AASHTO Standard Specifications 17th Ed.

Section 10
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Part A
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIAI.S
10.1 APPLICATION = total area of longitudinal i einforcing steel at

the interior support within the effective
10.1.1 Notations fl ange width (Article 10.38.5. 1.2)
= total area of longitudinal slab reinforcement
A = area of cross section (Articles l 11.37. J . l , steel f‹ir each beam over inteiior support (Ar-
10.34.4, 10.48. 1.1, 10.48.2. J , 10.48.4.2, ticle 10.38.5. 1.3)
I 0.4d.5.3, and 10.55. 1) = area of Steel section (Articles 10.38.5. 1.2,
A = bending moment coefficient (Article l 0.54. 1.1, and 10.54.2.l)
10.50.1. l .2) = ci oss-sectional area of a stud sh„ear connector
— effective area of a flange ‹›r splice plate (Article 1íl.38.5. 1.2)
with holes or a tcnsion memher with holes = area of web of beam (Article 10.53.1.2)
(Articles 10. 12, 10.18.2.2. 1, 10. 18.2.2.3, — distance from center of bolt under con-
10.18.2.2.4, an‹1 10.18.4.1) si‹1eration t‹› edge of plate, in. (Articles
— amplification factor (Ai ticles l 0.37. 1.1 and Í 0,32. Ü.Ó.Ñ ítTld 10.56.2)
10.55.l) = spacing of transverse stiffeners (Article
— product of aren and yield point for bottom 10.39.4.4.2)
flange of steel section (Article 10.50.1.1.1) a = depth of stress block (Figure 10.50A)
— product of area xnd yield point of that part of a = ratio of numerically smaller to the larger end
ieiiiforcing which lies in the comprcssion moment (Article 10.54.2.2)
zone of the slab (Article 10.50. 1.1.1) B — constant based on the number of stress cycles
= product of area and yield point for top ílange (Article 10.38.5.1. l)
of steel section (Article J 0.50. 1.1.1) = constant for stiffeners (Articles 10.34.4.7
= product of area and yield point for web of and 10.48.5.3)
steel section (Article 10.50.1. l . 1) b — compression flange width (Table 10.32.IA
= area of flange (Articles 10.39.4.4.2, and Articles 10.34.2. l , 10.48, 10.48.1.1,
10.48.2.1, 10.53.1.2, and 10.56.3) 10.ª8.2, 10.48.2. l, and 10.61.4)
= the sum of the area of filler plates on the top b = distance from center of bolt under consider-
and bottom of the connected plate (Article ation to toe of fillet of connected part, in. (Ar-
111. 18.1.2.1) ticles 10.32.3.3.2 and 10.56.2)
— area of compression fiange (Articles b = effective width of slab (Article 10.50.1.l . 1)
10.48.4.1 and 10.50.1.2.1) = effective flange width (Articles l 11.38.3 and
b 10,38.5.1.2)
— gross area of a flange, splice plate or tension — widest flange width (Article 10. 15.2. 1)
membei„ (Articles 10.18.2.2.2, 10.18.2.2.4, b — distance from edge of plate or edge of perfo-
and 10.18.4. l) b ration to the point of support (Article
A,, = net section of a tension member (Article 10.35.2.3)
10.18.4.l) = unsupported distance between points of sup-
= thc smaller of either the connected plate area b port (Article 10.35.2.7)
or the sum of the splice plate areas on the top — flange width between webs (Articles
and bottom of‟ the connected plate (Article b 10.37.3.1, 10.39.4.2, 10.51.5. l, and 10.55.3)
10.18.1.2.1)
252 HIGHWAY BRIDGES
b' = width of stiffeners (Articles 10.34.5.2, d — depth of beam or girder, in. (Table l 0.32. IA
10.34.6, 10.37.2.4, 111.39.4.5. 1, anti 111.55.2) and Articles 10.13, 10.ª8.2, 10.48.4. l, and
b‟ = width of a projecting ilange element, angle, 10.511. 1.1 2
or stiffener (Articles 10.34.2.2, 10.34.4.7, d = diametei ‹›f rocl‹ei or roller, in. (Aiticle
10.37.3.2, 10.39.4.5. 1, 10.40.5.3, 10.51.5.5, 10.32.4.2)
and 10.55.3) = beam depth (Article 10.56.3)
= web buckling coefficient (Artic les 10.34.4, — column depth (Article UN.56.3)
10.38.1.7, 10.48.5.3, and 10.48.8) = spacing of iiitermediate stiffciier (Articles
= compressive forme in the slab (Article 10.34.4, 10.34.5, 10.48.5.3, 10.48.6.3, and
l 0.50. 1. 1.l) 10.48.8)
— e‹juivalent moment factor (Article 10.54.2. 1) = distance from the centerline of a plate longi-
— coiiipressive foice in top portion of steel sec- tudinal stiffener or the gage line of an angle
tion (Article 10.50.1.1.1) longitudin:el stiffener t‹› the inner surface or
= bending coefficicnt (Table 10.32.lA and Ar- the lcg of the compression f1ang•e component
ticles 1 0.48.4. 1 and 10.50.2.2) (Articles 10.34.3.2. 1, 10.34.5. 1, 10.48.4. 1,
— column slenderness ratio dividing elastic and 10.49.3.2(a), and 10.61.1)
inelastic buckling (Table 10.32.IA) E — modulus of elasticity of steel, psi (Table
— coefficient about X axis (Article 10.36) 10.32. l A and Articles 10.IE.3, 10.36, 10.37,
— coefficient about the Y axis (Article 10.36) 10.39.4.4.2, 10.54.1, and 10.55. 1)
= buckling stress coefficient (Article — modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi (Article
e = distance from the center line of a splice to the

