizing terrorists, neglecting root causes like socio-economic
grievances and disenfranchisement, which fuel recruitment.
• Humanitarian Cost: Military operations can lead to civilian casualties, alienating the population
and creating a breeding ground for resentment.
• Escalation Risk: Tit-for-tat actions can escalate tensions with Pakistan, leading to a wider conflict.
Alternative Strategies
• Confidence-Building Measures: Implement measures to build trust between the government

and the people of J&K, such as reducing military presence in civilian areas and releasing political
prisoners.
• Infrastructure Projects: Invest in infrastructure to create jobs and improve living standards,
thereby reducing the appeal of militancy.
• Skill Development: Focus on education and skill development to provide alternative livelihoods
for the youth.
• Community Engagement: Promote social and cultural initiatives that foster a sense of belonging
and unity among the people of J&K.
• Counter-Radicalization Programs: Implement programs that address extremist ideologies
through community-led initiatives.
• Judicial Reforms: Ensure timely and fair justice for victims of violence and human rights abuses.
• Institutional Accountability: Hold security forces accountable for human rights violations to
build trust with the local population.
Conclusion
A comprehensive strategy that includes political engagement, economic development, social initiatives, and
international diplomacy is essential. This multifaceted approach can address the root causes of militancy,
reduce tensions, and foster sustainable peace in the region.
Discuss how India’s demographic transition towards an aging population impacts its
economic development. What policy measures can be implemented to address these
challenges?
Body: Highlight the challenges of the aging population and measures to address these challenges.
India's demographic transition towards an aging population impacts its economic development by creating
challenges such as a shrinking workforce, increased healthcare costs, and greater demand for pensions and
social security.
Challenges:
• Shrinking Workforce: As the population ages, the proportion of working-age adults shrinks. This
can lead to labor shortages, reduced productivity, and a strain on social security systems.
• Increased Healthcare Costs: An aging population requires more healthcare services, putting
pressure on government budgets and potentially hindering investment in other areas.
• Dependence Ratio: With a smaller working population supporting a larger elderly population, the
dependency ratio increases. This means fewer workers are generating tax revenue to support
social welfare programs for retirees.
• Migration and Urbanization: Rapid rural-to-urban migration poses challenges for urban
infrastructure and requires integrated planning.
• Fertility Reduction: India’s total fertility rate has decreased, indicating a transition towards
smaller family norms and potentially a demographic dividend.
• Mortality and Life Expectancy: Decreased mortality rates and increased life expectancy reflect
improvements in healthcare and living standards.
• Aging Population: The proportion of individuals aged 60 and above is projected to rise,
necessitating long-term plans for geriatric care and social security.
Policy Measures to Address Aging Population Challenges
• Encouraging Higher Fertility Rates: Support families through childcare services, parental leave,
and financial incentives to raise fertility rates.
• Promoting Active Aging: Encourage older individuals to remain in the workforce by offering
flexible working hours, retraining programs, and age-friendly workplace policies.
• Strengthening Healthcare Systems: Invest in healthcare infrastructure, preventive care, and
long-term care services to meet the needs of an aging population.
• Pension Reforms: Ensure the sustainability of pension systems by raising the retirement age and
promoting private savings.
• Automation and Technology: Invest in automation and technology to compensate for labor
shortages and improve productivity.
• Skill Development: Focus on skill development and education for the younger population to
enhance their employability and productivity.
Conclusion
To achieve SDGs, India must integrate its population dynamics into policy-making, address income
inequality, create job opportunities for youth, strengthen health and nutrition programs, and promote
gender equality. Multisectoral collaboration and political will are vital to ensure sustainable development.
Analyze the reasons behind the persistent socio-economic disparities among Indian
states despite overall national progress. What policy measures can be implemented to
address these disparities?
Body: What are the reasons behind socioeconomic disparities among states and what measures to
address them?
India's economic rise coexists with stark disparities between its states.
Reasons Behind Persistent Socio-Economic Disparities Among Indian States
• Historical Neglect and Colonial Policies: Certain regions were historically favored or neglected,
leading to uneven development.
• Centralized Planning and Resource Allocation: The uneven distribution of resources by the
central government has benefited some states more than others.
• Geographical Disadvantages: Variations in geography affect agricultural productivity, industrial
development, and infrastructure.
• Governance and Institutional Capacity: States with better governance and institutional
frameworks tend to perform better economically.
• Investment and Industrialization: States with better infrastructure and business environments
attract more investments.
• Social and Cultural Factors: Social structures, literacy rates, and cultural norms play a significant
role in regional disparities.
• Infrastructure and Connectivity: Disparities in transportation, communication, and energy
infrastructure lead to unequal development.
Policy Measures to Address Disparities
• Balanced Regional Development: Allocate more resources to lagging states and ensure equitable
development across regions.
• Strengthening Federalism: Enhance state autonomy to allow tailored development strategies.
• Infrastructure Development: Invest in infrastructure in underdeveloped states to attract
investments and boost economic activities.
• Targeted Welfare Programs: Design programs to address the specific needs of marginalized
regions, focusing on healthcare, education, and employment.
• Encouraging Industrialization: Provide incentives for industries to set up in less developed
states through tax breaks and subsidies.
• Promoting Education and Skill Development: Enhance access to quality education and
vocational training to build a skilled workforce.
• Improving Agricultural Productivity: Introduce modern agricultural practices and improve
market access in rural areas.
Conclusion
Addressing socio-economic disparities among Indian states requires a multifaceted approach involving
equitable resource distribution, enhanced governance, and targeted development programs. By
coordinating efforts between central and state governments, India can achieve balanced and inclusive
growth, reducing regional inequalities and promoting overall national progress.
Examine the significance of Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Austria in the context of India’s
foreign policy. How does this visit reflect India’s balancing act between Russia and
Western nations? (250 words).
Body: Significance of ties between India & Austria and its impact on Russia and the Western Bloc
Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Austria is highly significant within the context of India’s foreign
policy, particularly in the backdrop of India's strategic balancing act between Russia and Western nations.
This visit, being the first by an Indian Prime Minister since Indira Gandhi’s visit in 1983, not only revitalizes
historical ties but also reflects India’s nuanced diplomatic approach to current geopolitical tensions.
Significance
• Economic Cooperation: Modi’s visit to Austria underscores the importance of enhancing

economic ties with European nations. Areas identified for collaboration include infrastructure,
renewable energy, e-commerce, fintech, enterprise tech, consumer services, and media and
entertainment.
• Technology and Innovation: Austria is known for its technological advancements and
innovation. Strengthening ties with Austria can help India access cutting-edge technology and
collaborate on innovation-driven projects, contributing to India's modernization and economic
growth.
• European Union Relations: Austria, as a member of the European Union (EU), serves as an
important partner for India to deepen its engagement with the EU. Enhanced relations with Austria
can facilitate stronger connections with other EU nations, promoting India’s interests in the region.
• Geopolitical Positioning: Austria's neutral stance in many international conflicts makes it a
valuable partner for India. By fostering a strong relationship with Austria, India can position itself
more favorably in European geopolitics.
Balancing Act Between Russia and Western Nations