D = clear distance between flanges, in. (Article
centroid of the connection on the side of the
10.15.2)
D — clear unsupported distance between flange joint under consideration (Articles 10.18.2.3.3,
components (Articles 10.18.2.3.4, 10.18.2.3.7,
10. 18.2.3.5, and 10.18.2.3.7)
F = maximum induced stress in the bottom
10.18.2.3.8, 10.18.2.3.9, 10.34.3, 10.34.4,
flange (Article 10.20.2. l)
10.34.5, 10.37.2, 10.48.1, 10.48.2, 10.48.4,
F — maximum compressive stress, psi (Article
10.48.5, 10.48.6, 10.48.8, 10.49.2, 10.49.3.2,
10.41.4.6)
111.50.1.1.2, 10.50.2.1, 10.55.2, «»‹I 10.61.1)
— allowable axial unit stress (Table 10.32.lA
D’ — distance from the top of the slab to the neu-
und Articles 10.36, 10.37.1.2, and 10.55.1)
tral axis at which a composite section in pos-
= allowable bending unit stress (Table 10.32. IA
itive bending theoretically reaches its plastic-
and Articles 10.18.2.2.3, 10.37. 1.2, and
moment capacity when the maximum strain
10.55. 1)
in the slab is at 0.003 (Article 10.50. 1.1.2)
— compiessive bending stress permitted about
= clear distance between the neutral axis and the Fbx
the X axis (Article 10.36)
compression flange (Articles 10.34.3.2.1,
= compressive bcnding stress permitted about
10.34.5.1, 10.48.4.1, 10.49.2, 10.49.3,
the Y axis (Article 10.36)
10.50(b), 10.57, and 10.61.1) = buckling stress of the compression flange
= moments caused by dead load acting on com- plate or column (Articles 10.48.2, 10.50.2.2,
porte girder (Article 10.50.1.2.2) 10.51.l , 10.51.5, 10.54.1.1, and 10.54.2. 1)
= depth of the web in compression at the plas- — local buckling stress of a stiffenei (Articles
tic moment (Articles 10.50(b), 10.50.1.1.2, 10.34.4.7 and 10.4P.5.3)
and 10.50.2.1) — design stress for the conti olling flange at a
— depth of the web in compression of the non- point of splice (Articles 10.18.2.2.3 and
composite steel beam or girder (Articles 10.18.2.3.8)
10.34.5, l and 10.49.3.2(a)) — design stress for the controlling flange at a
D, — distance from the top of the slab to the plas- point of splice (Articles 10. J 8.2.2. 1 and
tic neutral axis, in. (Article 10.50.1.1.2) 10.18.2.3.4)
D = moments caused by dead load acting on steel = maximum horizontal force (Article
girder (Article 10.50.1.2.2) 10.20.2.2)
d = bolt diameter (Table 10.32.3B) — Euler buckling stress (Articles 10.37.l ,
d — diametcr of stud, in. (Article 10.38.5. 1) F, 10.54.2. 1, and 10.55.1)
10.1.l DIVISION I—DESIGN 253
= Euler stress divided by a factor ofsafety (Ar- = computed axial compression stress (Articles
ticle 10.36) 10.35.2. 10, 10.36, 10.37, 10.55.2, and
— design stress for the noncontrolling flange at 10.55.3)
a point of splice (Article 10.18.2.2.3) fb — computed compressive bending stress (Arti-
= design stress for the noncontrolling flange at cles 10.34.2, 10.34.3, 10.34.5.2, 10.37,
a point of splice (Article 10.18.2.2. l) 10.39, and 10.55)
- computed bearing stress due to design load fb = factored bending sness in the compression
(Table 10.32.3B) flange (Articles 10.48, 10.48.2.1(b),
= limiting bending stress (Article 10.34.4) 10.48.4.1, 10.50.1.2.l , 10.50.2.2, 10.53, and
F, 10.53.1.2)
— allowable range of stress (Table 10.3.lA)
F,, — maximum factored noncomposite dead load
= reduced allowable tensile stress on rivet or
bolt due to the applied shear stress, ksi (Ar- compressive bending stress in the web (Arti-
ticles 10.32.3.3.4 and 10.56.1.3.3) cte 10.61.1)
— specified minimum yield point of the rein- = unit ultimate compressive strength of con-
forcing steel (Article 10.38.5.1.2) crete as determined by cylinder tests at age of
= factor of safety (Table 10.32.l A and Articles 28 days, psi (Articles 10.38.l, 10.38.5. 1.2,
F.S. 10.32.1 and 10.36) 10.45.3, and 10.50.1.1. 1)
= specified minimum tensile strength (Tables f,, — maximum flexural stress at the reid-thickness
10.2A, 10.32.lA and 10.32.3B and Article of the flange under consideration at a point of
10.18.4) splice (Articles 10.18.2.2.3 and 10.18.2.3.8)
= tensile strength of electrode classification — maximum flexural stress due to the factored
(Table 10.56A and Article 10.32.2) loads at the reid-thickness of the controlling
= maximum bending strength of the flange flange at a point ofsplice (Articles 10.18.2.2. l
(Articles 10.48.8.2, 10.50.1.2.1, and and 10.18.2.3.4)
10.50.2.2) f,,, = noncomposite dead load stress in the com-
= allowable shear stress (Table 10.32.1A and pression flange (Articles 10.34.5.1 and
10.32.3B and Articles 10.18.2.3.6, 10.32.2, 10.49.3.2(a))
10.32.3, 10.34.4, 10.38.1.7, and 10.40.2.2) f,,, = top flange compressive stress due to the fac-
= shear strength of a fastener (Article 10.56.1.3) tored noncomposite dead load divided by the
= combined tension and shear in bearing-type factor Rb (Article 10.61.4)
connections (Article 10.56.1.3) = totnl noncomposite and composite dead-load
= design shear stress in the web at a point of plus composite live-load stress in the com-
splice (Articles 10.18.2.3.6, 10.18.2.3.7, and pression flange at the most highly stressed
10.18.2.3.9) section of the web (Articles 10.34.5.1 and
— specified minimum yield point of steel (Arti- 10.49.3.2(a))
cles 10.15.2.1, 10.15.3, 10.16.ll, 10.32.l, fu = top flange compressive stress due to non-
10.32.4, 10.34, 10.35, 10.37.1.3, 10.38.1.7, composite dead load (Articles 10.34.2.1 and
10.38.5, 10.39.4, 10.40.2.2, 10.41 .4.6, 10.46, 10.34.2.2)
10.48, J 0.49, 10.50, 10.51.5, 10.54, and fy, = flexural stress at the reid-thickness of the non-
10.61.4) controlling flange concurrent with fq (Articles
— specified minimum yield strength ofthe flange 10.18.2.2.3 and 10.18.2.3.8)
(Articles 10.18.2.2. l , 10.48. 1.1, 10.53. l, = flexural stress due to the factored loads at the
10.57.1, and 10.57.2) reid-thickness of the noncontrolling flange at
= specified minimum yield strength of a a point of splice concurrent with f,, (Articles
transverse stiffener (Articles 10.34.4.7 and 10.18.2.2. l and 10.18.2.3.4)
10.48.5.3) = maximum flexural stress due to D + Q,(L + I)
= specified minimum yield strength ol‟ the web at the reid —thickness of the flange under
(Articles 10.18.2.2. l, 10.18.2.2.2, 10.18.2.3.4, consideration at a point of splice (Articles
10.53.1, and 10.61.1) 10.18.2.2.2 and 10.18.2.3.5)
= specified mimimum yield strength of the web = flexural stress due to D + bL L + I) at the mid—
(Articles 10.34.4.7 and 10.48.5.3) thickness of the other flange at a point of
= the lesser of (f ,) or F, (Articles splice concurrent with f, in the flange under
10.48.2. l(b), 10.48.2.2, and 10.53) consideration (Article 10.18.2.3.5)
254 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.1.l
f, — range of stress due to live load plus impact, K effective length factor in plane of buckling
in the slab reinforcement over the support (Table 10.32.1A and Articles 10.37, 10.54.1,
(Article 10.38.5. 1.3) and 10.54.2)
f, = modulus of rupture of concrete specified in = effective length factor in the plane of bend-
Article 8. 15.2.I .1 (Article 10.50.2.3) ing (Article 10.36)
f, = maximum longitudinal bending stress in the k = constant: 0.75 for rivets; 0.6 for high-
flange of the panels on either side of the strength bolts with thread excluded from
transverse stiffener (Article 10.39.4.4) shear plane (Artie le 10.32.3.3.4)
f, = factored bending stress in either the top or k = buckling coefficient (Articles 10.34.3.2. l,
bottom flange, whichever flange has the 10.34.4, 10.39.4.3, 10.48.4.1, 10.48.8,
larger ratio of (f,/F,) (Article 10.48.8.2) 10.51.5.4, and 10.61.l)
f, = tensile stress due to applied loads (Articles — distance from outer face of flange to toe of
10.32.3.3.3 and 10.56.1.3.2) web fillet of member to be stiffened (Article
= allowable tensile stress in the concrete spec- 10.56.3)
ified in Article 8.15.2. 1.l (Article 10.38.4.3) — buckling coefficient (Article 10.39.4.4)
— unit shear stress (Articles 10.32.3.2.3, = distance between bolts in the direction of the
10.34.4.4, and 10.34.4.7) applied force (Table 10.32.3B)
= maximum shear stress in the web at a point of L = actual unbraced length (Table 10.32.IA and
splice (Article 10.18.2.3.6) Articles 10.7.4, 10.15.3, and 10.55. l)
fbx
= computed compressive bending stress about L l/2 of the length of the arch rib (Article
the x axis (Article 10.36) 10.37.1)
- computed compressive bending stress about L = distance between transverse beams (Article
f by
the y axis (Article 10.36) 10.41.4.6)
= gage between fasteners, in. (Articles Lb — unbraced length (Table 10.48.2.1.A and Arti-
10.16.14, 10.24.5, and 10.24.6) cles 10.36, 10.4b.1. l, 10.48.2. l, 10.48.4.l,
= height of stud, in. (Article 10.38.5. l . l ) and 10.53.1.3)
= horizontal design force resultant in the web L, — length of member between points of support,
at a point of splice (Articles 10.18.2.3.8 and in. (Artie le 10.54.1.1)
10.18.2.3.9) L, = clear distance between the holes, or between
= overload horizontal design force resultant the hole and the edge of the material in the di-
in the web at a point of splice (Article rection ofthe applied bearing force, in. (Table
10.18.2.3.5) 10.32.3B and Article 10.56.I .3.2)
= horizontal design force resultant in the web = limiting unbraced length (Article 10.48.4.1)
at a point of splice (Articles 10.18.2.3.4 = limiting unbraced length (Article 10.48.4. l)
and 10.18.2.3.5) = member length (Table 10.32. lA and Article
= average flange thickness of the channel 10.35.l)
h flange, in. (Article 10.38.5.1.2) M = maximum bending moment (Articles
- moment of inertia, in.‟ (Articles 10.34.4, 10.48.8, 10.54.2.1, and 10.50.1.l .2)
I 10.34.5, 10.38.5.1.1, 10.48.5.3, and — smaller moment at the end of the unbraced
10.48.6.3) length of the member (Article 10.48.1.1(c))
= moment of inertia of stiffener (Articles = moments at two adjacent braced points (Ta-
I, 10.37.2, 10.39.4.4. l, and 10.51.5.4) bles 10.32.lA and 10.3f›A and Articles
= moment of inenia of transverse stiffeners 10.48.4. 1 and 10.50.2.2)
(Article 10.39.4.4.2) = column moment (Article 10.56.3.2)
— moment of inertia of member about the ver— = full plastic moment of the section (Articles
4
tical axis in the plane of the web, in Article 10.50.l . l .2 and 10.54.2.1)
10.48.4. l) M, = lateral torsional buckling moment or yield
= moment of inertia of compression flange moment (Articles 10.48.2, 10.48.4. l,
about the vertical axis in the plane ‹›f the web, 10.50.1.2.1, 10.50.2.2, and 10.53. l .3)
in„ (Table 10.32.IA and Article 10.48.4.1) M, = elastic pier moment for loading producing
— required ratio of rigidity of one transverse maximum positive moment in adjacent span
stiffener to that of the web plate (Anicles (Article 10.50.J . 1.2)
10.34.4.7 and 10.48.5.3) M, = maximum bending strength (Articles
= St. Venant torsional constant, in‟ (Table 10.18.2.2.1, 10.48, 10.49, 10.50. 1, 10.50.2,
10.32.lA and Article 10.48.4.1) 10.51.1, 10.53.l, 10.54.2.1, and 10.61.3)
DIVISION I—DESfGN 255
M, = design moment due to the eccentricity of the — allowable slip resistance (Article 10.32.3.2.l)
design shear at a point of splice (Articles = maximum axial compression capacity (Arti—
10.18.2.3.7 and 10.18.2.3.9) cle 10.54.l .1)
— overload design moment due to the eccentric- = design force for checking the strength of a
íty of the overload design shear at a point of bolted splice in a tension member (Article
splice (Article 10.18.2.3.5) 10.18.4.l)
= design moment due to the eccentricity of the = allowable bearing (Article 10.32.4.2)
design shear at a point of splice (Articles = prying tension per bolt (Articles 10.32.3.3.2
10.18.2.3.3 and 10.18.2.3.5) and 10.56.2)
Mp = design moment at a point of splice represent- = statical moment about the neutral axis (Arti-
ing the portion of the flexural moment as- cle 10.38.5. 1.l)
sumed to be resisted by the web (Articles R = radius (Article 10.15.2.1)
10.18.2.3.8 and 10.18.2.3.9) R — number of design lanes per box girder (Arti—
= overload design moment at a point of splice cle 10.39.2.1)
representing the portion of the flexural mo- R — reduction factor for hybrid girders (Articles
ment assumed to be resisted by the web (Ar- 10.18.2.2.l, 10.18.2.2.2, 10.18.2.2.3,
ticle 10.18.2.3.5) 10. 18.2.3.4, 10.18.2.3.8, 10.40.2. 1.1,
= design moment at a point of splice represent- 10.53.1.2, and 10.53.1.3)
ing the portion of the flexural moment as- R = reduction factor applied to the design shear
sumed to be resisted by the web (Articles strength of fasteners passing through fillers
10.18.2.3.4 and 10.18.2.3.5) (Article 10.18. l .2. l)
M, — moment capacity at first yield (Articles = bending capacity reduction factor (Articles
10.18.2.2.1, 10.50. 1.1.2, and 10.61.3) 10.48.2, 10.48.4.1, 10.50.1.2.1, 10.50.2.2,
N, & N, — number of shear connectors (Article 10.53.1.2, 10.53.1.3, and 10.61.4)
= absolute value of the ratio of Fq to f,, for the
10.38.5.1.2)
controlling flange at a point of splice (Articles
N — number of additional connectors for each
10.18.2.2.3 and 10.18.2.3.8)
beam at point of contraflexure (Article
= the absolute value of the ratio of F,, to fu for
10.38.5.1.3)
the controlling flange at a point of splice
N, = number of slip planes in a slip-critical con—
(Articles 10.18.2.2.l and 10.18.2.3.4)
nection (Articles 10.32.3.2.1 and 10.57.3.l)
= a range of stress involving both tension and
= number of roadway design lanes (ArticJe Rev compression during a stress cycle (Table
10.39.2) 10.3.lB)
n = ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that R, = vertical force at connections of vertical stiff—
of concrete (Anicle 10.38.1) eners to longitudinal stiffeners (Anicle
n — number of longitudinal stiffeners (Articles 10.39.4.4.8)
10.39.4.3, 10.39.4.4, and 10.51.5.4) = vertical web force (Article 10.39.4.4.7)
= allowable compressive axial load on mean- - radius ef gyration, in (Articles 10.35.l ,
bers (Article 10.35.l) 10.37.1, 10.41.4.6, 10.48.6.3, 10.54.l . l,
= axial compression on the member (Articles 10.54.2. 1, and 1 O.55. 1 )
10.48.1.1, 10.48.2. l, and 1tJ.54.2.1) rb = radius of gyration in plane of bending, in.
P, P,, Pp, = force in the slab (Article 10.38.5.1.2) (Article 10.36)
&P = radius of gyration with respect to the Y-Y
P, — design force in the controlling flange at a point axis, in. (Article 10.48.1.l)
of splice (Article 10.18.2.2.3) r' — radius of gyration of the compression flange
= design force for the controlling flange at a about the axis in the plane of the web, in.
point of splice (Article 10.18.2.2. l) (Table 10.32.1A and Article 10.48.4. l)
Po› — overload design force in the flange at a point of = allowable rivet or bolt unit stress in shear
splice (Article 10.18.2.2.2) (Article 10.32.3.3.4)
net = d esign force for the n oncontoroollin g flan gee a t a = section modulus, in.' (Articles 10.48.2,
point of splice (Article 10.18.2.2.3) 10.51.1, 10.53.1.2, and 10.53.l .3)
= design force in the noncontrolling flange at a = pitch of any two successive holes in the chain
point of splice (Article 10.18.2.2. l) (Article 10.16.14.2)
= design force for checking slip ofa bolted splice — range of horizontal shear (Article
in a tension member (Article 10.18.4.2) 10.38.5.1.1)
256 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.1.l
= section modulus of transverse stiffener, in.' 10.37.2, 10.48, 10.49.2, 10.49.3, 10.55.2,
(Articles 10.39.4.4 and 10.48.6.3) 10.56.3, and 10.61.l)
— section modulus of longitudinal or transverse = thickness of top flange (Article 10.50.1.1.1)
stiffener, in.' (Article 10.48.6.3) = thickness of outstanding stiffener element
— ultimate strength of the shear connector (Ar— (Articles 10.39.4.5. l and 10.51.5.5)
ticle 10.38.5.1.2) V — shearing force (Articles 10.35.l, 10.48.5.3,
- section modulus with respect to the com— 10.48.8, and 10.51.3)
pression flange, in.' (Table 10.32. l A and V = maximum shear in the web at a point of
Articles 10.48.2, 10.48.4. l, 10.50.1.2.l , splice due to the factored loads (Article
10.50.2.2 and 10.53.1.2) 10.18.2.3.2)
= section modulus with respect to the tension = maximum shear in the web atthe point ofsplice
flange, in.' (Articles 10.48.2 and 10.53. l .2) due to D + §, (L + I) (Article 10.18.2.3.5)
= computed rivet or bolt unit stress in shear V, — shear yielding strength of the web (Articles
(Article 10.32.3.3.4) 10.48.8 and 10.53.1.4)
T = range in tensile stress (Table 10.3.l B) V, = range of shear due to live loads and impact,
T = direct tension per bolt due to external load kips (Anicle 10.38.5.1.1)
(Articles 10.32.3 and 10.56.2) V, = maximum shear force (Articles 10.18.2.3.2,
T = arch rib thrust at the quarter point from 10.34.4, 10.48.5.3, 10.48.8, and 10.53.3)
dead+ live + impact loading (Articles V, — vertical shear (Article 10.39.3.1)
10.37.l and 10.55.l) Vp = design shear for a web (Articles 10.39.3.1
= thickness of the thinner outside plate or and 10.51.3)
shape (Article 10.35.2)
Vp - design shear in the web at a point of splice
= thickness of members in compression (Arti—
(Articles 10.18.2.3.2, 10.18.2.3.3, and
cte 10.35.2)
10.18.2.3.5)
= thickness of thinnest part connected, in (Ar—
Vp,, overload design shear in the web at a point
ticles 10.32.3.3.2 and 10.56.2)
of splice (Article 10.18.2.3.5)
= computed rivet or bolt unit stress in tension,
= design shear in the web at a point of splice
including any stress due to prying action (Ar—
(Articles 10.18.2.3.2, 10.18.2.3.3, and
ticle 10.32.3.3.4)
10.18.2.3.5)
= thickness of the wearing surface, in. (Article
10.41.2) W — length ot„ a channel shear connector, in. (Ar-
= flange thickness, in. (Articles 10.18.2.2.4, ticle 10.38.5. 1.2)
10.34.2. 1, 10.34.2.2, 10.39.4.2, 10.48, W, = roadway width between curbs in feet or bar-
10.48.1.1, 10.48.2, 10.48.2.1, 10.51.5. l, and riers if curbs are not used (Article 10.39.2.1)
10.61.4) W, = least net width of a flange (Article 10.18.2.2.4)
= thickness of a flange angle (Article 10.34.2.2) W, = fraction of a wheel load (Article 10.39.2)
= thickness of the web of a channel, in. (Arti — w = length of a channel shear connector in inches
cle 10.38.5.1.2) measured in a transverse direction on the
= thickness of stiffener (Articles 10.34.4.7 and flange of a girder (Article 10.38.5.l .1)
10.48.5.3) = unit weight of concrete, lb per cu ft (Article
= thickness of flange delivering concentrated 10.38.5.1.2)
force (Article 10.56.3.2) = width of flange between longitudinal stiffen-
= thickness of flange of member to be stiffened ers (Articles 10.39.4.3, 10.39.4.4, and
(Article J 0.56.3.2) 10.51.5.4)
— thickness of the flange (Articles 10.37.3, Y, = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme
10.55.3, and 10.39.4.3) outer fiber, in. (Article 10.15.3)
= thickness of the concrete haunch above the y = location of steel sections from neutral axis
beam or girder top flange (Article 10.50.1.1.2) (Article 10.50.l . 1.l)
= thickness of stiffener (Article l 0.37.2 and Z = pllastic sectiion modullu s (Articles l10.48.l,
10.55.2) 10.53. 1.l , and 10.54.2.1)
= slab thickness (Articles 10.38.5.1.2, Z, — allowable range of horizontal shear, in
10.50.l . 1.l, and 10.50.1.1.2) pounds on an individual connector (Article
= web thickness, in. (Articles 10.15.2. 1, 10.38.5.1)
10.18.2.3.4, 10.18.2.3.7, 10.18.2.3.8, ‹x — constant based on the number of stress cycles
10. 18.2.3.9, 111.34.3, J 0.34.4, TG.34.5, (Article 10.38.5. 1.l)
DIVISION I—DESIGN 257
— minimum specified yield strength of the web pounds per square inch.) The modulus of elasticity of all
divided by the minimum specified yield grades of structural steel shall be assumed to be
strength of the tension flange (Articles 29,000,000 psi and the coefficient of linear expansion
10.40.2 and 10.40.4) 0.0000065 per degree Fahrenheit.
= factor for flange splice design equal to 1.0,
except that a lower value equal t M e M ) 10.2.3 Steels for Pins, Rollers, and Expansion
may be used for flanges subject to com- Rocl‹ers
pression at sections where M, does not ex-
ceed M, (Article 10.18.2.2. 1) Steels for pins, iollers, and expansion rockers shah
= constant equal to 1.3 for members without a conform to one of the designations listed in Tables 10.2A
longitudinal stiffener and 1.0 for members and 10.2B, or shall be stainless steel conforming to ASTM
with a longitudinal stiffener (Article 10.61.1) A 240 or ASTM A 276 HNS 21800.
— area of the web divided by the area of the ten-
sion flange (Articles 10.40.2 and 10.53.1.2) 10.2.4 Fasteners—Rivets and Bolts
— factor applied to gross area of flange, splice
plate or tension member in computing the Fasteners may be carbon steel bolts (ASTM A 307);
effective area (Articles 10.18.2.2.4 and power-driven rivets, AASHTO M 228 Grades l or 2
10.18.4.1) (ASTM A 502 Grades 1 or 2); or huh-strength bolts,
= the ratio of A¡ Al (Article 10.1 8. 1.2.l) AASHTO M 164 (ASTM A 325) or AASHTO M 253
= load factor equal to 1.3 (Article 10.61) (ASTM A 490).
= F,,/Fu (Article l 11.53. J .2)
— angle of inclination of the web plate to the
10.2.5 Weld Metal
vertical (Articles 1 0.39.3. l and 10.51.3)
— ratio of total cross-sectional area to the cross-
sectional area of both flanges (Article 10.15.2) Weld metal shall conform to the current require-
ments of the ANSI/AASHTO/AWS DI.5 Bridge Welding
— distance from the outer edge of the tension
flange to the neutral axis divided by the depth Code.
of the steel section (Articles 10.40.2 and
10.53.1.2) 10.2.6 Cast Steel, Ductile Iron Castings, Malleable
= amount of camber, in. (Article 10. 15.3) Castings, and Cast Iron
= dead load camber in inches at any point (Ar-
ticle 10.15.3) 10.2.6.1 Cast Steel and Ductile Iron
= maximum value of ADL. in. (Article 10.15.3)
= reduction factor (Articles 10.38.5.J .2, Cast steel shall conform to specifications for Steel
10.56.1.1, and 10.56. 1.3) Castings for Highway Bridges, AASHTO M 192 (ASTM
— longitudinal stiffener coefficient (Articles A 486); Mild-to-Medium-Strength Carbon-Steel Cast-
10.39.4.3 an‹l 10.51.5.4) ings for General Application, AASHTO M 103 (ASTM
= slip coefficient in a slip-critical joint (Article A 27); and Corrosion-Resistant Iron-Chromium, Iron-
10.57.3) Chromium-Nickel and Nickel-Based Alloy Castings for
General Application, AASHTO M 163 (ASTIVI A 743).
10.2 MATERIALS Ductile iron castings shall conform to ASTM A 536.
10.2.1 General 10.2.6.2 Malleable Castings
These specifications recognize steels listed in the fol- Malleable castings shall conform to specifications for
lowing subparagraphs. Other steels may be usecl; how- Malleable Lon Castings, ASTM A 47, Gradc 35018 (min-
ever, theii properties, strengths, allowable stresses, and imum yield point 35,000 psi).
workability must be established and specified.
10.2.6.3 Cast Iron
10.2.2 Structural Steels
Cast iron castings shall conform to specifications for„
Structural steels shall conform to the material desig- Gray Lon Castings, AASHTO M 105, Class 30.
nated in Table 10.2A. (The stresses in this table are in
258 HIGHWAY BRIDGET
TABI.E 10.2A
Minimum Material Properties

Structural Steel
AASHTO Designationª M 270 M 270 M 270 M 270 M 270
Grade 36 Grade 50 Grade 50W Grade HPS70W' Gr«des 100/100W
Equivalent ASTM
Designation‘ A 709 A 709 A 709 A 709 A 709
Grade 36 Grade 50 Grade 50W Grade HPS70W Grades l00/ l00W„
Thickness of PlI1tC:s Up to 4 in. Up to 4 in. Up to 4 in. Up to 4 in. Up to 2'/i in. Over 2'/i in. to
incl. incl. incl. incl. incl. 4 in. incl.
Shapes ' All group All groups All groups Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
Minimum Ténsile
Strength, Fa 58,000 65,000 70,000 90,000 1 10,000 100,000
Minimum Yield Point
or Minimum Yield
Strength, F, 36,00o so,000 50,000 70,000 100,000 90,000
ª Except for the mandatory notch toughness and weldability requirements, the ASTM designations are similar to the AASHTO designations. Steels
meeting the AASHTO requirements are prequalified for use in welded bridges.
„M 270 Gr. 36 and A 709 Gr. 36 are equivalent to M 183 and A 36.
M 270 Gr. 50 and A 709 Gr. 50 are equivalent to M 223 Gr. 50 and A 572 Gr. 50.
M 270 Gr. 50W and A 709 Gr. 50W are equivalent to M 222 and A 588.
M 270 Gr. 70W and A 709 Gr. 70W are equivalent to A 852.
M 270 Gr. 100/100W and A 709 Gr. 100/100W are equivalent to M 244 and A 514.
„AASHTO M 270 Grade HPS70W replaces AASHTO M 270 Grade 70W. The intent of this replacement is to encourage the use of high-performance
steel (HPS) over convenüonal bridge steels due to its enhanced properties. AASHTO M 270 Grade 70W steel is still available, but should be used
with the owners approval.
Quenched and tempered aHoy steel structural shapes and seamless mechanical tubing meeting all mechanical and chemical requirements of A 709
GfádéS 100/100W, except that the specified maximum tensile strength may be 140,000 psi for structural shapes and 145,000 psi for seamless mechan-
ical tubing, shall be considered as A 709 Grades 100/l00W
•For nonstructural applications or bearing assembly components over 4“ thick, use AASHTO M 270 Gr. 36 (ASTM A 709 Gr. 36).
f roups l and 2 include all shapes except those in Groups 3, 4, and 5. Group 3 includes L-shapes over 3/4 inch in thickness. HP
shapes over 102
pounds/foot, and the following W shapes:
Designation:
W36 K 230 to 300 incl.
W33 5 200 to 240 incl.
W14 X 142 to 211 incl.
W12 X 120 to 190 incl.
Group 4 includes the following W shapes: W14 ›‹ 219 to 550 incl.
Group 5 includes the following W shapes: W14 ›‹ 605 to 730 incl.
For breakdewn of Groups 1 and 2, see ASTM A 6.
TABLE 10.2B
Minimum Material Properties
Pins, Rolleis, and Rockers
Expansion Rollers Shall be Not less Than 4 Inches in Diameter
AASHTO Designation M 169 M 102 M 102 M 102 M 102
with Size Limitations 4 in. in dia. or to 20 in. in dia. to 20 in. in dia. to 10 in, in dia. to 20 in. in dia.
less
ASTM Designation A 108 A 668 A 668 A 668 A 668„
Grade or Class Grades 1016 to
1030 incl. Class C Class D Class F Class G
Minimum Yield Point, psi
F, 36,000‘ 37,500 50,000
‘May substitute rolled material of the same properties.
For design purpose only. Not a part of the A 108 specificat ions. Supplementary material requirements should provide guarantee that material will
meet these values.
Part B
DESIGN DETAILS
10.3 REPETITIVE LOADING AND TOUGHNESS except for sti uctuies wlieie other considei ations indicate
CONSIDERATIONS a substantially diffeient number of cycles, shall be
1011,000 cycles.
10.3.1 Allowable Fatigue Stress Ranges
Members and fasteners subject to repeated variations 10.3.3 Charpy V-Notch Impact Requirements
or reversals of stress shall be designed so that the maxi-
mum stress does not exceed the basic allowable stresses 10.3.3.1 Main load carrying member components
gwen in Article 10.32 and that the actual range of stress subjected to tensile stress iequire supplemental impact
does not exceed the allowablc fatigue sti„ess range gwen properties as described in the Material Specificati‹›ns.*
in Table 1 0.3. l A for the appropriate type and location
of material gwen in Table 10.3.IB and shown in Fig- 10.3.3.2 These impact requirements vary depending
ure l 0.3. l C. For mcmbers with shear connectors providcd on the type of steel, type of construction, welded or me-
throughout their entire length that also satisfy the provi- chanically fastened, and the average minimum service
sions of Article 10.38.4.3, the range of stress may be com- temperature to which the structure may be subjected. *'*
puted using the composite section assuming the concrete Table 10.3.3A contains the temperature zone designations.
deck to be fully cffective for both positive and negative
moment. 10.3.3.3 Components requiring inaiidatory impact
For unpainted weathering steel, A709, all grades, the properties shall be dcsignated on the drawings and the ap-
values of allowable fatigue stress range, Table 10.3.IA, as propriate zone shall be designated in the contract docu-
inodified by footnote d, are valid only when the design ments.
and details are in accordance with the FHWA Technic ul
Advíso on Uncoated Weatheríng Steel in Structurvs,
dated October 3, 1989. 10.3.4 Shear
Main load carrying components subjected to tensile
stresses that may be considered nonredundant load path 10.3.4.1 When longitudinal beam or girder members
members—that is, where failure of a single element could in bridges designed for Case I roadways are investigatcd
cause collapse—shall be designed for the allowable stress for “over 2 million” stress cycles produced by placing a
ranges indicate‹1 in Table 10.3.IA for Nonredundant Load single trucl‹ on the bridge (see footnote c of Table
Path Structures. Examples of nonredundant load path 10.3.2A), the total shear force in the beam or gircler undei
members are flange and web plates in one or two girder this single-ti ucl‹ loading shall be limited to 0.58 F,Dt,C.
bridges, main one-element truss members, hanger plates, The constant C, the ratio of the buckling shear stress to the
and caps at single or two-column bents. shear yield stress is defined in Article 10.34.4.2 or Article
10.48.8.1.
10.3.2 Load Cycles
10.3.2.1 The number of cycles of maximum stress 10.4 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF SPAN
range to be considered in the design shall be selected from
Table 10.3.2A unless traffic and loadometer surveys or For the calculation ol stresses, span lengths shall be as-
other considerations indicate otherwise. The fatigue live sumed as the distance between centers of bearings or other
load preferably shall not exceed HS 20 loading. points of support.
10.3.2.2 Allowable fatigue stress ranges shall apply