• Neutral Diplomacy: India’s engagement with Austria demonstrates its ability to maintain a
balanced foreign policy. While India has historical ties with Russia, engaging with Austria reflects
India’s commitment to strengthening relationships with Western nations, thereby showcasing its
non-alignment and strategic autonomy.
• Energy Security: Austria, through its connections within the EU, can play a role in diversifying
India’s energy sources. Given the geopolitical tensions surrounding Russia, enhancing ties with
European nations like Austria can help India secure alternative energy supplies and reduce
dependence on any single source.
Conclusion
The visit reflects India’s nuanced balancing act between maintaining historical ties with Russia and
strengthening relationships with Western nations, thereby showcasing India’s commitment to a pragmatic,
multi-aligned, and autonomous foreign policy.
Discuss the implications of providing special financial packages to States outside the
Finance Commission’s allocations. Evaluate the potential impacts on fiscal federalism and
inter-state equity in India. (250 words)
Body: What are the implications of special packages and their impact on fiscal federalism and inter-state
equity?
The issue of providing states with special financial packages to states like Bihar and Andhra Pradesh,
outside the Finance Commission's (FC) allocations is a nuanced one, involving considerations of fiscal
federalism, inter-state equity, political influence, and economic efficacy.
Implications
• Addressing Specific Needs: Special packages can be tailored to address urgent issues faced by a
particular state, like natural disasters or economic downturns. This targeted approach can provide
quicker relief compared to waiting for the next FC recommendations.
• Promoting Development: Packages can incentivize states to undertake crucial infrastructure
projects or social welfare schemes that might be beyond their current means. This targeted
investment can accelerate development in lagging regions.
• Political Expediency: In some cases, special packages can be politically expedient, appeasing
voters in a specific state or addressing regional demands.
• Erosion of Fiscal Federalism: Bypassing the FC, a constitutionally mandated body, weakens its
authority and undermines the established framework for resource allocation. This can create
uncertainty and politicize the process.
• Macroeconomic Instability: Unplanned, off-budget expenditures through special packages can
strain the central government's finances and contribute to fiscal deficits. This can have a cascading
effect on the entire economy.
Impact on Fiscal Federalism and Inter-State Equity
• Centralization of Fiscal Power: Special packages increase the central government's discretionary
power over state finances, which can undermine the federal structure and states’ autonomy.
• Inter-State Inequity: Politically influential states might receive more funds, leading to
perceptions of bias and favoritism, which can exacerbate regional inequalities.
• Governance and Efficiency: Higher allocations from the Centre can boost a state's growth if
managed well. However, states with poor governance might see higher leakages and inefficiencies,
as seen in the case of Bihar.
Conclusion
A balanced approach is crucial, involving transparent criteria for allocations, channeling more resources
for higher capital investment in the poorer regions of the country for balanced regional development,
robust monitoring mechanisms, and collaborative decision-making between the Centre and states.
Enhancing states' fiscal autonomy under GST and reducing political influence on fund allocations can
further contribute to fostering a fairer and more efficient fiscal federalism in India.
Discuss the impact of the Public Distribution System (PDS) on the consumption patterns
of households in India. How does it influence expenditure on non-food items? [250
words]
Body: What is the impact of PDS on consumption patterns and how does it influence expenditure on
non-food items?
Conclusion: Way Forward
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a critical social security program in India aimed at ensuring food
security, particularly under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) of 2013. This act covers up to 75% of
the rural population and 50% of the urban population, providing subsidized food grains.
Impact on Consumption Patterns
• Diversification of Food Consumption: With access to subsidized food grains through the PDS,
households can allocate more of their resources towards purchasing other nutrient and protein-
rich food items such as vegetables, milk, pulses, eggs, fish, and meat.
• Freeing Up Resources: Subsidized food grains reduce the out-of-pocket expenditure on staple
foods, thereby increasing the disposable income available for other essential items.
• Enhanced Food Security: PDS provides subsidized food grains (rice, wheat, and coarse grains) to
eligible households, ensuring basic food security. This reduces the incidence of hunger and
malnutrition, particularly among low-income families.
Influence on Expenditure on Non-Food Items
• Increased Spending on Essential Non-Food Items: The savings from reduced food expenditure
allow households to spend more on healthcare, education, clothing, and housing.
• Improved Living Standards: Higher expenditure on non-food items can lead to better living
conditions and overall quality of life.
• Spillover Effects on Local Economies: Increased spending on non-food items can stimulate local
economies by boosting demand for goods and services. This can create a positive feedback loop,
where improved household consumption supports local businesses and employment.
Conclusion
Overall, the PDS plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and influencing consumption patterns in
India. By freeing up income for non-food items, it contributes to a potentially more diverse diet and
improved living standards. However, leakages and inefficiencies in the system require ongoing
improvement.
Critically analyze the arguments for deregulating non-subsidized fertilizers in India.

What are the potential benefits and challenges associated with this policy shift? [250
words]
Body: Analyse arguments for deregulating non-subsidized fertilizers with the benefits and challenges
associated with it.
Deregulating non-subsidized fertilizers in India is a topic of considerable debate and requires careful
analysis of exploring both the benefits and challenges associated with it.
Arguments For
• Market Efficiency: Proponents argue that deregulation would foster competition among fertilizer
companies, potentially leading to lower prices for non-subsidized fertilizers. Farmers could benefit
from a wider range of choices and potentially lower costs, especially for high-grade or specialized
fertilizers not covered under current subsidy schemes.
• Innovation: Deregulation could incentivize fertilizer companies to invest in research and
development of new, more efficient fertilizers. This could benefit farmers by increasing crop yields
and reducing overall fertilizer use.
• Reduced Government Burden: The government currently spends a significant amount on
subsidizing fertilizers. Deregulation could free up resources for investment in other areas like rural
infrastructure or agricultural research.
Potential Benefits
• Enhanced Quality and Variety: With the removal of price controls, companies may focus more
on quality and diversification of products to attract farmers, leading to an overall improvement in
fertilizer quality and availability.
• Increased Nutrient Use Efficiency: Advanced fertilizers, like liquid fertilizers and water-soluble
fertilizers (WSFs), have higher nutrient use efficiency compared to traditional fertilizers.
Deregulating such products can improve crop yields and sustainability.
• Economic and Environmental Benefits: More efficient fertilizers can lead to reduced input costs
for farmers and lower environmental impact due to less runoff and pollution.
Challenges
• Price Volatility and Increased Costs: Deregulation can lead to price volatility, making it
challenging for farmers to plan and manage their expenses. Higher prices for advanced fertilizers,
such as WSFs, could be prohibitive for small and marginal farmers, potentially widening the gap
between large and small-scale farmers.
• Market Exploitation Risks: There is a risk that fertilizer companies might exploit their market
power by setting excessively high prices, particularly in the absence of regulatory oversight..
• Transition and Adjustment Issues: The shift from a regulated to a deregulated market may
create disruptions, requiring farmers to adapt to new market conditions.
• Quality Control and Safety Concerns: Deregulation might lead to inconsistencies in the quality
of fertilizers, as reduced regulatory oversight could result in the introduction of substandard
products. Robust quality control mechanisms and mandatory labeling claims, open for testing by
enforcement agencies, would be crucial to maintaining product standards.
• Political and Social Implications: Given the current political landscape, with the BJP not securing
a single-party majority and the opposition gaining strength, significant policy changes in the
fertilizer sector might face resistance. The government may hesitate to implement deregulation
due to potential backlash from farmers and political opponents.
Conclusion
Overall, deregulating non-subsidized fertilizers in India is a complex issue with both potential benefits and
drawbacks. A carefully designed policy that addresses the concerns of small farmers, promotes responsible
fertilizer use and ensures market transparency is crucial for a successful implementation.
Discuss the implications of the Supreme Court’s recent ruling on the Central Bureau of
Investigation’s (CBI) jurisdiction in states that have withdrawn general consent. How
does this affect the federal structure of India?
Body: What are the implications for CBI jurisdiction & impact on the federal structure of India?
The Supreme Court's ruling regarding the maintainability of West Bengal’s suit against the Union
government has significant implications for the jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and
the federal structure of India.
Implications for CBI Jurisdiction
• State Consent Requirement: The ruling reinforces that the CBI needs explicit consent from the
state government to investigate cases within that state if the general consent has been withdrawn.
• Restriction on Autonomy: The CBI’s ability to operate autonomously across India is restricted. It
cannot take up investigations in states without obtaining specific consent, which might limit its
effectiveness in addressing inter-state crimes and corruption cases.
• Impact on Ongoing Investigations: For ongoing investigations where the general consent has
been withdrawn, the CBI might need to seek fresh consent from the state government to continue
its operations. This could lead to delays or halts in high-profile investigations.
Implications for Federal Structure
• Strengthening State Autonomy: The ruling upholds the principle of state autonomy by
recognizing the states’ authority to control law enforcement within their territories. This aligns
with the federal structure of India where law and order is a state subject.
• Centre-State Relations: The decision could lead to tensions between the central and state
governments, particularly in politically sensitive cases. States governed by opposition parties may
use the withdrawal of consent as a tool to limit central intervention.
• Balance of Power: The ruling necessitates a balance of power, ensuring that the central agencies
do not overreach into state jurisdictions without due process. This could promote cooperative
federalism where both state and central governments work together respecting each other's
boundaries.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s ruling underscores the necessity of maintaining a balance between state autonomy
and central oversight, which is crucial for the effective functioning of India’s federal structure. By
reinforcing the requirement for state consent for CBI investigations, the ruling upholds the constitutional
principles governing the distribution of powers between the Centre and the states. This decision is likely
to have lasting implications on the dynamics of Centre-State relations and the operational procedures of
central investigative agencies in India.
Analyze the impact of the Union government’s tax policies on the financial autonomy of
states in India. How does this influence cooperative federalism? (250 words)
Body: Highlight the impact of Government tax policies on the financial autonomy of states & its influence
on cooperative federalism.
The Union government's tax policies can have a significant impact on the financial autonomy of states in
India, influencing the spirit of cooperative federalism.
Reduced Financial Autonomy
• Tax Devolution: A key concern is the potential decrease in the share of central taxes reaching
states. While the Union's tax revenue grows, the proportion allocated to states might not increase
proportionately. This reduces the resources available for states to fund their programs and
priorities.
• Limited Taxing Powers: States have fewer broad-based tax sources compared to the Union. This
limits their ability to raise additional revenue independently.
• Centralized Schemes: Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) can come with conditions attached,
limiting state flexibility in spending the allocated funds. This curtails their ability to address
specific needs and priorities.
Impact on Cooperative Federalism
• Erosion of Fiscal Federalism: The reduction in states' share of tax revenue and the increase in
centrally controlled cesses and surcharges undermine the fiscal autonomy of states, which is a
cornerstone of cooperative federalism. States are becoming increasingly dependent on the Centre
for financial resources, which can lead to centralized decision-making and reduced fiscal
independence at the state level.
• Disparities and Inequities: Wealthier states, which can afford to contribute matching funds for
CSS, benefit more from these schemes. Poorer states may struggle to provide matching funds,
increasing their liabilities and financial stress. This situation exacerbates inter-state inequities, as
wealthier states can leverage more central funds while poorer states fall further behind.
• Political Dynamics and Discretionary Expenditures: The discretionary nature of central grants
and expenditures allows the Union government to influence state priorities and allocate resources
in a manner that may benefit certain states or constituencies over others. Such practices can lead
to perceptions of bias and favoritism, straining Centre-State relations and undermining the spirit
of cooperative federalism.
• Reduced Flexibility in State Spending: Non-statutory grants through CSS and Central Sector
Schemes (CSec Schemes) are tied grants, which means states have limited flexibility in using these
funds. This restricts their ability to address local priorities and innovate in public policy. The
increasing centralization of financial resources and the reduction in unconditional transfers limit
states' capacity to autonomously manage their finances and development agendas.
Conclusion
The Union government's tax policies have a complex relationship with state financial autonomy and
cooperative federalism in India. Finding a balance between ensuring national priorities are met and
empowering states with adequate resources is crucial for fostering a healthy federal system.
How does climate change, particularly heatwaves, impact the right to play for children?
Discuss the socio-economic disparities exacerbated by this issue and suggest adaptive
measures to mitigate these impacts.
Body: What is the impact of climate change on the right to play and how do socio-economic disparities
impact this and suggest measures?
Climate change, with its increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves, is severely impacting children's
right to play. Play, as enshrined in Article 31 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, is
crucial for building social connections, developing physical and mental health, and enhancing creativity.
Impact of Climate Change on the Right to Play
• Heat-related Illnesses: Children are at a higher risk of heat exhaustion and heat stroke during
heatwaves. High temperatures can also worsen existing health conditions.
• Unsafe Outdoor Conditions: Extreme heat discourages outdoor play, making it uncomfortable
and dangerous for children to engage in physical activities.
• Indoor Confinement: With outdoor environments becoming unsafe due to extreme heat, children
spend more time indoors, limiting their physical activity and social interactions.
• Mental Health Impact: Lack of play can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and other mental health
issues. Play is crucial for emotional development, and its absence can hinder social skills and
emotional resilience.
Socio-Economic Disparities
• Limited Access to Air Conditioning: Children in low-income families might not have access to
air-conditioned homes, making heat waves especially unbearable.
• Reduced Green Spaces: Low-income communities often have fewer parks and green spaces,
offering limited options for safe outdoor play, even in good weather.
• Increased Dependence on Electronics: With limited outdoor options, children might turn to
screen time as a substitute for active play, impacting physical and mental health.
Adaptive Measures
• Heat-Resistant Infrastructure: Building shaded playgrounds with water features and planting
trees can create cooler play areas.
• Flexible School Schedules: Adjusting school schedules during heatwaves can allow children more
playtime in cooler morning or evening hours.
• Community Play Programs: Organizing indoor play activities in libraries or community centers
can offer alternatives during extreme heat.
• Public Education Campaigns: Educating parents and caregivers about the dangers of heatstroke
and sun exposure can help protect children.
Conclusion
By implementing these measures, we can ensure that all children, regardless of background, can enjoy their
right to safe and healthy outdoor play, even in a changing climate.
Discuss the ethical and economic dimensions of private consumption by the elite in an
unequal society. How does this affect the overall economic welfare and what role does
investment play in ensuring long-term growth and productivity?
Body: Highlight ethical and economic dimensions of private consumption and its overall impact on the
economy and the role of investment in long-term growth and productivity.
The lavish spending habits of the elite in an unequal society as seen in the wedding celebrations of
billionaire Mukesh Ambani’s youngest son raise complex ethical and economic concerns.
Ethical Dimensions and Economic Dimensions
• Inequality and Fairness: In a society with vast wealth disparity, the extravagant consumption of
a select few can be seen as unjust. It raises questions about the fair distribution of resources and
widens the gap between rich and poor.
• Conspicuous Consumption: The elite's flaunting of wealth can breed social resentment and a
sense of unattainable aspirations. This can lead to social unrest and hinder social mobility.
• Aggregate Demand: High private consumption by the elite can contribute to aggregate demand
in the short term, stimulating specific industries catering to luxury goods.
• Taxation and Public Services: The elite may utilize tax loopholes or offshore their wealth,
reducing the tax base needed to fund essential public services like education and infrastructure
that benefit everyone.
Impact on Overall Economic Welfare
• Inefficiency and Stagnation: An overemphasis on consumption, particularly luxury goods with