to those Group Loadings that include live load or wind *AASHTO Standard Spcc ifico ti‹ ne fcr Trcinsportcition Matericils and
Methods of Scimplíii g and Te.stíng.
load. **The basis anct philosophy used to develop these requiieineiits ‹tie
gwen in a paper entitled “The Development of AASH"I‟O Fractuie-
10.3.2.3 The number of cycles of stress range to be Toughness Requirements for Bridge Steels” by John M. Barsoni, Feb-
ruai y 1975, availahle íroni the American Iron and 5tecl Institute, Wash-
considered for wind loads in combination with dead loads, ington, D.C.
HIGHWAY BRIDGES
TABLE 10.3.IA Allowable Fatigue Stress Range 10.5.3 For trusses the ratio of depth to length of span
Redundant Load Path Structuresª preferably should n‹it be less than ”i»
Allowable Range of Stress, F,, (ksi)„

10.5.4 For continuous span depth ratios the span length
Category For For For For over shall be considered as the distance between the dead load
(See Table 100,000 500,000 2,000,000 2,000,000
points of contraflexure.
10.3. lB) Cycles Cycles Cycles Cycles
A 63 (49)’ 37 (29)‘ 24 (18)‘ 24 (16)’ 111.5.5 The foregoing Requirements as they relate to
B 49 29 18 16 beam or girder bridget may be exceeded at the discretion
B' 39 23 14. 5 12
C 35.5 21 13 10 of the dcsigner. '*
D 28 16 10 7
E 22 13 8 4. 5 10.6 DEFLECTION
E' 16 9. 2 5.8 2.6
F 15 12 9 8 10.6.1 The term “deflection” as used herein shall be
the cleflection computed in accordance with the assump-
tien madc for loading when computing the stress in the
Nonredundant Load Path Structures member.
Allowable Range of Stress, F,, (ksi)b

10.6.2 Members having simple or continuous spans
Category For For For For over preferably should be designed so that the deflection due to
(See Table 100,000 500,000 2,000,000 2,000,000
service live load plus impact shall not exceed u«› of the
10.3. lB) Cycles Cycles Cycles Cycles
span, except on bridges in urban areas used in part by
A 50 (39)„ 29 (23)‟ 24 (16)' 24 (16)„ pedestrians whereon the ratio preferably shall not exceed
B 39 23 16 16
B' 31 18 11 11 ?i». For checking deflection, the service live load prefer-
C 28 16 10 9 ably shall not exceed HS 20 loading.
12d 1„
D 22 13 8 5 10.6.3 The deflection of cantilever arms due to service
E‟ 17 10 6 2.3
E' 12 7 4 1.3
live load plus impact preferably should be limited to ?»
F 12 9 7 6 of the cantilever arre except for the case including pedes-
tri:in use, where the ratio preferably should be ?»
Structure types with multi-load paths where a single fracture in a
member cannot lead to the collapse. For example, a simply supported
single span multi-beam bridge or a multi-element eye bar truss member 10.fi.4 When spans have cross-bracing or diaphragms
has redundant load paths. sufficient in depth or sti ength to ensure lateral distribu-
‘The range of stress is defined as the algebraic difference between
the maximum stress and the minimum stress. Tension stress is
tion of loads, the deflection may be computed for the
considered to have the opposite algebraic sign from compression standard H or HS loading (M or MS) considering all
stress. beams or stringers as acting together and having equal
’For unpainted weathering steel, A 709, all grades, when used in
conforma rice with the F-HWA Technical Advisor y on Uncoated ‹deflection.
Weathering Steel in Structures , dated October 3, 1989.
d For transverse stiffener welds on girder webs or flanges.
10.6.5 The moment of inertia of the gross cross-sec-
’Partial length welded cover plates shall not be used on flanges more
than 0.8 inches thick for nonredundant load path structures.
tional area shall be used for computing the deflections of
beams and girdcrs. When the beam or girder is a part of a
composite member, the service live load may be consid-
10.5 DEPTH RATIOS ered as acting upon the composite section.
10.5.1 For beams or girders, the ratio of depth to length 10.6.6 The gross area of each truss member shall
of span preferably should not be less than "› be used in computing defleetions of trusses. If per-
forated plates are used, the effective area shall be the net
10.5.2 For composite girders, the ratio of the overall
depth of girder (concrete slab plus steel girder) to the
length of span preferably should not be less than “ ›, and *For considerations to be taken into Account when exceeding these
limitations, iefercnce is wade to “Bulletin No. 19, Critei„ia for„ the De-
the ratio of depth of steel girder alone to length of span flection of Steel Bridget,” availablc from the American kon anti Steel
preferably should not be less than “» Institute, Washington, D.C.
10.6.6 DIVISI€IN I—DESIGN 261
TABLE 10.3.1B
Stress Illustrative
Category Example
Kind of (See Table (See Figure
General Condition Situacion Stress 10.3. IA) 10.3. IC)
Plain Member Base metal with rolled or cleaned surface. Flame-cut edges T or Rev A 1,2
with ANSI smoothness of 1,O00 or less.
Built-Up Members Base rrietal and weld metal in members of built-up plates or T or Rev B 3,4,5,7
shapes (without attachments) connected by continuous full
penetration groove welds (with backing bars removed) or by
continuous fillet welds parallel to the direction of applicd
stress.
Base metal and weld metal in members of built-up plates or T or Rev B' 3,4,5,7
shapes (without attachments) connected by continuous full
penetration groove welds with backing bars not removed, or
by continuous partial penetration groove welds parallel to the
direction of applied stress.
Calculated flexural stress at the toe of transverse stiffener T or Rev 6
welds on girder webs or flanges.
Base metal at ends of partial length welded coverplates with T or Rev B 22
high-strength bolted slip-critical end connections. (See Note b
Base metal at ends of partial length welded coverplates
narrower than the flange having square or tapered ends, with
or without welds across the ends, or wider than flange with
welds across the ends:
(a) Flange thickness » 0. 8 in. T or Rev E
(b) Flange thickness V 0. 8 in. T or ReV E' 7
Base metal at ends of partial length welded coverplates wider T or Rev E‟
than the flange without welds across the ends.
Groove Welded Base metal and weld metal in or adjacent to full penetration T or Rev B 8, 10
Connections groove weld splices of rolled or welded sections having similar
profiles when welds are ground flush with grinding in the
direction of applied stress and weld soundness established by
nondestructive inspection.
Base metal and weld metal in or adjacent to full penetration T or Rev B
groove weld splices with 2 ft radius transitions in width,
when welds are ground flush with grinding in the direction
of applied stress and weld soundness established by
nondestructive inspection.
Base metal and weld metal in or adjacent to full penetration
groove weld splices at transitions in width or thickness, with
welds ground to provide slopes no steeper than 1 to 2?c, with
grinding in the direction of the applied stress, and weld
soundness established by nondestructive inspection:
(a) AASHTO M 270 Grades 100/100W (ASTM A 709) T or Rev B'
base metal
(b) Other base iiietals T or Rev B 11, 12
Base metal and weld metal in or adjacent to full penetration T or Rev 8, 10, 11,12
groove weld splices, with or without transitions having slopes
no greater than 1 to 2'Ze, when the reinforcement is not
removed and weld soundness is established by nondestructive
inspection.
Groove Welded Base metal adjacent to details attached by full or partial T or Rev 6, 15
Attachments— penetration groove welds when the detail length, L, in the
Longitudinally direction of stress, is less than 2 in.
Loaded„ Base metal adjacent to details attached by full or partial T or Rev D
penetration groove welds when the detail length, L, in the
direction of stress, is between 2 in. and 12 times the plate
thickness but less than 4 in.
262 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.6.6
TABLE 10.3.IB (Continued)

Stress Illustrative
Category Example
General Condition Situation Stress 10.3. IA) 10.3. IC)
Base metal adjacent to details attached by full or partial
penetration groove welds when the detail length, L, in the
direction of stress, is greater than 12 times the plate thickness
or greater than 4 in.:
(a) Detail thickness < 1.0 in. T or Rev E
(b) Detail thickness » 1.0 in. T or Rev E'
Base metal adjacent to details attached by full or partial
penetration groove welds with a transition radius, R,
regardless of the detail length:
—With the end welds ground smooth T or Rev 16
(a) Transition radius fi 24 in.
(b) 24 in. > Transition radius fi 6 in.
(c) 6 in. > Jransition radius ñ 2 in.
(d) 2 in. > Transition radius fi 0 in.
—For all transition radii without end welds ground smooth. T or Rev E 16
Groove welded Detail base metal attached by full penetration groove welds
Attachments — with a transition radius, R, regardless of the detail length and
Transversely with weld soundness transverse to the direction of stress
Loaded° established by nondestructive inspection:
—With equal plate thickness and reinforcement removed T or Rev 16
(a) Transition radius ñ 24 in. B
(b) 24 in. W Transition radius fi 6 in. C
(c) 6 in. > Transition radius » 2 in. D
(d) 2 in. > Transition radius » 0 in. E
—With equal plate thickness and rcintorcement not removed T or Rev 16
(a) Transition radius ñ 6 in.
(b) 6 in. > Transition radius ñ 2 in. D
(c) 2 in. > Transition radius ñ 0 in. E
—With unequal plate thickness and reinforcement removed T or Rev 16
(a) Transition radius ñ 2 in. D
(b) 2 in. + Transition radius ñ 0 in. E
—For all transition radii with unequal plate thickness and T or Rev E 16
reinforcement not removed.
Fillct Welded Base metal at details connected with transversely loaded
Connections welds, with the welds perpendicular to the direction of stress:
(a) Detail thickness » 0. 5 in. T or Rev C 14
(b) Detail thickness > 0. 5 in. T or Rev See Note
Base metal at intermittent fillet welds. T or Rev E
Shear stress onthroat of fillet welds. Shear F 9
Fillet Welded Base metal adjacent to details attached by fillet welds with T or Rev C IE, 17,18,20
Attachments— length, L, in the direction of stress, is less than 2 in. and
Longitudinally stud-type shear connectors.
Loaded° ,d
Base metal adjacent to details attached by fillet welds with T or Rev D 15,17
length, L, in the dñection of stress, between 2 in. and 12
times the plate thickness but less than 4 in.
Base metal adjacent to details attached by fillet welds with
length, L, in the direction of stress greater than 12 times the
plate thickness or greater than 4 in..
(a) Detail thickness < 1.0 in. 1‟ or Rev E 7,9,15,17
(b) Detail thickness ñ l .0 in. T or Rev E' 7,9,15
10.6.6 DIVISION I—DESIGN
TABLE 10.3.IB (Continued)

Stress Illustrative
Category Example
General Condition Situacion Stress 10.3. IA) 10.3. lC)
Base metal adjacent to details attached by fillet welds with a
transition radius, R, regardless of the detail length:
(a) Transition radius « 2 in. D
(b) 2 in. > Transition radius ñ 0 in. E
—For all transition radii without the end welds T or Rev E 16
ground smooth.
Fillet Welded Detail base metal attached by fillet welds with a transition
Attachments— radius, R, regardless of the detail length (shear stress on the
Transversely Loaded throat of fillet welds governed by Category F):
with the Weld in
the Direction of (a) Tlansition radius ñ 2 in. D
Principal Stress"' (b) 2 in. W Transition radius ü 0 in. E
E 16
—For all transition radii without the end welds T or Rev
ground smooth.
Mechanically Base metal at gross section of high-strength bolted slip T or Rev
Fastened resistant connections, except axially loaded joints which
Connections induce out-of-plane bending in connecting materials.
Base metal at net section of high-strength bolted T or Rev
B
bearing-type connections.
D 21
Base metal at net section of riveted connections. T or Rev
E 23, 24
Eyebar or Pin Plates Base metal at the net section of eyebar head, or pin T
plate
Base metal in the shank of eyebars, or through the gross
section of pin plates with:
(a) rolled or smoothly ground surfaces T A 23, 24
(b) llame-cut edges T B 23, 24
„“T” signifies range in tensile stress only, “Rev” signifies a range of stress involving both tension and compression during a stress cycle.
ºSee Wattar, Albrecht and Sahli, Journal of structural Engineering, ASCF:, Vol. III, No. 6, June 1985, pp. 1235—1249.
where S° is equal to the allowable stress range for Category C gwen in Table 10.3. lA. This assumes no penetration at the weld root.
'Gusset plates attached to girder flange surfaces with only transverse fillet welds are prohibited.
volume divided by the length from center to center of 10.7 LIMITING LENGTHS OF MEMBERS
perforations.
10.7.1 For compression members, the slenderness
10.6.7 The foregoing requirements as they relate to ratio, KL/r, shall not exceed 120 íor main members, or
beam or girder bridges may be exceeded at the cliscretion those in which the majoi stresses result fi om dead or live
of the designer. * load, oí both; and shall not excecd 140 for secondary
members, or those whose primary purpose is to brace the
*For„ considerations to be takeii inte account when exceeding these structure against lateral or longitudinal force, or to brace
liinitations, reference is wade to “Bulletiii No. 19, Criteria for the De-
flection of Steel Bridges,” available fiom the American Iron and Steel or reduce the unbraced length of other members, main or
Institute, Washington, D.C. secondary.
fin
b
9
« At End of Weld, Has No Length
10 End of Weld
FIGURE 10.3.TC Illusti-ative Examples

10.7.2 DIVISION I—DESIGN 265
TABLE 10.3.2A Stress Cycles TABLE 10.3.3A Tempei-ature Zone Designations for
Main (Longitudinal) Load Carrying Members Charpy V-Notch Impact Requirements
Truck Lane Minimum Temperature
pe of Road Case ADTT‘ Loading Loading‘ Service Temperature Zone Designation
Freeways, Expressways, I 2,500 or 2,000,000„ 500,000 0‘F and above 1
Major Highways, and more — 1‘F to —30 F 2
Streets —3l‘F to —60 F 3
Freeways, Expressways, II less than 500,000 100,000
Major Highways, and 2,500 length between panel point intersections or centers of
braced points or centers of end conncctions; for sec-
Other Highways and III
Streets not included in
ondary members, the length between the ccnters of the
Case I or II end connections of sitch members or centers of braced
points.
Transverse Members
and Details Subjected to Wheel Loads 10.7.5 For tension members, except rods, eyebars, ca-
bles, and plates, the ratio of unbraced length to radius of
Truck
Freeways, Expressways,
Typeof Road I
Case 2,500
ADTT‘or over
Loadin8 gyration shall not exceed 200 for main members, shall not
Major Highways, and more 2,000,000
Streets
exceed 240 for bracing iiiembers. and shall not exceed
140 for main members subject to a reversal of stress.
Freeways, Expressways, II less than 2,000,000
Major Highways, and 2,500
Streets 10.8 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF METAL
Other Highways and III 500,000
Streets 10.8.1 Structural steel (including bracing, cross frames,
’Average Daily Truck Traffic (one direction). and all types of gusset plates), except for webs of certain
‘Longitudinal members should also be checked for truck loading. rolled shapes, closed ribs in orthotropic decks, fillers, and
Members shall also be investigated for “over 2 million” stress in railings, shall be not less than ?« inch in thickness. The
cycles produced by placing a single truck on the bridge distributed to
the girders as designated in Article 3.23.2 for one traffic lane loading. web thicl‹ness of rolled beams or channels shall not be
The shear in steel girder webs shall not exceed 0.58 F,DÇC for this less than 0.23 inches. The thickness of closed ribs in or-
single truck loading.
thotropic decks shall not be less than ”« inch.
10.7.2 In determining the radius of gyration, r, for the 10.8.2 Where the metal will be exposed to marked cor-
purpose of applying the limitations of the KL/r ratio, the rosive influences, it shall be increased in thickness or spe-
area of any portion of a member may be neglected pro- cially protected against corrosion.
vided that the strength of the member as calculated with-
out using the area thus neglected and the strength of the 10.8.3 It should be noted that there are other provisions
member as computed for the entirc section with the KL/r in this section pertaining to thickness for fillers, segmento
iatio applicable thereto, both equal or exceed the com- of compression member‟s, gusset plates, etc. As stated
puted total force that the member must sustain. above, fillers need not be ”« inch minimum.
10.7.3 The radius of gyration and the effective area for 10.8.4 For compression members, refer to “Trusses”
carrying stress of a member containing perforated cover (Article 10.16).
plates shall be computed for a transverse section through
the maximum width of perforation. When perforations are 10.8.5 For stiffeners and other plates, refer to “Plate
staggered in opposite cover plates, the cross-sectional Girders” (Article 10.34).
area of the member shall be considered the same as for a
section having perforations in the same transverse plane. 10.8.6 For stiffeners and outstanding legs of angles, etc.,
refer to Article 10.10.
10.7.4 Actual unbraced length, L, shall be assumed as
follows: 10.9 EFFECTIVE AREA OF ANGLES AND
TEE SECTIONS IN TENSION
For the top chords of half-through trusses, the length
between panel points laterally supperted as indicated 10.9.1 The effective area of a single angle tension mem-
under Article 10.16.12; for other main members, the ber, a tee section tension member, or each angle of a ilou-
ble angle tension member in which the shapes are con- under Strength Design as specified in Articles 10.48.1,
nected back to back on the same side of a gusset plate shall 10.50. 1.1, and 10.50.2.1. When computing the strength of
be assumed as the net area of the connected leg or flange a flexural member at a section with holes in the tension
plus one-half of the area of the outstanding leg. flange, an effective flange area, A,, specified by Equation
(10-4g) shall be used for that flange in computing the elas-
10.9.2 If a double angle or tee section tension member tic section properties. The diameter of the holes shall be
is connected with the angles or flanges back to back on op- taken as specified in Article 10.16.14.6. In the case of the
posite sides of a gusset plate, the full net area of the shapcs strength design method, the strength of compact sections
shall be considered effective. with holes in the tension flange shall not be taken greater
than the moment capacity at first yield.
10.9.3 When angles connect to separate gusset plates, as
in the case of a double-webbed truss, and the angles are
connected by stay plates located as near the gusset as prac- 10.13 COVER PLATES
ticable, or by other adequate means, the full net area of the
angles shall be considered effective. If the angles are not 10.13.1 The length of any cover plate added to a rolled
so connected, only 809r of the net areas shall be consid- beam shall be not less than (2d+ 3) feet, where (d) is the
ered effective. depth of the beam in feet.
10.9.4 Lug angles may be considered as effective in 10.13.2 Partial length welded cover plates shall not be
transmitting stress, provided they are connected with at used on flanges more than 0.8 inches thick for nonredun-
least one-third more fasteners than required by the stress dant load path structures subjected to repetitive loadings
to be carried by the lug angle. that produce tension or reversal of stress in the member.
10.10 OUTSTANDING LEGS OF ANGLES 10.13.3 The maximum thickness of a single cover plate
on a flange shall not be greater than two times the thick-
The widths of outstanding legs of angles in compres- ness of the flange to which the cover plate is attached. The
sion (except where reinforced by plates) shall not exceed total thickness of all cover plates should not be greater
the following: than 2? times the flange thickness.
In main members carrying axial stress, 12 times the 10.13.4 Any partial length welded cover plate shall ex-
thickness. tend beyond the theoretical end by the terminal distance,
In bracing and other secondary members, 16 times the and it shall extend to a section where the stress range in
thickness. the beam flange is equal to the allowable fatigue stress
range for base metal adjacent to or connected by fillet
For other limitations, see Article 10.35.2. welds. The theoretical end of the cover plate, when using
service load design methods, is the section at which the
stress in the flange without that cover plate equals the al-
10.11 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION lowable service load stress, exclusive of fatigue consider-
ations. When using strength design methods, the theoret-
In all bridges, provisions shallbe wade in the design to ical end of the covei plate is the section at which the flange
resist thermal stresses induced, or means shall be provided strength without that cover plate equals the required
for movement caused by temperature changes. Provisions strength for the design loads, exclusive of fatigue require-
shall be wade for changes in length of span resulting from ments. The terminal distance is two times the nominal
live load stresses. In spans more than 300 feet long, al- cover plate width for cover plates not welded across their
lowance shall be wade for expansion and contraction in ends, and lu times for cover plates welded across their
the floor. The expansion end shall be secured against lat- ends. The width at ends of tapered cover plates shall be
eral movement. not less than 3 inches. The weld connecting the cover
plate to the flange in its terminal distance shall be contin-
uous and of sufficient size to develop a total stress of not
10.12 FLEXURAL MEMBERS less than the computed stress in the cover plate at its the-
oretical end. All welds connecting cover plates to beam
Flexural members shall be designed using the elastic flanges shall be continuous and shall not be smaller than
section modulus except when utilizing compact sections the minimum size permitted by Article 10.23.2.
DIVISION I—DESIGN
10.13.5 Any partial length end-bolted cover plate shall

extend beyond the theoretical end by a terminal distance R=
equal io the length of the end-bolted portion, and the cover
plate shall extend to a section where the stress range in the Ü00b
beam flange is equal to the allowable fatigue stress range R —” (10 - 2)
for base metal at ends of partial length welded cover plates
with high-strength bolted, slip-critical end connections In these equations, F, is the specified minimum yield
(Table 10.3.IB). Beams with end-bolted cover plates shall point in kips per square inch of steel in the girder web, i|i
be fabricated in the following sequence: drill holes; clean is the ratio of the total cross-sectional area to the ci oss-
faying surfaces; install bolts; weld. The theoretical end of sectional area of both flanges, b is the widest flange width
the end-bolted cover plate is determined in the same man- in inches, D is the clear distance between flanges in
ner as that of a welded cover plate, as is specified in Arti- inches, tq is the web thicl‹ness in inches, and R is the ra-
cte 10.13.4. The bolts in the slip-critical connections of dius in inches.
the cover plate ends to the flange, shall be of sufficient
numbers to develop a total force of not less than the com- 10.15.2.2 In addition to the above requircments, the
puted force in the cover plate at the theoretical end. The radius shall not be less than 1,000 feet when the flange
slip resistance of the end-bolted connection shall be de- thickness exceeds 3 inches or the flange width exceeds
termined in accordance with Article 10.32.3.2 for service 30 inches.
load design, and Article 10.56.1.4 for load factor design.
The longitudinal welds connecting the cover plate to the
10.15.3 Camber
beam flange shall be continuous and stop a distance equal
to one bolt spacing before the first row of bolts in the end-
To compensate for possible loss of camber of heat-
bolted portion.
curved girders in service as residual stresses dissipate, the
amount of camber in inches, ó at any section along the
10.14 CAMBER length L of the girder shall be equal to:
Girders should be cambered to compensate for dead _ ’DL