limited social value, can lead to an inefficient allocation of resources. This can hinder long-term
economic growth and innovation.
• Reduced Social Mobility: High levels of inequality can make it harder for individuals from
disadvantaged backgrounds to climb the economic ladder, limiting the overall human capital
potential of the society.
Role of Investment
• Sustainable Growth: Investment in productive sectors like infrastructure, education, and

research and development is crucial for long-term economic growth and productivity. It creates
jobs, enhances skills, and fosters innovation.
• Shared Prosperity: By promoting investment and economic growth, a society can generate more
wealth that can be used for social programs and redistribution efforts, leading to a more equitable
distribution of resources.
Conclusion
Sustainable economic development requires a balance between consumption and investment, with a strong
emphasis on productive investments that enhance productivity and create broad-based prosperity.
Government policies that promote inclusive growth, equitable resource distribution, and responsible
investment are essential for addressing the ethical and economic issues associated with elite consumption
in a highly unequal society.
Discuss the role of the Indian Railways in reducing post-harvest losses of perishable
agricultural commodities. What measures can be taken to further enhance its efficiency?
Body: What is the role of railways in reducing post-harvest losses and measures to enhance their
efficiency?
The Indian Railways plays a crucial role in reducing post-harvest losses of perishable agricultural
commodities by providing an efficient and cost-effective mode of transportation.
Role of Indian Railways in Reducing Post-Harvest Losses
• Dedicated Freight Corridors: The establishment of dedicated freight corridors, such as the
Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight Corridors, enhances the speed and efficiency of freight
movement, including perishables.
• Refrigerated Vans: Indian Railways has introduced refrigerated vans and wagons to transport
perishable goods like fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and meat, maintaining the required
temperature to prevent spoilage.
• Kisan Rail: Launched to facilitate the movement of perishables, Kisan Rail services connect
farmers to markets across the country, reducing transit time and losses. These trains offer cold
storage facilities and are subsidized to make them affordable for farmers.
• Tie-ups with E-commerce and Agri-tech Companies: Indian Railways collaborates with e-
commerce and agri-tech companies to streamline the supply chain, ensuring last-mile connectivity
and efficient logistics.
Measures to Enhance Efficiency
• Improving Rail Connectivity to Rural Areas: Enhancing rail connectivity to rural and remote
areas will enable farmers to access the railway network more easily, reducing delays and post-
harvest losses.
• Expansion of Cold Chain Infrastructure: Increasing the number of refrigerated vans and
establishing more cold storage facilities at railway stations will help preserve the quality of
perishables during transit.
• Integration with National Agriculture Market (e-NAM): Integrating railway services with the
e-NAM platform can facilitate the seamless movement of goods and better price discovery for
farmers, reducing post-harvest losses and ensuring fair prices.
• Digitization and Real-time Tracking: Implementing advanced tracking systems for real-time
monitoring of perishable goods can help in better management of logistics and timely
interventions to prevent spoilage.
Conclusion
While India is the second largest producer of agricultural products globally, its share in agricultural exports
is a mere 2.4%, ranking it eighth in the world. By taking these steps, India can significantly reduce post-
harvest losses and improve its competitiveness in the global agricultural export market. The environmental
benefits of shifting to rail transport for perishables would also be significant, as trains generate up to 80%
less carbon dioxide than trucks.
Critically examine the role of the Finance Commission (FC) in ensuring both equity and
efficiency in the distribution of Union tax revenue among states.
Body: Highlight the role of FC in ensuring equity and efficiency in the distribution of tax revenues
The Finance Commission (FC) plays a crucial role in India's federal fiscal framework. It is tasked with
ensuring both equity and efficiency in the distribution of Union tax revenue among states.
Ensuring Equity
• Redistributive Mechanism: The FC prioritizes equity by redistributing resources among states