load deflections and vertical curvature required by profile
grade.
_ 0.02 L' × 1, 000 — R
„ EY, 850
10.15 HEAT-CURVED ROLLED BEAMS AND Ay = 0 for iadii greater than l, 000
WELDED PI=ATE GIRDERS
where AD‹ is the camber in inches at any point along the
10.15.1 Scope length L calculated by usual procedures to compensate for
deflection due to dead loads or any other specified loads;
This section pertains to rolled beams and welded I-sec- ó is the maximum value of A DL in inches withiii the
tion plate girders heat-curved to obtain a horizontal cur- length L; E is the modulus of elasticity in ksi; F , is the
vature. Steels that are manufactured to a specified mini- specified minimum yield point in ksi of the girder flange;
mum yield point greater than 50,000 psi, except for Grade Y, is the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme
HPS70W steel, shall not be heat-cuived. outer fiber in inches (maximum distance for nonsyminet-
rical sections); R is the radius of curvatura in feet; and L
is the span length for simple spans or for continuous
10.15.2 Minimum Radius of Curvature spans, the distance between a simple end support and the
dead load contraflexure point, or the distance between
10.15.2.1 For heat-curved beams and girders, the points of dead load contraflexure. (L is measured in
horizontal radius of curvature measured to the center line inches.) Camber loss bctween dead load contraflexure
of the girder web shall not be less than 150 feet and shall points adjacent to piers is small and may be neglected.
not be less than the larger of the values calculated (at any
and all cross sections throughout the length of thc girder) Note: Part of the camber loss is attributable to construc-
from the following two equations: üon loads and will occur during construction of the
268 HIGHWAY BRIDGES
bridge; total camber loss will be complete after cover plates and at the bottom with perforated plates or
several months of in-service loads. Therefore, a stay plates and lacing.
portion of the camber increase (approximately Double Box sections, wade with side channels, beams,
509r) should be included in the bridge profile. angles and plates or side segments of plates only, con-
Camber losses of this nature (but generally smaller nected with a conventional solid web, together with t‹›p
in magnitude) ‹ire also known to occur in straight and bottom perforated cover plates or stay plates and
bcums and girders. lacing.
10.16 TRUSSES 10.16.2.2 If the shape of the truss permits, compres-

sion chords shall be continuoiis.
10.16.1 Cieneral
10.16.2.3 In chords composed of angles in channel-
10.16.1.1 Coinpc›nent parts of individual truss mem-
shaped member s, the vertical legs of the angles pr eferably
bers may be connected by welds, rivets, or high-strength
shall extend downward.
bolts.
10.16.2.4 If web members are subject to reversal of
10.16.1.2 Preference sheuld be gwen to trusses with
stiess, their end connections shall not be pinned. Coiintei s
single intersection web systems. Members shall be sym-
preferably shall be rigid. Adjustable counters, if used,
meti ical about the central plane of the truss.
shall have open turnbuckles, and in the design of these
10.TG.1.3 Trusses preferably shall have inclined end members an itllowance of 10,000 pounds per square inch
posts. Latei ally unsupported hip joints shall be avoided. shall be wade for initial stress. Only one set of diagonaJ s
in any panel shall be adjustable. Sleeve nuts and loop b:u s
10.1fi.1.4 iVÍain trusses shall be spaced a sufficient shall not be used.
distance apart, center to center, to be secure against over—
turiiiiig by the assumed lateral forces. 10.16.3 Secondary Stresses
10.16.1.5 For the calciilation of stresses, effective The design and details shall be such that secondary
depths shall be assumed as follows: stresses will be as small in praeticable. Secondary sti esscs
due to truss distortion or floor beam deflection usuull y
Riveted and bolted trusscs, distance between centers of need not be considei ed in any member, the width of
gravity of the chords. which, measured parallel to the plane of distortion, is less
Pin-connected trusses, distance between centers of than one-tenth of its length. If the secondary stress ex-
chord pins. ceeds 4,0011 pounds per square inch for tension membcrs
and 3,000 for compression members, the excess shall be
10.16.2 Truss Members
treated es a primary stress. Stresses due lo the flexural
10.16.2.1 Chord and web truss members shall usu- dead load moment of the member shall be considered as
ally be wade in the following shapes: additional secondary stress.
“H” sections, wade with two side segments (composed 10.1ti.4 Diaphragms
of angles or plates) with solid web, perforated web, or
web of stay plates and lacing. 10.16.4.1 There shall be diaphragms in the trusses at
Channel sections, wade with two angle segmento, with the end connections of floor beams.
solid web, per forated web, or web of stay plates and
lacing. 10.1ti.4.2 The gusset plates engaging the pedestal pin
Single Box sections, wade with side channels, beams, at the end of the truss shall be connected by a diaphragm.
angles, and plates or side segmento of plates only, con- Similarly, the webs of the pedestal shall, if practicable, be
nected top and bottom with pei foi ated plates ni stay connecte‹l by a diapliragm.
plates and lacing.
10.16.4.3 There shall be a diaphragm between gusset
Single Box sections, wade with side channels, beams, plates engaging main members if the end tie plate is 4 feet
angles and plates only, connected at top with solid oí inoie from the point of intei section ot the members.
DIVISION I—DESIGN
10.16.5 Camber 10.16.8.1 The ratio of length, in direction of stress, to

width of perforation, shall not exceed two.
The length of the truss members shall be such that the
camber will be equal to er greater than the deflection pro- 10.16.8.2 The clear distance between perf‹›rations in
duced by the dead load. the direction of stress shall not be less thxn the distance
between points of support.
10.16.f› Working Lines and Gravity Axes
10.16.8.3 The clear distance between the end perfo-
10.16.6.1 Main members shall be proportioned so ration and the end of the cover plate shall not be less than
that their gravity axes will be as nearly as practicable in 1.25 times the distance between points of support.
the center of the section.
10.16.8.4 The point of support shall be the inner line
10.16.6.2 In compression members of unsymmetri- of fasteners or fillet welds connecting the perforated plate
cal section, such as chord sections formed of side seg- to the flanges. For plates butt welded to the flange edge of
ments and a covei plate, the gravity axis of the section rolled segments, the point of support may be taken as the
shall coincide as nearly as practicable with the working weld whenever the ratio ‹›f the outstanding flange width
line, except that eccentricity may be introduced to coun- to flange thickness of the rolled segment is less than
teiact dead load bending. In two—angle bottom chord or di- seven. Otherwise, the point of support shall be the root of
agonal members, the working line may be taken as the the flange of the rolled segment.
gage line nearest the bacl‹ of the angle or at the center of
gravity for welded trusses. 10.1ti.8.5 The periphery of the perforation at all
points shall have a minimum radius of 1“› inches.
10.16.7 Portal and Sway Bracing
10.16.8.6 For thickness of metal, see Article l II.35.2.
10.16.7.1 Through truss spans shall have portal brac-
ing, preferably, of the two-plane or box type, rigidly con-
10.16.9 Stay Plates
nected to the end post and the top chord flanges, and as
deep as the clearance will allow. If a single plane portal is
10.16.9.1 Wheie the open sides of compression
u sed, it shall be located, prefeiably, in the central hans-
members are not connected by perfoi ateil plates, such
verse plane of the end posts, with diaphragms between the
members shall be provided with lacing bars and shall have
webs of the posts to provide for a distribution of the por—
stay plates as near each cnd as practicable. Stay plates
tal sti esses. The portal bracing shall be designed to take
shall be provided at intermediate points wheie the lacing
the full end i„eaction of the top chord latci al system, and
is interrupted. In main members, the length of the end stay
the end posts shall be designed to transfer this reaction to
plates between end fasteners shall be not less than 1 “‹
the ngs.
times the distance between points of supp‹›it and
the length ol intermediate stay plates not less th.in . of
IO.1ti.7.2 Through truss spans shall have sway brac-
that distance. In lateral struts and other secondary mem-
ing 5 feet or more deep at each intermediate panel point.
bers, the overall length of end and intermediate stay plates
Top lateral struts shall be at least as deep as the top chord.
shall be not less than ?‹ of the distance between points of
support.
10.16.7.3 Deck truss spans shall ha.le sway bracing
in the plane of the end posts and at all intermediate p:inel
10.1Si.9.2 The point of support shall be the inner line
points. This bracing shall extend the full depth of the of fasteners oí fillet welds connecting the stay plates to
trusscs below the Poor system. The end sway liracing shall the flanges. For stay plates butt welded to the flange edge
be proportioned to carry the entire upper lateral stress to oí rolled segments, the point of suppoi‟t may be taken as
the supports through the end posts of the truss. the weld whenever the ratio of outstanding fl unge width
to flange thickness of the i olled segment is less than
10.16.8 Perforated Cover Plates seven. Otherwise, the point of support shall be the root of
flange of rolled segment. When stay plates arc butt
When iªerfoiatcd cover plates are used, the following welded to i olled segmento of a member, the allowable
provisions shall govein their design. stress in the member shall be determined in accordance
270 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.16.9.2
with Article 10.3. Terminations of butt welds shall be 10.16.10.6 The diameter of fasteners in lacing bars
ground smooth. shall not exceed one-third the width of the bar. There shall
be at least two fasteners in each end of lacing bars con-
10.16.9.3 The separate segments of tension members nected to flanges more than 5 inches in width.
composed of shapes may be connected by perforated
plates or by stay plates or end stay plates and lacing.
End stay plates shall have the same minimum length as 10.1ti.11 C×usset Plates
specified for end stay plates on main compression mem-
10.16.11.1 Gusset or connection plates preferably
bers, and intermediate stay plates shall have a minimum
shall be used for connecting main members, except when
length of ?‹ of that specified for intermediate stay plates on
the members are pin-connected. The fasteners connecting
main compression members. The clear distance between
each member sh‹il1 be symmetrical with the axis of the
stay plates on tension membcrs shall not exceed 3 feet.
member, so far as practicable, and the full development of
10.16.9.4 The thickness of stay plates shall be not the elements of the member shall be gwen consideration.
less than "» of the distance between points of support for The gusset plates shall be of ample thickness to resist
main members, and ?‹» of that distance for bracing mem- shear, direct stress, and fl exurc acting on the weakest or
bers. Stay plates shall be connected by not less than three critical section of maximum stress.
fasteners on each side, and in members having lacing bars
10.16.11.2 Re-entrant cuts, except curves wade for
the last fastener in the stay plates preferably shall also pass
appearance, shall be avoided as far as practicable.
through the end of the adjacent bar.
10.16.11.3 II the length of unsupported edge of
10.16.10 Lacing Bars a gusset plate exceeds the value of the expres-
sion 11,000/ , times its thickness, the edge shall be
When lacing bars are used, the following provisions stiffened.
shall govern their design.
i0.16.11.4 Listed below are the values of the expres-
10.16.10.1 Lacing bars of compression members sion 11,000/ , for the following grades of steel:
shall be so spaced that the slenderness ratio of the portion
of the flange included betwcen the lacing bar connections 36,000 psi, Y.P. Min 58
will be not more than 40 or more than "› ol„ the slender- 50,000 psi, Y.P. Min 49
ness ratio of the member. 70,000 psi, Y. P. Min 42
90,000 psi, Y.P. Min 37
10.16.10.2 The section of the lacing bars shall be de-
100.000 psi, Y.P. Min 35
termined by the formula for axial compression in which
L is taken as the distance along the bar between its con-
nections to the main segments for single lacing, and as
709o of that distance for double lacing. 10.16.12 Hall-Through Truss Spans
10.16.12.1 The vertical truss members and the floor