based on criteria such as population, area, and income distance. This approach aims to address
regional disparities by providing more resources to lower-income states.
• Support for Low-Income States: During the 14th FC period (2015-20), low-income states like
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh received substantial Union financial transfers, that helped these states
provide essential public services despite their limited tax revenues.
• Fiscal Responsibility: The FC's role extends to ensuring that current fiscal policies do not burden
future generations. This principle means that states should not rely excessively on borrowings to
finance current expenditures, thereby avoiding transferring debt burdens to future generations.
• Tax and Borrowing Balance: The FC's recommendations encourage states to balance their
revenues and expenditures through responsible tax policies and limited borrowings.
Ensuring Efficiency
• Tax Effort and Fiscal Discipline: The FC allocates some resources based on states' fiscal
performance indicators, such as tax effort and expenditure efficiency. However, these indicators
often carry smaller weights compared to equity indicators.
• Encouraging Reforms: The FC incentivizes states to improve their tax collection mechanisms and
manage their finances more efficiently, thereby enhancing overall fiscal discipline.
Challenges and Recommendations:
• Equity vs. Efficiency Balance: The current formula heavily prioritizes equity, potentially
discouraging fiscal efficiency. High-income states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra receive fewer
transfers despite higher tax efforts and better fiscal management, leading to higher deficits.
• Need for Recalibration: The FC should consider increasing the weight of fiscal performance
indicators in the distribution formula. This change would incentivize states to enhance their tax
efforts and manage expenditures more efficiently, aligning with the goal of intergenerational
equity.
• Sustainable Debt Management: By promoting efficient fiscal practices, the FC can help states
manage their debt sustainably, ensuring that future generations are not unduly burdened by
current fiscal policies.
Conclusion
The Finance Commission plays a crucial role in balancing equity and efficiency in the distribution of Union
tax revenue. While it has successfully addressed intragenerational equity, there is a need to recalibrate its
approach to enhance fiscal efficiency and ensure intergenerational equity. By assigning greater weight to
fiscal performance indicators, the FC can promote responsible financial management and sustainable
development across states.
Discuss the potential benefits and challenges of large-scale tree planting schemes for
ecological restoration. How effective are these schemes in addressing climate change and
biodiversity loss? (250 words)
Body: Highlight the benefits and challenges of tree planting schemes and their effectiveness.
Large-scale tree planting schemes are a popular approach to ecological restoration, but they come with
both benefits and challenges.
Benefits
• Climate Change Mitigation: Trees absorb carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, and store it as
biomass. Large-scale planting can significantly increase carbon sequestration, helping to combat
climate change.
• Habitat Restoration: Planting native trees creates habitat for animals, insects, and plants,
promoting biodiversity and restoring ecological balance.
• Soil Health: Trees improve soil health by preventing erosion, increasing organic matter, and
supporting beneficial microbes.
• Water Management: Forests regulate water flow, reducing flooding and improving water quality.
Challenges
• Planting the Right Trees: Planting non-native species can disrupt existing ecosystems and harm
native plants and animals. It's crucial to plant trees that were originally present in the area.
• Land Use Competition: Large-scale planting may compete with other land uses like agriculture
or grazing, potentially impacting livelihoods.
• Maintenance Needs: Newly planted trees require ongoing care, such as watering and protection
from pests, which can be expensive and labor-intensive.
• Time Scale: It takes trees decades to mature and reach their full carbon-storing potential. So, these
schemes are a long-term solution.
Effectiveness in Addressing Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss
• Climate Change: Tree planting is a significant tool for carbon sequestration & must be part of a
broader strategy that includes reducing fossil fuel emissions, adopting renewable energy, and
promoting sustainable practices.
• Biodiversity Loss: When well-planned and executed, tree planting can effectively restore
degraded landscapes and improve biodiversity. It is most successful when integrated with other
conservation efforts, such as protecting existing forests, restoring natural habitats, and
implementing sustainable land use practices.
Conclusion
Effective tree planting requires careful planning, appropriate species selection, ongoing maintenance, and
integration with broader environmental strategies. India's experiences underscore the need for adequate
financing, community participation, and technical considerations to create resilient, biodiverse forests.
Examine the adequacy of existing laws in India to combat superstitious practices and
exploitative religious activities. Should there be a national anti-superstition law? Justify
your answer. (250 words)
Body: Highlight the adequacy of current laws and justification for national anti-superstition law.
The recent stampede at a religious congregation in Hathras, Uttar Pradesh, resulting in more than 120
deaths, has reignited the debate on whether India has adequate legislation to address exploitative religious
and superstitious practices.
Adequacy of Existing Laws in India
• Limited Scope: India lacks a central law solely targeting superstition. The Indian Penal Code (IPC)
punishes crimes like murder (including human sacrifice) but doesn't address exploiting
superstitions for personal gain.
• State-specific Acts: Karnataka Prevention and Eradication of Inhuman Evil Practices and Black
Magic Act, 2017 & Maharashtra Prevention and Eradication of Black Magic Act, 2013, criminalize
specific acts like using magic for ailments or human sacrifice. However, they are limited to their
respective state jurisdictions.
• Other Provisions: The Drugs and Magic Remedies Act, of 1954, discourages false claims about
magical cures. The Constitution promotes scientific temper, but enforcement is weak.
National Anti-Superstition Law: Pros and Cons
• Stronger Deterrence: A national law would establish a clearer framework and harsher
punishments, deterring exploitation.
• Uniformity: A national approach ensures consistent application across the country, plugging
loopholes in state-specific laws.
• Empowering Victims: A clear legal framework can empower victims to report crimes and seek
justice.
• Defining Superstition: What constitutes a superstition can be subjective. Defining it too broadly
could infringe on religious freedom.
• Misuse: The law could be misused to target legitimate religious practices or traditional beliefs.
• Enforcement Challenges: Effective enforcement requires trained law enforcement personnel and
robust social awareness campaigns.
Justification for a National Law
• Protecting Vulnerable Groups: A national law can effectively shield vulnerable groups,
particularly women, from violence and exploitation based on superstitious beliefs.
• Promoting Scientific Temper: The law can act as a catalyst for promoting scientific thinking and
critical reasoning, challenging baseless beliefs.
• Standardization and Awareness: A national framework can raise awareness, standardize
procedures, and encourage better enforcement across states.
Conclusion
While challenges exist, a well-crafted national anti-superstition law, coupled with community outreach and
education, can significantly curb exploitation and promote a more rational society.
Evaluate the challenges faced by the unorganized sector in India in the context of
employment data collection. (250 words)
Body: What are the challenges faced by the unorganized sector in India in the context of employment
data collection?
Conclusion: Way Forward
The conflicting reports and statements about employment in India, as illustrated in the recent debate
between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and various financial institutions, highlight significant challenges
in employment data collection, especially in the context of the unorganized sector.
Challenges Faced by Unorganized Sector in the Context of Employment Data Collection
• Diverse Data Sources and Methodologies: Different organizations use varied methodologies and
data sources to estimate employment. For example, the RBI's KLEMS database uses official data
from the Employment and Unemployment Surveys (EUS) and the Periodic Labour Force Survey
(PLFS), while the CMIE adopts the International Labour Organization's definition, leading to
different estimates of employment and unemployment.
• High Informality in the Unorganized Sector: The unorganized sector, which employs a majority
of India's workforce, operates without formal records. This lack of documentation makes it
challenging to capture accurate employment data.
• Impact of Economic Shocks: Economic shocks like demonetization, GST implementation, the
NBFC crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly impacted the unorganized sector.
These shocks have led to the closures of many small units, the migration of workers, and changes
in the size and composition of towns and villages.
• Discrepancies in Definitions of Employment: The PLFS and CMIE differ in their definitions of
employment. PLFS includes those working without income, such as unpaid family labor, leading to
higher labor force participation rates. In contrast, CMIE considers only those earning an income
from work as employed, resulting in lower participation rates. This discrepancy creates confusion
and varied interpretations of employment data.
• Geographical Dispersion: The unorganized sector is spread across urban and rural areas, often
in remote and inaccessible regions. Conducting surveys and collecting data in such dispersed
locations is logistically challenging and resource-intensive.
• Technological Barriers: Limited access to and use of technology in the unorganized sector can
hinder data collection efforts that rely on digital tools and platforms. Many workers may not have
the skills or resources to participate in online surveys.
Conclusion
The vast size and dynamism of the unorganized sector make it difficult to get a handle on the number of
workers, their wages, working conditions, and skill sets. This lack of data makes it difficult for the
government to formulate effective policies aimed at improving working conditions, social security
coverage, and skilling initiatives for this crucial segment of the workforce.
What is parametric insurance, and how does it differ from traditional indemnity-based
insurance? Discuss its potential benefits for disaster-prone regions in India. (250 words)
Introduction: Definition of Parametric Insurance
Body: Difference between parametric and traditional insurance and its benefits
Parametric insurance is a type of insurance that provides a payout based on the occurrence of a predefined
event or parameter, such as a specific level of rainfall, wind speed, or earthquake magnitude, rather than
the actual loss incurred.
How Does Parametric Insurance Differ from Traditional Indemnity-Based Insurance?
• The trigger for Payout: Parametric Insurance payouts are triggered by reaching or exceeding
predefined parameters (e.g., specific rainfall levels or wind speeds). Traditional Indemnity
Insurance payouts are based on the assessment of actual damage or loss incurred.
• Assessment of Loss: Parametric Insurance does not require a physical loss assessment. Payouts
are based on real-time data related to the predefined event. While Traditional Indemnity Insurance
requires on-site assessment to determine the extent of damage and validate claims.
• Payout Speed: Parametric Insurance provides quicker payouts because they are automatically
triggered by the parameter being met. Traditional Indemnity Insurance payouts can be delayed
due to the time required for damage assessment and claims processing.
• Basis Risk: In Parametric Insurance, there is a risk that payouts may not exactly match the actual
loss (basis risk), potentially paying out more or less than the actual damage. While in Traditional
Indemnity Insurance aim is to match payouts closely to the actual loss incurred, reducing basis
risk.
Potential Benefits of Parametric Insurance for Disaster-Prone Regions in India
• Rapid Financial Relief: Parametric insurance can provide quick financial relief to disaster-prone
regions by ensuring timely payouts without waiting for lengthy damage assessments.
• Simplified Claims Process: The straightforward trigger mechanism simplifies the claims process,
reducing administrative burdens and the potential for disputes over loss verification.
• Enhanced Financial Planning and Risk Management: Governments, businesses, and individuals
can better plan for and manage disaster risks by knowing the exact payout amount and conditions.
• Increased Access to Insurance for Vulnerable Populations: Parametric insurance can extend
coverage to remote and rural areas where traditional insurance might not be feasible due to the
complexities of loss assessment and claims processes.
• Support for Climate Resilience: By providing financial protection against extreme weather
events and natural disasters, parametric insurance supports resilience-building efforts.
• Encourages Innovation and Investment: The availability of parametric insurance can encourage
investment in vulnerable areas by reducing the financial risks associated with natural disasters.
• Regional Risk Pooling: India can leverage its Aadhaar-based payment dissemination system and
collaborate with neighboring countries to pool risks regionally.
Conclusion
Parametric insurance offers a viable alternative to traditional indemnity-based insurance, particularly for
disaster-prone regions in India. Its ability to provide quick, predictable, and transparent payouts can
significantly enhance the resilience and recovery capacity of communities facing frequent natural disasters
Discuss the dilemmas faced by India in balancing its engagements with Quad and BRICS.
How does India’s independent foreign policy influence its role in these multilateral
groupings? (250 words)
Body: What are the dilemmas faced by India in balancing its relationship with QUAD & BRICS?
India's engagement with both the Quad and BRICS underscores the country's strategic balancing act in its
foreign policy. The Quad Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Japan, held amidst a backdrop of geopolitical
tensions and the paralysis of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), highlights the complex
environment in which India operates.
Dilemmas Faced by India