10.16.10.3 If the distance across the member between
beams and their connections in half-through truss spans
fastener lines in the ílangcs is more than 15 inches and a
shall be proportioned to resist a lateral force of not less
bar with a single fastener in the connection is used, the lac-
than 300 pounds per linear foot applied at the top chord
ing shall be double and íastened at the intersections.
panel points of each truss.
10.16.10.4 The angle between the lacing bars and the 10.16.12.2 The top chord shall be considered as a
axis of the member shall be approximately 45‟ for double column with elastic lateral supports at the panel points.
lacing and 60„ for single lacing. The critical buckling force of the column, so determined,
shall exceed the maximum force from dead load, live load,
10.16.10.5 Lacing bars may be shapes or flat bars. and impact in amy panel of the top chord by not less than
For main members, the minimum thickness of flat bars
shall be ?« of the distance along the bar between its con-
nections for single lacing and “« for double lacing. For
*For a díscussion of columiis with elastic lateral supports, refer„ to Tim-
bracing members, the limits shall be ½» for single lacing oslienl‹o & Geie, ”Theory of Elastic Stability,” McGraw-Hill Boolc Co.,
and /» for double lacing. First Edition, p. 122.
10.16.13 Fastener Pitch in Ends of Compression shall be considered in determining the unit stress on the
Members net section.
In the ends of compression members, the pitch of fas- 10.16.14.6 The diameter of the hole shall be taken as
teners connecting the component parts of the member ?› inch greater than the nominal diameter of the rivet or
shall not exceed four times the diameter of the fastener high-strength bolt, unless larger holes are permitted in ac-
for a length equal to l ? times the maximum width of the cordance with Article 10.24.
member. Beyond this point, the pitch shall be increased
gradually for a length equal to lu times the maximum
width of the member until the maximum pitch is
10.17 BENTS AND TOWERS
reached.
10.17.1 General
10.16.14 Net Section of Riveted or High-Strength
Bolted Tension Members
Bents preferably shall be composed of two supporting
columns, and the bents usually shall be united in pairs to
10.16.14.1 The net section of a riveted or high-
form towers. The design of members for bents and towers
strength bolted tension member is the sum of the net sec-
is governed by applicable articles.
tions of its component parts. The net section of a part is
the product of the thickness of the part multiplied by its
least net width.
10.17.2 Single Bents
10.16.14.2 The net width for any chain of holes ex-
tending progressively across the part shall be obtained by Single bents shall have hinged ends or else shall be de-
deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters signed to resist bending.
of all the holes in the chain and adding, for each gage
space in the chain, the quantity:
10.17.3 Batter
Bents preferably shall have a sufficient spread at the

base to prevent uplift under the assumed lateral loadings.
In general, the width of a bent at its base shall be not less
where:
than one-third of its height.
S = pitch of any two successive holes in the chain;
g — gage of the same holes.
10.17.4 Bracing
The net section of the part is obtained from the chain that
gives the least net width.
10.17.4.1 Towers shall be braced, both transversely
10.16.14.3 For angles, the gross width shall be the and longitudinally, with stiff members having either
sum of the widths of the legs less the thickness. The gage welded, high—strength bolted or riveted connections. The
for holes in opposite legs shall be the sum of gages from sections of members of longitudinal bracing in each panel
back of angle less the thickness. shall not be less than those of the members in corre-
sponding panels of the transverse bracing.
10.16.14.4 At a splice, the total stress in the member

being spliced is transferred by fasteners to the splice 10.17.4.2 The bracing of long columns shall be de-
material. signed to fix the column about both axes at or near the
same point.
10.16.14.5 When determining the unit stress on any

least net width of either splice material or member being 10.17.4.3 Horizontal diagonal bracing shall be
spliced, the amount of the stress previously transferred placed in all towers having more than two vertical panels,
by fasteners adjacent to the section being investigated at alternate intermediate panel points.
272 HIGHWAY BRIDGES l 0.17.5
10.17.5 Bottom Struts A = sum of the area of the fillers on the top and
bottom of the connected plate
The bottom struts of towers shall be strong enough to A, = smaller of either the connectccl plate area or
slide the movable shoes with the structure unloaded, the the sum of the splice plate areas on the top
coefficient of friction being assumed at 0.25. Provision for and bottom of the connected plate
expansion of the tower bracing shall be wade in the col-
umn bearings. The dcsign slip force, specified in Article 10.57.3. l in the
case of the strength design methocl and in Article
10.18 SPLICES 10.32.3.2. 1 in the case of the service load design method,
for slip-critical connections shall not be adjusted for the
10.18.1 General effect of the fillers. Fillers inch or more in thickness
shall consist of not more than two plates, unless special
10.18.1.1 Design Strength permission is gwen by the Engineer.
Splices may be wade by rivets, by high-strength bolts or 10.18.1.2.2 For bolted web splices with thick—
by the use of welding. In general, splices whether in tension, ness differences of ½‹ inch or less, no filler plates are
compression, bending, or shear, shallbe designed inthe case required.
of the service load design or strength design methods for a
capacity based on not less than the average of the required 10.18.1.2.3 Fillers for welded splices shall conform
design strength at the point of splice and the design strength to the requirements of the ANSI/AASHTO/AWS DI.5
of the member at the saine point but, in any event, not less Bridge Weldíng Code.
than 15ºfo of the design strength of the member, except as
specified herein. Bolted splices in flexural members shall
satisfy the requirements of Article 10.18.2. Bolted splices in
10.18.1.3 Design Force for Flange Splice Plates
compression members shal! satisfy the requirements of Ar-
For a flange splice with inner and outer splice plates,
ticle 10.18.3. Bolted splices in tension members shall sat-
isfy the requirements of Article 10.18.4. Welded splices the flange design force may be assumed to be divided
shall satisfy the rcquirements of Aiticle 10.18.5. Where a equally to the inner and outer plates and their connec-
section changes at a splice, the smaher section is to be used tions when the areas of the inner and outer plates do not
io satisfy the above splice requirements. differ by more than 109o. When the areas of the inner and
outei plates differ by morc than 109o, the design force in
10.18.1.2 Fillers each splice plate and its connection shall be determined
by multiplying the flange design forcc by the ratio of the
10.18.1.2.1 1 For lillers ½ inch and thickef in area of the splice plate under consideration to the total
bolted or riveted axially loaded connections, including area of the inner and outer splice plates. For this case, the
girder flange splices, additional fasteners shall be required shear strength of the connection shall be checked for the
to distribute the total stress in the member uniformly maximum calculated splice plate force acting on a sin-
over the combined section of the membei and the filler. gle shear plane. The slip resistance of high-strength
The filler shall either be extended beyond the splice bolted connections for a flange splice with inner
material and secured by additional bolts, or as an and outer splice plates shall always be checked for the
alternate to extending the filler, an equivalent number flange design force divided equally to the two slip
of bolts may be included in the connection. Fillers planes.
inch and thicker need not be extended and developed
provided that the design shear strength of the 10.18.1.4 Truss Chords and Columns
fasteners, specified in Article 10.56.1.3.2 in the case of
the strength design method and in Table l 0.32.3B in the Splices in truss chords and columns shall be located
case of the service load design method, is reduced by the as near to the panel points as practicable and usually on
following factor R: the side where the smaller stress occurs. The arrange-
R— (10 - 4a) ment of plates, angles, or other splice elements shall be
such as to make proper provision for the stresses, both
axial and bending, in the coinponent parts of the mem-
where: y=
bers spliced.
10.I 8.2 DIVISION I—DESIGN 273
10.18.2 Flexural Members M, = maximum bending strength of the section in pos-

itive or negative flexure at the point of splice,
10.18.2.1 General whichever causas the maximum compressive
stress due to thc factored loads at the reid-thick-
10.18.2.1.1 In continuous spans, splices shall prefer- ness of the flangc under consideration
ably be wade at or near points of dead-load contraflexure. M, — moment capacity at first yield for the section at
the point of splice used to com¡›ute M,,. For com-
10.18.2.1.2 2 In both flange and web splices, posite sections, M, shall be calculated in accor-
there shall be not less than two rows of bolts on each side dance with Article 111.50(c). For hybricl sections,
of the joint. M, shall be computed in accordance with Article
10.53.
10.18.2.1.3 Ovns’ize or slotted holes shall not be used = maximum elastic flexural sti css due to the fac-
in either the member or the splice plates at bolted splices. tored loads at the miel-thicl‹ness of the control-
ling flange at the point of splice.
10.18.2.1.4 4 In both flange and web splices, R = reduction factor for hybrid girders specified in
high- strength bolted connections shall be proportioned Article 10.53.J .2. R shall be taken equal to 1.0
to prevent slip during erection of the steel and during when f,, is less than or equ‹il to F,p, where F,, is
the casting or placing of the deck. equal to the specified minimum yield strength of
the web. For homogeneous girders, R shall al-
10.18.2.1.5 In the case of the strength design ways be taken equal to l .G.
method, the strength of compact sections at the point of Fu = specified minimum yield strength of the flange
splice shall not be taken greater than the moment capac-
ity at first yield, computed by accounting for the holes in As a minimum, the splice plates for the noncontrolling
the tension flange as specified in Article 10.12. flange shall be proportioned for a design 1‟orce, P,,,. P, ,,
shall be taken equal to a design stress, F,,,,, times the
10.18.2. I. 6 Flange and web splices in areas of stress smaller effective flange area, A,, on either side of the
reversal shall be checked for both positive and negative splice. F,, . is defined as follows:
flexure.
10.18.2.I. 7 Riveted and bolted flange angle splices

shall include two angles, one on each side of the flexural
member. where:
10.18.2.2 Flange Splices R,, = the absolute value of the ratio of Fq, to fq, for the
controlling flange.
10.18.2.2.1 As a minimum, in the case of the strength — flexui al stress due to the factored loads at the reid-
design method, the splice plates on the controlling flange thickness of the noncontrolling flange at the point
shall be proportioned for a design force, P,,,. The control- of splice concurrent i h f u
ling flange shall be ta1‹en as the top or bottom flange for
the smaller section at the point of splice, whichever flange In calculating f u› f Muy M, and R, holes in the flange
has the maximum ratio of the elastic flexural stress at its subject to tension shall be accoiinted fer as specified in Ar-
reid-thickness due to the factored loads to its maximum ticle 10.12. For a flange splice with inner and outer splice
strength P u shall be taken equal to a design stress, Fq,, plates, the flange design force shall be proportioned to the
times the smaller effective flange area, A , on either side innei‟ and outer plates and their connections as specified
in Article 10. 18.1.3. The effective area, A,, of each splice
of the splice. A is defined in Article 10.18.2 2 4 Ud F u is
defined as follows: plate shall be sufficient to prevent yielding of the splice
plate under its calculated portion of the design force. A, of
each splice plate shall be taken as defined in Article
(10 - 4b) 10.18.2.2.4. As a minimum, the connections for both the
top and bottom flange splices shall be proportioned to de-
where: velop the design force in the flange through shear in the
n = 1.0 except that a lower value equal ÍCt M u M ) bolts and bearing at the bolt holes, as specifie‹l in Article
may be used for flanges in compression at sec- 10.5G. 1.3.2. Where filler plates are required, the require-
tions where M,, is less than M,. ments of Article 10.18.1.2.1 shall also be satisfied.
274 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.18.2.2.2
10.18.2.2.2 As a minimum, in the case of the strength As a minimum, the splice plates for the noncontrolling
design method, high-strength bolted connections for both flange shall be proportioned íor » design force, P, P cf
top and bottom flange splices shall be proportioned to pre- shall be taken equal to a design stress, F,,,, times the
vent slip at an overload ilesign force, P,,. For the flange smaller effective flange area, A,, on either side of the
under consideration, P¡, shall be computed as follows: splice. F,,, is defined as follows:
(10 -
4d) where:
where: R,, = the absolute value of the ratio of Fq to f,, for the
controlling flange
f, — maximum flexural stress due to D + Q,(L + I) at f,,,, — flexural stress at the reid-thickness of the non-
the reid-thicl‹ness of the flange under considera- controlling flange at the point of splice concur-
tion for the smaller section at the point of splice, rent with fq
where Ç, is defined in Article 3.22
R = reduction factor for hybrid girders specified in In calculating Fq, f,,,¡ and R, holes in the flange subjcct to
Article 10.53.1.2. R shall be taken equal to 1.0 tension shall be accounted for as specified in Article
when f, is less than or equal to F,q, where F,q is 10.12. For a flange splice with inner and outer splice
equal to the specified minimum yield strength of plates, the flange dcsign force shall be proportioned to the
the web. For homogeneous girders, R shall al- inner and outer plates and their connections as specified
ways be taken equal to 1.0.
in Article 10.18.1.3. The effective area, A,, of each splice
Al — smaller gross flange area on either side of the
plate shall be sufficient to ensure that the stress in the
splice
splice plate does not exceed the allowable flexural stress
under its calculated portion of the design force. A, of each
f, and R shall be computed using the gross section ol the
splice plate shall be taken as defined in Article
member. The slip iesistance of the connection shall be
10.18.2.2.4. As a minimum, the connections for both the
computed from Equation (10-172).
top and bottom flange splices shall bc proportioned to de-
velop the design force in the flange through shear in the
10.18.2.2.3 As a minimum, in the case of the service
bolts and bearing at the bolt holes, as specified in Table
load design method, the splice plates on thc controlling
10.32.3B. Where filler plates are iequired, the require-
flange shall be proportioned for a design force, P,¡. The
ments of Article 10.18.1.2.1 shall also be satisfied. As a
controlling flange shall be taken as the top or bottom
minimum, high-strength bolted connections shall also be
flange for the smaller section at the point of splice,
proportioned to prevent slip at a force equal to the maxi-
whichever flange has the maximum ratio of the elastic
mum elastic flexural stress due to D + (L + I) at the reid-
flexural stress at its reid-thickness to its allowable stress. P,,
thickness of the flange under consideration for the smaller
shall be taken equal to a design stress, F, , times the smaller
section at the point of splice times the smaller value of the
effective flange arca, A,, on either side of the splice. A, is
gross flange area on either side of the splice. The slip re—
defined in Article 10.18.2.2.4 and F,, is defined as follows:
sistance of the connection shall be determined as specified
ñ 0.75Fb (10 - 4e) in Article 10.32.3.2. 1.
where: 10.IB.2. 2.4 For checking the strength of flange