• Strategic Autonomy vs. Alignment: The Quad is perceived as India's security worries'
counterweight against China. Full commitment, meanwhile, may annoy Russia, a significant BRICS
ally, and jeopardize India's long-standing strategic autonomy policy (i.e., refusing to take sides in
significant geopolitical battles).
• Political Tensions vs. Economic Gains: BRICS provides economic collaboration with significant
emerging economies. However, a complex dynamic is created by India's economic links to the West
and the BRICS conflicts with China.
• Interests vs. Values: The Quad places a strong emphasis on democratic values, which are popular
in India. There could be a clash of values due to the differing governance methods of certain BRICS
countries.
Influence of India’s Independent Foreign Policy
• Strategic Autonomy: India’s non-alignment principle allows it to engage independently with both
Quad and BRICS. It avoids being tied too closely to any single bloc, preserving its strategic
flexibility. This autonomy enables India to partner with the U.S. and its allies in the Quad while
maintaining strong economic ties with China and Russia in BRICS.
• Issue-Based Partnerships: India collaborates on specific issues with different countries, allowing
it to benefit from both Quad and BRICS engagements without broad alignment. In the Quad, India
focuses on security and economic reorientation, while in BRICS, it emphasizes economic
cooperation and development.
• Balancing Act: India emphasizes that Quad is not an anti-China alliance but a platform for regional
stability. This approach helps mitigate potential conflicts with China, a key BRICS partner. Within
BRICS, India pushes for reforms that align with its interests, ensuring that it does not overly side
with China or Russia on contentious issues.
• Diplomatic Engagement: India’s active diplomacy helps manage its dual engagements. High-level
dialogues and multilateral diplomacy ensure that India’s interests are represented in both Quad
and BRICS. By maintaining open communication channels and emphasizing common ground, India
navigates its complex relationships effectively.
Conclusion
India’s role in both the Quad and BRICS exemplifies its strategic balancing act and the exercise of its
independent foreign policy. The country’s diplomatic finesse ensures that it can navigate the contrasting
dilemmas of Quad and BRICS, enhancing its global influence while safeguarding its national interests.
Analyze the implications of Article 361 of the Indian Constitution concerning the
immunity of the President and Governors. How does this provision impact the balance of
power between the executive and judiciary? (250 words).
Body: What are the implications of Article 361 and how does this impact the balance of power?
Article 361 of the Indian Constitution grants immunity to the President and Governors from legal
proceedings while in office. This provision has significant implications and impacts the balance of power
between the executive and judiciary.
Implications of Article 361
• Immunity from Prosecution: While serving in office, the President and Governors are not subject
to criminal charges, arrests, or jail time. They are therefore protected from facing immediate legal
repercussions for their conduct.
• Limited Judicial Review: The President and Governor's judgments and acts while carrying out
their official duties are not subject to challenge by the courts. As a result, the judiciary has less
power to hold the executive branch responsible for possible abuses of power.
• Accountability via Impeachment: The sole available legal remedy is the difficult and contentious
process of impeachment by Parliament. This makes it challenging to remove a President or
Governor from office for misbehavior.
Impact on Balance of Power:
• Weakened Judicial Supremacy: Article 361 creates an exception to the principle of equality
before the law. It tips the scales in favor of the executive, potentially weakening judicial supremacy.
• Potential for Abuse: Immunity can embolden the President or Governor to act with impunity,
knowing they are shielded from immediate legal consequences.
• Alternative Checks and Balances: However, other mechanisms like parliamentary scrutiny,
media criticism, and public opinion can still act as checks on the executive's power.
• Balance Between Executive Immunity and Rule of Law: The provision is designed to prevent
frivolous or politically motivated litigation that could hamper the functioning of the executive.
However, the immunity is not absolute. Their actions can be scrutinized indirectly through judicial
review and other constitutional mechanisms, such as impeachment of the President or removal of
Governors.
• Central-State Relations: The immunity of Governors, who represent the central government in
states, ensures they can perform their duties without undue interference from state-level legal
challenges. This helps maintain the federal balance.
Conclusion
Article 361 complicates matters regarding the distribution of authority. The President and Governors are
protected from lawsuits by it, but it also lessens judicial oversight and raises questions about possible
executive abuse. The present discourse surrounding the possible amendment of Article 361 has the
potential to alter the dynamic between the Indian court and the executive branch.
Examine the necessity and implications of Karnataka’s draft Bill on regulating gig-based
work for platform workers in India.
Body: Highlight the necessity of draft bill and the implications of the bill on workers in India
The rise of the gig economy has necessitated a rethinking of traditional labor laws. Karnataka's draft Bill
on regulating gig-based work is a significant step in this direction.
Necessity of the Draft Bill
• Rising Gig Economy: The gig economy has seen significant growth, employing millions of
workers. However, these workers often lack basic protections. Gig workers contribute
substantially to the economy, and their protection ensures sustained economic growth and
stability.
• Addressing Exploitation: The bill seeks to address issues such as fair wages, reasonable working
hours, and benefits, ensuring that gig workers are not exploited by platform companies.
Establishing a formal mechanism for addressing grievances can help ensure accountability and
fairness.
• Social Security: Currently, gig workers do not have access to social security benefits like health
insurance, pensions, and provident funds. The bill aims to extend these benefits to gig workers,
providing them with a safety net.
• Legal Recognition: By bringing gig workers under formal labor laws, the bill recognizes their
contribution and provides them with legal protections.
Implications
• Impact on Gig Workers: The bill has the potential to significantly improve the lives of gig workers
by providing them with social security, fair wages, and better working conditions. However, the
effectiveness of the implementation will be crucial.
• Effect on Platform Companies: The bill imposes additional responsibilities on platform
companies, such as contributions to social security funds and transparency in algorithmic
decision-making. This could increase their operational costs.
• Economic Impact: The bill's impact on the overall economy is complex. While it may lead to
increased labor costs for platform companies, it could also stimulate consumption as gig workers
have more disposable income.
• Legal Precedent: If successful, the Karnataka bill could serve as a model for other states in India
to regulate the gig economy.
Conclusion
Karnataka's draft bill on regulating gig-based work is a significant step towards protecting gig workers and
ensuring fair treatment in the rapidly growing gig economy. While it presents challenges for platform
companies in terms of increased compliance costs and operational changes, the long-term benefits for
workers and the economy could be substantial. If implemented effectively, the bill could serve as a
blueprint for similar regulations across India, fostering a more equitable and stable gig economy.
Analyze the impact of heat stress on labor productivity and economic output in India,
with a focus on vulnerable sectors such as agriculture and construction.
Introduction: What is heat stress?
Body: What is the impact of heat stress on vulnerable sectors like agriculture and construction?
Heat stress refers to the physical stress that individuals experience when exposed to high temperatures,
especially in combination with high humidity and physical activity. This condition can significantly affect
labor productivity and economic output, particularly in sectors where outdoor work is predominant.
Impact on Agriculture
• Labor Productivity: High temperatures force agricultural workers to reduce working hours or
take breaks more frequently to avoid heat-related illnesses, directly impacting productivity.
• Physical Exhaustion: Workers experience quicker physical exhaustion, reducing the efficiency
and speed of agricultural tasks such as planting, weeding, and harvesting.
• Economic Output: Extreme heat can damage crops, reducing yields and the overall economic
output from agricultural activities.
• Labor Shortages: Prolonged heatwaves can lead to labor shortages as workers fall ill or migrate
to cooler regions, further impacting productivity and economic output.
• Financial Implications: Lower productivity and yields result in reduced income for agricultural
workers and farmers, affecting their economic stability and livelihood.
• Increased Costs: Mitigation measures, such as additional irrigation, shading, and investment in
heat-resistant crops, lead to increased costs for farmers.
Impact on Construction
• Safety Concerns: Heat stress increases the risk of accidents due to fatigue and dehydration,
leading to safety concerns and potentially halting work.
• Health Issues: Construction workers are more susceptible to heat-related illnesses, such as
heatstroke, reducing their ability to work effectively.
• Project Delays: Reduced productivity and increased safety measures can lead to project delays,
affecting economic output and profitability for construction firms.
• Higher Operational Costs: Investment in cooling measures, protective gear, and medical facilities
increases operational costs for construction companies.
• Profit Margins: Increased costs and delayed projects can erode profit margins for construction
firms.
• Job Insecurity: Persistent heat stress impacts can lead to job insecurity for workers, affecting their
economic stability.
Conclusion
To ensure worker safety in heat-prone occupations, the government should adopt regulatory and
legislative measures, including infrastructure standards for indoor workers. Given the climate change
scenario, fostering green jobs that protect the environment and promote economic and social well-being is
a promising future strategy.
Analyze the legal and environmental considerations involved in the Supreme Court’s
verdict on the environmental release of GM mustard.
Body: What are the legal and environmental considerations of this verdict?
The split verdict by the Supreme Court on the environmental release of GM mustard brings to light
significant legal and environmental considerations.
Legal Considerations
• Regulatory Framework: The legal framework governing GM crops in India primarily involves the
Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), which operates under the Ministry of
Environment, Forests, and Climate Change. The Court's verdict is rooted in whether the GEAC's
approval for environmental release adheres to the statutory and procedural requirements laid out
in the Rules and Guidelines under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
• Judicial Review: The Supreme Court's decision reflects the principles of judicial review, focusing
on whether the GEAC’s approval process was fair, transparent, and based on comprehensive
scientific evidence. The Court assesses whether due process was followed, including public
consultations and stakeholder involvement.
• Public Interest: The Court considers the broader public interest, including potential impacts on
human health and agriculture. The verdict weighs the benefits of GM mustard against possible
risks, such as biodiversity loss or adverse effects on non-GM crops.
• Legal Precedents: The Court’s decision is influenced by prior rulings and legal precedents related
to GM crops and environmental regulations. It also considers global practices and international
treaties or agreements that India is a part of.
Environmental Considerations
• Biodiversity: One of the primary environmental concerns is the impact of GM mustard on

biodiversity. GM crops can potentially cross-pollinate with wild relatives or non-GM crops, leading
to unintended ecological consequences. The Supreme Court examines whether sufficient measures
are in place to prevent such risks.
• Ecosystem Health: The release of GM mustard involves assessing the potential effects on
ecosystem health, including soil quality, water resources, and overall environmental balance. The
Court evaluates whether adequate risk assessments have been conducted and if there are
mechanisms for monitoring and mitigating negative impacts.
• Sustainability: The sustainability of GM mustard in the long term is another crucial consideration.
The Court examines whether the benefits, such as increased yield or pest resistance, outweigh
potential environmental costs.
• Public Health: Although not exclusively an environmental issue, public health implications are
often intertwined with environmental considerations. The Court considers whether there is
adequate evidence to ensure that GM mustard does not pose health risks to consumers.
Conclusion
The split verdict highlights a fundamental disagreement on how the GEAC’s approval process for GM
mustard aligns with legal and environmental standards. The case’s referral to a larger Bench and the
direction for evolving a National Policy on GM crops emphasize the need for a comprehensive and
transparent framework to guide the approval and management of GM crops in India.
Discuss the rationale behind the argument that adaptation should receive at least as
much importance as mitigation. Evaluate the potential consequences of prioritizing
adaptation for developing countries like India.
Body: Rationale behind prioritizing adaptation and consequences of such approach for India
The argument that adaptation should receive at least as much importance as mitigation stems from the
understanding that both strategies are crucial for effectively addressing climate change.
Rationale for Prioritizing Adaptation
• Inevitability of Climate Change: Regardless of mitigation efforts, a certain level of climate change
is already locked in. Therefore, adapting to these changes is crucial for survival and sustainability.
• Immediate Impacts: The adverse effects of climate change, such as extreme weather events, rising
sea levels, and agricultural disruptions, are already being felt, especially in developing countries.
Adaptation measures can provide immediate relief and protect vulnerable populations.
• Cost-Effective: In some cases, adaptation measures can be more cost-effective than large-scale
mitigation efforts. For instance, investing in early warning systems for natural disasters or
developing drought-resistant crops can yield significant benefits.
• Local Ownership and Empowerment: Adaptation strategies often involve local communities and
can empower them to build resilience and self-sufficiency.
Potential Consequences of Prioritizing Adaptation for Developing Countries
• Increased Vulnerability: If global temperatures continue to rise due to insufficient mitigation

efforts, the challenges faced by developing countries will only intensify, requiring even greater
investments in adaptation.
• Missed Opportunities: A focus on adaptation might divert resources from clean energy and
sustainable development pathways, hindering long-term economic growth and reducing the
potential for developing countries to become global leaders in the green economy.
• Equity Concerns: Developing countries are disproportionately affected by climate change, yet
they have contributed the least to the problem. Overemphasizing adaptation could perpetuate this
injustice.
Conclusion
Prioritizing adaptation alongside mitigation is crucial for effectively managing climate change impacts,
especially in developing countries like India. Adaptation enhances resilience and addresses immediate
vulnerabilities, while mitigation efforts work towards long-term climate stability. Balancing both strategies
ensures a comprehensive approach to climate change, enabling countries to address current and future
challenges while working towards sustainable development.
Evaluate the arguments for and against the removal of absolute immunity granted to the
President and Governors under Article 361.
Body: What are arguments for and against the removal of absolute immunity granted to the President
and Governors under Article 361?
The Supreme Court of India is re-examining Article 361, which grants immunity to the President and
Governors from criminal prosecution during their term of office. This review stems from a case involving
allegations of sexual harassment against West Bengal Governor C.V. Ananda Bose by a Raj Bhavan
employee. The petitioner argues that this "blanket" immunity undermines fairness and constitutional
morality, especially when fundamental rights are violated.
Arguments in Favor of Removal
• Accountability and Rule of Law: The principle of equality before the law is fundamental to a
democracy. Granting absolute immunity to the highest constitutional functionaries undermines
this principle and creates a hierarchy of justice.
• Abuse of Power: In the absence of any legal recourse, there's a risk of misuse of power by the
President or Governors. Immunity can shield them from actions that might be detrimental to the
public interest or individual rights.
• Public Confidence: Protecting individuals in high office from facing legal consequences for their
actions can erode public trust in the governance system. Transparency and accountability are
essential for maintaining public faith.
• International Standards: Many democratic countries have mechanisms to hold their heads of
state accountable, even during their term of office. India's position in this regard appears to be an
anomaly.
Arguments Against Removal
• Smooth Functioning of Government: Immunity ensures that the President and Governors can
discharge their duties without fear of harassment or undue interference. It protects them from
frivolous litigation that could hamper their ability to govern effectively.
• Dignity of Office: The President and Governors occupy positions of immense responsibility and
dignity. Granting immunity is seen as a way to uphold the sanctity of these offices.
• Political Stability: Removing immunity could lead to frequent legal challenges and political
instability. It might create a situation where the executive is constantly under threat of legal action.
• Complexities of Proof: Proving criminal charges against individuals in such high offices can be
extremely difficult, given the nature of their duties and the evidence required.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court's consideration of this issue, especially in the context of fundamental rights and
potential misuse of immunity, underscores the complexity and significance of this constitutional provision.
Any decision on this matter would need to carefully consider these competing interests to arrive at a
solution that upholds both governance efficiency and constitutional integrity.
How can the Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme support the development of urban
infrastructure? Evaluate the role of public-private partnerships (PPP) in the successful
implementation of these strategies.
Body: Role of VGF in urban infrastructure development and role of PPPs in its implementation
Viability Gap Funding (VGF) is a financial mechanism provided by the government to support economically
justified projects that fall short of financial viability.
How VGF Supports Urban Infrastructure Development?
• Attracting Private Investment: VGF makes infrastructure projects more financially viable for
private investors, encouraging their participation in sectors like water supply, wastewater
treatment, solid waste management, and public transportation.
• Leveraging Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): By sharing risks and rewards between the
government and private sector, VGF fosters PPPs, which are essential for efficient and sustainable
infrastructure development.
• Accelerating Project Implementation: VGF can expedite project execution by providing upfront
capital, reducing the financial burden on the government, and enabling quicker project completion.
• Promoting Innovation: VGF can be used to support innovative infrastructure solutions and
technologies, leading to more efficient and sustainable urban development.
Role of PPPs in VGF Implementation
• Resource Mobilization: PPPs leverage private sector funds and expertise for efficient project
execution. Risks are distributed between the public and private sectors, ensuring effective risk
management.
• Efficiency and Innovation: Private sector involvement improves efficiency, leading to timely
project completion. Competitive private sector participation drives innovation and maintains high-
quality standards.
• Sustainable Development: PPPs promote sustainable development and long-term maintenance
of urban infrastructure. Effective PPP projects enhance urban mobility, housing, and public
services.
• Government Support and Regulation: Clear government policies and regulatory support are
essential for PPP success. Ensuring transparency and accountability builds public trust and
ensures project goals are met.
Conclusion
The VGF scheme, coupled with PPP models, plays a crucial role in developing urban infrastructure by
bridging financial gaps, encouraging investment, and promoting efficiency and sustainability. Government
policies and budgetary provisions further support these initiatives, ensuring comprehensive urban
development. The active participation of municipalities, state governments, and citizens remains vital for
the success of these strategies.
Discuss the challenges faced by state governments in enforcing safety regulations in

illegal coal mines. Analyze the economic and social factors contributing to the prevalence
of illegal coal mining in India.
Body: What are the challenges faced by the government and factors contributing to illegal mining?
The tragic death of three workers in an illegal coal mine in Gujarat’s Surendranagar district underscores
several systemic issues related to illegal coal mining in India. This incident, along with others in Jharkhand
and West Bengal, points to the dangerous conditions and inadequate safety measures prevalent in illegal
coal mining operations.
Challenges
• Lack of Safety Equipment and Protocols: Workers in illegal mines often lack basic safety
equipment such as helmets, masks, and proper ventilation systems. The absence of such gear leads
to severe respiratory risks, as evidenced by the deaths in the Surendranagar incident.
• Lack of Training: Many individuals working in illegal mines are untrained and unaware of the
risks involved. The lack of proper training and emergency response knowledge exacerbates the
danger.
• Geographical Barriers: The remote and difficult terrain of many illegal mining sites poses
additional challenges for enforcement efforts.
• Insufficient Manpower and Technology: State governments often lack the necessary manpower
and technological resources to monitor and shut down illegal mining operations effectively.
Economic and Social Factors Contributing to Illegal Coal Mining
• Poverty and Unemployment: In regions with high poverty rates and limited employment
opportunities, illegal mining provides a livelihood for many, making it difficult to enforce
regulations without addressing underlying socio-economic issues.
• Energy Needs: Coal remains the most abundant fossil fuel in India, accounting for 55% of the
country’s energy needs. The high power demand, driven by industrial and residential
consumption, often outstrips the legal supply, creating a lucrative market for illegally mined coal.
• Coal Mafias: In regions with weak law enforcement, “coal mafias” often emerge, controlling illegal
mining operations and sometimes enjoying the tacit support of local officials or political leaders.
• Political Support: In some areas, illegal mining operations receive tacit or explicit support from
political leaders, complicating efforts to curb these activities. For instance, allegations have been
made against BJP leaders in Assam and other northeastern states for supporting illegal rat-hole
mining despite a ban by the National Green Tribunal (NGT).
Conclusion
Addressing illegal mining requires stronger governance, better enforcement, alternative livelihoods, and
public awareness campaigns. Without coordinated state and central efforts, incidents like those in
Surendranagar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal will continue to result in fatalities and unsafe working
conditions.
Analyze the environmental concerns associated with the development and deployment of
AI technologies. What measures can be taken to mitigate the carbon footprint of AI data
centers?
Body: Highlight environmental concerns associated with AI and measures to mitigate the carbon
footprint of AI data centers.
The development and deployment of AI technologies, while promising significant advancements, also pose
substantial environmental challenges.
Environmental Concerns Associated with AI Development and Deployment
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The electricity used by data centers is often sourced from fossil fuels,
leading to significant carbon emissions. Google reported a 13% increase in its emissions footprint
in 2023.
• Lifecycle Emissions: Manufacturing, maintaining, and disposing of AI hardware contribute to the
overall carbon footprint.
• Resource Depletion: The production of AI hardware involves the extraction of rare earth metals
and other non-renewable resources.
• E-Waste: Rapid obsolescence of AI hardware leads to increased electronic waste.
• Water Usage: Data centers use substantial amounts of water for cooling. For example, the data
center serving OpenAI's GPT-4 in Iowa consumed 6% of the district’s water supply in July 2022.
• Energy Consumption: Training AI models requires extensive computational power, resulting in
high energy usage.
Measures to Mitigate the Carbon Footprint of AI Data Centers
• Hardware Optimization: Developing more energy-efficient chips and processors.

• Cooling Systems: Implementing advanced cooling technologies to reduce water consumption.
• Power Management: Optimizing power usage through intelligent power management systems.
• Green Power Sources: Shifting to renewable energy sources like solar and wind power to reduce
carbon emissions.
• On-Site Generation: Installing on-site renewable energy systems to minimize reliance on the grid.
• Climate Considerations: Choosing data center locations with favorable climatic conditions to
reduce cooling energy needs.
• Waste Reduction: Implementing recycling programs for electronic waste and minimizing
material usage.
• Water Conservation: Adopting water-saving technologies and recycling wastewater.
• AI for Sustainability: Developing AI-driven tools to optimize energy consumption and resource
utilization. A Boston Consulting Group study suggests that AI applications could reduce global
emissions by 5-10% by 2030 while generating substantial economic value.
• Environmental Monitoring: Using AI for monitoring and predicting environmental impacts.
Conclusion
By adopting these strategies, it is possible to reduce the carbon footprint of AI data centers and contribute
to a more sustainable future.
Discuss the historical evolution and the legal framework of reservations in India.
Highlight the recommendations of the Mandal Commission and their impact on the
reservation policy. (250 words)
Body: Highlight the historical evolution of reservations in India & important recommendations.
The concept of reservations has roots in the ancient Varna system and later caste-based social stratification.
Independent India inherited this social reality, marked by significant disparities and discrimination against
certain social groups.
Historical Evolution & Legal Framework
• Early Affirmative Actions: Britishers introduced the Communal Award in 1932 or separate
electorates for different communities, including Muslims, Sikhs, and Dalits. This was opposed by
Mahatma Gandhi but led to the Poona Pact, which reserved seats for Dalits within the general
electorate.
• Constitutional Provisions: The Constitution of India recognized the need to address historical
injustices and discrimination. It introduced reservations for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled
Tribes (STs) in employment in government services (Article 16(4)), Seats in legislatures (Article
330, 332) & Educational institutions (Article 15(4)).
• Policies: Different commissions like the First Backward Classes Commission headed by Kaka
Kalelkar & Mandal Commission chaired by B.P. Mandal identified a vast section of society as
socially and educationally backward. Recently, the Rohini Commission was set up to provide
recommendations on sub-categorisation among OBC castes.
• Legal Framework: Various amendments like 77th Amendment (1995), 81st Amendment
(2000), 93rd Amendment (2005) & 103rd Amendment (2019) are related to SC, ST, OBC & EWS
reservations. Cases like the Indra Sawhney Case (1992), and M. Nagaraj Case (2006) highlight
OBC reservations with a 50% cap but require proof of backwardness, inadequate representation,
and administrative efficiency.
Recommendations of the Mandal Commission
• Reservation in Government Jobs and Educational Institutions: The Commission

recommended that 27% of all jobs in central government services and public sector undertakings
should be reserved for OBCs. Similar reservations in educational institutions should be given to
improve access for OBC students.
• Identification of OBCs: Proposed criteria for identifying backward classes based on social,
educational, and economic indicators. This included factors like social status, educational
attainment, and economic conditions.
• Additional Measures: The commission emphasized the need for financial aid, scholarships, and
other support mechanisms to enhance the educational and economic opportunities for OBCs. It
also suggested that a separate Ministry or Department of Social Justice should be established to
monitor and implement policies for the backward classes.
Conclusion
The evolution of reservations in India reflects the country's ongoing efforts to address historical injustices
and social inequalities.
Examine the current state of plastic waste management in India. Discuss the role and
effectiveness of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system in addressing the
plastic waste problem. (250 words)
Body: Current state of plastic management in India & role of EPR in waste management
India faces a significant plastic waste management challenge. According to a 2020-21 report by the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the country generates four million tonnes of plastic waste annually.
Unfortunately, only about a quarter of this waste is recycled or treated, while the rest ends up in landfills
or is disposed of unsustainably. This poses serious environmental and health risks, necessitating effective
management strategies.
Challenges
• Massive plastic waste generation: India produces millions of tonnes of plastic waste annually,
with a large portion ending up in landfills or littering the environment.
• Informal recycling sector: A significant part of recycling is handled by the informal sector, often
leading to suboptimal practices and environmental concerns.
• Lack of infrastructure: Inadequate waste management infrastructure, especially in rural areas,
hampers effective collection and disposal.
• Limited awareness: Public awareness about the harmful effects of plastic waste and proper
disposal methods remains a challenge.
Role and Effectiveness of EPR in India
• Definition and Objectives: EPR is a policy approach that makes producers responsible for the
lifecycle management of their products, particularly for the take-back, recycling, and disposal of
post-consumer waste. In India, the Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016 mandate users of
plastics to collect and recycle their waste.
• Incentivizes recycling: By making producers accountable for waste management, EPR
encourages them to adopt eco-friendly packaging designs and promote recycling.
• Improves waste collection: Producers are incentivized to invest in waste collection systems to
meet their EPR targets.
• Promotes circular economy: EPR fosters a circular economy by reducing plastic waste and
maximizing resource utilization.
• Challenges: Approximately 600,000 of the recycling certificates were found to be fraudulent, and
hackers reportedly stole several thousand certificates, selling them to companies. This undermines
the credibility of the system.
• Legal and Operational Hurdles: The CPCB can impose heavy fines for non-compliance, but the
process is lengthy and legally complex, reducing the deterrent effect of penalties.
Conclusion
The EPR system in India has the potential to significantly address the plastic waste problem by making
producers accountable for the lifecycle of their products. EPR is a crucial step forward, but its successful
implementation depends on strong enforcement, collaboration between government, industry, and civil
society, and increased public awareness.
Discuss the implications of delaying the decennial Census in India. How does it affect the
implementation of government schemes and policies?
Body: Implications of delay in Census and its effect on schemes and policies
The decennial census is a crucial exercise that provides a comprehensive snapshot of a nation's population,
demographics, and socio-economic conditions. Its delay has far-reaching implications, particularly for the
implementation of government schemes and policies.
Implications of Delaying the Decennial Census in India
• Policy Design: Accurate and current demographic data is essential for designing effective policies.
Delays in the Census impede the government's ability to address contemporary issues such as
urbanization, health, education, and employment.
• Funding Distribution: The allocation of funds from the central government to states relies on
accurate population data. Delays in the Census can lead to outdated data being used, causing
imbalances and potential inequities in the distribution of resources.
• State Planning: States depend on up-to-date population data for effective planning and
implementation of state-specific schemes. A delay hampers their ability to address local needs
accurately.
• Development Metrics: Indicators such as literacy rates, employment rates, and housing
conditions depend on Census data. Delays impact the ability to measure progress towards social
and economic development goals.
• Global Reporting: Census data is used for international comparisons and reporting. Delays affect
India's standing in global indices and its ability to meet international commitments.
Impact on Government Schemes and Policies
• Exclusion from Benefits: Without recent Census data, a significant portion of India's population
may be unable to access various government schemes and services. Census data is crucial for
identifying and targeting beneficiaries accurately. Outdated data can result in eligible individuals
being excluded from benefits or resources being misallocated.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: Evaluating the impact and effectiveness of existing policies requires
recent data. Without it, assessing whether schemes are meeting their objectives becomes
challenging.
• Urbanization Trends: Accurate data on urban population growth and migration is crucial for
urban planning. Delays in the Census hinder infrastructure development, housing policies, and
urban governance.
• Public Services: Planning for public services such as water supply, sanitation, and transportation
relies on current population data. Delays can lead to mismatches in service provision and demand.
Conclusion
The delay in the decennial Census has profound implications for governance, policy implementation, and
social equity. The government must prioritize conducting the Census to ensure that accurate data informs
the equitable distribution of resources, effective policy formulation, and democratic representation.
Evaluate the impact of restricting visas for Chinese technicians on India’s manufacturing
sector.
Body: Discuss the impact of restricting visas for Chinese technicians on India’s manufacturing sector.
Restricting visas for Chinese technicians can have both short-term and long-term impacts on India's
manufacturing sector.
Impact of Restricting Visas for Chinese Technicians on India’s Manufacturing Sector
• Skill Gap and Productivity: Indian businesses rely heavily on Chinese technicians due to a
significant skill gap between Chinese and Indian factory supervisors and workers. Restricting visas
can lead to immediate operational disruptions, as machines lie idle and export orders remain
unfulfilled.
• Sector-Specific Challenges: Key sectors like footwear, textiles, engineering, and electronics,
which have invested in Chinese machinery, face acute challenges in utilizing their investments
productively without Chinese technical assistance.
• Increased Costs and Reduced Competitiveness: The need to hire alternative technicians from
other countries, who may be more expensive than their Chinese counterparts, increases
operational costs. This makes Indian products less competitive in the global market.
• Delayed Economic Benefits: Projects delayed due to the lack of skilled technicians result in
postponed economic benefits, affecting both local and national economic growth.
• Technological Dependence and Self-Reliance: While the rhetoric of “Atmanirbhar Bharat”
promotes self-reliance, the restriction on visas contradicts this by stifling immediate access to
crucial foreign expertise. This hampers India's ability to secure a foothold in the global
manufacturing skills ladder.
• Investment Deterrence: Foreign investors, particularly those from China, might perceive visa
restrictions as a hostile business environment. It could discourage new investments in India's
manufacturing sector, affecting job creation and economic growth.
• Learning from Global Examples: Historical precedents from East Asia, particularly China and
South Korea, highlight the importance of integrating foreign knowledge with domestic capabilities
to spur development. India’s weak educational foundation makes this integration especially
urgent.
• Missed China-Plus-One Opportunity: India has largely missed the “China-plus-one”
manufacturing opportunity that countries like Vietnam and Mexico have seized. Restricting visas
for Chinese technicians further reduces India’s attractiveness as a manufacturing hub for global
investors.
Conclusion
Restricting visas for Chinese technicians has profound and multifaceted impacts on India’s manufacturing
sector. While addressing national security concerns is crucial, a balanced approach that facilitates the
necessary foreign expertise while simultaneously upgrading domestic educational and technical skills is
essential. Without this balance, India risks prolonged economic disruptions, reduced global
competitiveness, and missed opportunities in the rapidly evolving global market.

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Implications for Climate Litigation and Policy-making

Implications of the Shift

Should Education be Brought Back to the State List?

Arguments for Returning to State List:

Arguments Against Returning to State List:

Significance of Voter Secrecy in Democratic Elections

Role of Technology such as the Totaliser in Enhancing Voter Anonymity

Role of Finance Commission

Improve Fairness and Transparency

Major Ethical Concerns in the Conduct of Clinical Trials in India

Role of Ethics Committees in Ensuring Ethical Practices

Reasons for the Surplus

Impact on Dairy Farmers:

Current Situation in Myanmar

Implications for India:

Justification for Policy Review:

Alignment with Constitutional Ethos

Components of India's Balance of Payments

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Long-term investments by foreign entities in Indian

Significance of Key Components

Reflection of Economic Health

Steps to Reduce Bureaucratic Hurdles and Ensure Timely Disbursal

• Streamlined Governance Structure: Consolidate multiple committees into a single, streamlined

Benefits to the Research Ecosystem in India

Potential Economic Benefits

Potential Economic Challenges

Key Provisions on FIR Registration

• Mandatory Registration Regardless of Jurisdiction: Police must register FIRs regardless of

Critically assess the effectiveness of a security-centric approach in dealing with Pakistan-

Achievements of a security-centric approach

Limitations of a security-centric approach

• Confidence-Building Measures: Implement measures to build trust between the government

Policy Measures to Address Aging Population Challenges

Reasons Behind Persistent Socio-Economic Disparities Among Indian States

Policy Measures to Address Disparities

• Economic Cooperation: Modi’s visit to Austria underscores the importance of enhancing

Balancing Act Between Russia and Western Nations

Impact on Fiscal Federalism and Inter-State Equity

Impact on Consumption Patterns

Influence on Expenditure on Non-Food Items

Critically analyze the arguments for deregulating non-subsidized fertilizers in India.

Implications for CBI Jurisdiction

Implications for Federal Structure

Reduced Financial Autonomy

Impact on Cooperative Federalism

Impact of Climate Change on the Right to Play

Ethical Dimensions and Economic Dimensions

Impact on Overall Economic Welfare

• Inefficiency and Stagnation: An overemphasis on consumption, particularly luxury goods with

• Sustainable Growth: Investment in productive sectors like infrastructure, education, and

Role of Indian Railways in Reducing Post-Harvest Losses

Measures to Enhance Efficiency

• Redistributive Mechanism: The FC prioritizes equity by redistributing resources among states

Challenges and Recommendations:

Effectiveness in Addressing Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss

Adequacy of Existing Laws in India

National Anti-Superstition Law: Pros and Cons

Justification for a National Law

Challenges Faced by Unorganized Sector in the Context of Employment Data Collection