splices, an effective area, A,, shall be used for the flange
fq = maximum elastic flexural stress at the reid-thick- and foi„ the individual splice plates as follows:
ness of the controlling flange at the point of
splice. For flanges and their splice plates subject to tension:
Fb = allowable flexural stress for the flange under con-
sideration at the point of splice
R = reduction factor for hybrid girders specified in Ar- (10 - 4g)
ticle 10.40.2. l . R shall be taken equal to 1.0 when
fq is less than or equal to the allowable flexural where:
stress fei the web steel. For homogeneous girders, W — least net width of the flange or splice plate com-
R shall always be taken equal to 1.0. puted as specified in Ai ticle 10. 16. 14
10.18.2.2.4 DIVISION I—DESIGN 275
= flange or splice plate thickness 10.18.2.3.3 As a minimum, in the case of the strength
Al 'gross area of the flange or splice plate design method, web splice plates and their connections
|3 = 0.0 for M 270 Grade 100/100W steels, or when shall be proportioned for a design moment, M,,,, due to the
holes exceed II inch in diameter. eccentricity of the design shear at the point of splice de-
— 0. 15 for all other steels and when holes are less fined as follows:
than or equal to II inch in diameter.
The diameter of the holes shallbe tal‹en as s¡›ecified in Ar-

ticle 10.16.14.6. where:
Vp, = design shear in the web at the point of splice de-
For the flanges and their splice plates subject to
fined in Article 10.18.2.3.2
compression:
e — distance from the centerline of the splice to the
centroid of the connection on the side of the
(10 - joint under consideration
4h)
10.18.2.3.4 As a minimum, in the case of the strength
10.18.2.3 Web Splices design method, web splice plates and their connections
shall be proportioned for a design moment at the point of
10.18.2.3.1 1 In general, web splice plates and splice, M,,,, representing the portion of the flexural mo-
ment that is assumed to be resisted by the Wéb Mwn h 11
their connections shall be proportioned for shear, a
be applied aÍ the reid-depth of the web. For sections where
moment due to the eccentricity of the shear at the point
the neutral axis is not located at reid-depth of the web, a
of splice, and a portion of the flexural moment that is
horizontal design force resultant in the web at the point of
assumed to be resisted by the web at the point of splice. *
splice, Hg,, shall also be applied at the reid-depth of the
Webs shall be spliced symmetrically by plates on each
hbo M Ud Hwu ITlay be computed as follows:
side. The web splice plates shall extend as near as
practical for the full depth between flanges.
10.18.2.3.2 As a minimum, in the case of the strength

design method, web splice plates and their connections
shall be proportioned for a design shear in the web at the „ cu
point of splice, Vp,, defined as follows: 2
where:
= design stress for the controlling flange at the
(10 - 4i) point of splice defined in Article 10.18.2.2. 1
(positive for tension; negative for compression)
R — reduction factor for hybrid girders specified in
Article 10.53.1.2. R shall be taken equal to 1.0
when f,, is less than or equal to F,,p, where F,, is
equal to the specified minimum yield strength of
2 the web. For homogeneous girders, R shall al-
where: ways be taken equal to 1.0.
Ryu thé absolute value of the ratio of F,, to f,, for the
V = maximum shear in the web at the point of splice controlling flange
due to the factored loads f cu' ÍÍéxural stress due to the factored loads at the reid-
u -' shear capacity of the web at the point of splice thickness of the noncontrolling flange at the
point of splice concurrent with f,, (positive for
tension; negative for compression)
"For an alternatíve approach for compact steel sections, refeience is
wade to Firas I. Sheikh-Ibrahim and I€ai1 H. Frank, “The Ultimate 10.18.2.3.5 As a minimum, in the case of the strength
Strength of Symmeti ic Beam Boltecl Splices,” AISC Engincerin g Jour-
nal, 3rd Quarter, 1998, and “The Ultimate Strength of Unsymmetric design method, web splice plates and their connections
Beam Dolted Splices,” AISC Engineering Journal, 2nd Quarter, 2Ü01. shall be proportioned to develop the most critical combi-
276 HIGHWAY BRIDGES l 0.18.2.3.5
nation of Vq,, M, Muy Ud H u' The connections shall be 10.18.2.3.6 6 As a minimum, in the case of the
proportioned as cccentrically loaded connections to de- service load design method, web splice plates and their
velop the resultant design force through shear in the bolts connections shall be proportioned for a design shear
and bearing at the bolt holes, as specified in Article stress in the web at the point of splice, Fp, defined as
10.56.1.3.2. In a‹ldition, as a minimum, high-strength follows:
boltecl connections for web splices shall be proportioned
as eccentrically loaded connections to prevent slip under
the most critical combinacion of: 1) an overload design
shear. Vq,, 2) an overload design moment, M , , due to the
eccentricity of the overload design shear, 3) an overload (10 - 4r)
design moment, M,,, applied at reid-depth of the web rep-
resenting the portion of the flexural moment that is as-
sumed to be resisted by the web, and 4) for sections where
the neutral axis is not located at the reid-depth of the web, (ll - 4s)
an overload horizontal design force resultant, Hg , applied
at reid-depth of the web, as follows:
where:
f, = maximum shear stress in the web at the point of
(10 - 4n)
splice
where: F, — allowable shear stress in the web at the point of
splice
V = maximum shear in the web due to D + Ç,(L+ I)
at the point of the splice, where Ç, is defined in 10.18.2.3.7 7 As a minimum, in the case of the
Article 3.22 service load design method, web splice plates and their
connections shall be proportioned for a design moment,
(10 - 4o) M,, due to the eccentricity of the design shear at the point
of splice defined as follows:
(10 - 4t)
where:
(10 - 4p)
Fq = design shear stress in the web at the point of
splice defined in Article 10. 18.2.3.6
(10 - 4q) D = web depth
2 tp — web thickness
where:
10.18.2.3.8 As a minimum, in cases of the service
f, = maximum flexural stress due to D + |3, (L + I) at load design method, web splice plates and their connec-
the reid-thickness of the 1Jan¿ce under consider- tions shall be pr oportioned for a desigii moment at the
ation for the smaller section at the point point of splice, Mg, representing the portion of the flex-
of splice (positive for tension: negative for com- ural moment that is assumed to be resisted by the web. Mp
pression) shall be applied at the reid-depth of the web. For sections
f = flexural stress due to D * Ç,(L + I) at the reid- where the neutral axis is not located at the ini‹l-depth of
thickness of the other flange et the point of splice the web, a horizontal design force resultant in the web at
concurrent with f, in the flange under considera- the point of splice, Hg, shall also be applied at the reid—
tion (positive for tension; negative for compres- depth of the web. Mp and H, may be computed as follows:
f, and f ¡shall be computed using the gross section of the

member. The maximum resultant force on the eccentri- = RF (l tl - 4u)
cally loaded connection shall not exceed the slip resis-
tance computed from Eqiiation (10-172) with N, taken
equal to 1.0. 2
where: 10.18.4 Tension Members

F,¡ = ‹lesign stress at the point of splice for the con-
10.18.4.1. As a minimum, splices in tension mem-
trolling flange defined in Article 10.18.2.2.3
bers shall be proportioned for a design force, . equal io
(positive for tension; negative for compression)
the allowable design strength specified in Article
R — reduction f‹ictor for hybrid girders specified in
10.18.1.1 times the effective area of the member, A,, de-
Article 10.40.2. 1. R shall be talcen cqual to 1.0
finen as follows:
when Fq is less than or equal to the allowable
flexural stress for the web steel. For homoge- (10 - 4w)
neous girders, R shall always be taken equal to
1.0. where:
R, = the absolute value of the ratio of Fu to f,, for the A, = net section of the member computed as specified
controlling flange in Articlc 10. 16.14
f ,, — flexural stress at the reid-thickness of the non- Q — 0.0 for AASHTO M 270 Grade 100/l00W
controlling fange at the point of splice concur- (ASTM A709 Grade 100/100W) steels, or when
rent with fu (positive for tension; negative for holes exceed 1 inch in diameter
compression) = G. 15 for all other steels and when holes are less
than or equal to 1 inch in diameter.
10. l R. 2.3.9 As a minimum, in the case of the ser- A, = gross area of the member
vice load design method, web splice plates and their
connections shall be proportioned to develop the IHOSt The diametet of the holes shall be tal‹en as specified in Ar-
critical combination of FpDt,, M,, M, and Hg. The COS„ ticle 10.16.14.6. As a minimum, the connection shall be
nections shall be proportioned as eccentrically loaded proportioned to develop the design force through shear in
connections to develop the resultant clesign force the bolts and bearing at the bolt holes, as specified in Ar-
through shear in the bolts and bearing at the bolt holes, ticle 10.56.1.3.2 in the case of the strength design method
as specified in Table 10.32.3B. In addition, as a mini- .d in Table 10.32.3B in the case of the service load de-
reuní, high-strength bolted connections for web splices sign methoct.
shall be proportioned as eccentrically loaded connec—
tions to prevent slip under the most critical combina- 10.18.4.2 As a minimum, in the case of the strength
tion of shear, moment, and horizontal force due to D + design method, high-strength bolted connections for
(L + I) ut the point of splice. The portion of the flexural splices in tension members shall be proportioned to pre-
moment that is assumed to be resisted by the web and vent slip at an overload design force, P,, equal to the max-
the horizontal force resultant shall be computed using imum tensile stress in the member due to D + Ç, (L + I)
the gr css section of the member. The maximum resul- times the gr oss area of the member, wlieie |3, is defined in
tant force on the eccentrically loaded connection shall Article 3.22. The slip resistance of the connection shall be
not exceed the slip resistance computed from Artie le computed from Equation (l 11-172). In the cabe of the ser-
10.32.3.2. 1 with N, tal‹en to equal 1.0. vice load design method, high-strength bolted connec-
tions shall be proportioned to prevent slip at a force equal
10.18.3 Compression Members to the maximum tensile stress in the member due to D +
(L + I) times the gross area of the member. The slip resis-
Compression members such as columns and chords tance of the connection shall be determined as specified in
shall have ends in close contact at riveted and bolted A1‟tÍClé 10.32.3.2. 1.
splices. Splices of such members which will be fabricatcd
and erected with close inspection and detailed with milled 1ü.18.5 Welded Splices
ends in full contact bearing at the splices may be helcl in
place by means of splice plates and rivets or high—strength 10.18.5.1 Tension and compression members may be
bolts proportioned for not less than 5tl9o of the lower al- spliced by means of full penetration butt welds, preferably
lowable design strength of the sections spliced. The without the inc of splice plates.
strength of compression members connected by high-
strength bolts or rivets shall be detei mined using the gross 10.18.5.2 Welded field splices preferably should be
section. arranged to minimice overliead welding.
27 8 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10. 18.5.3
10.18.5.3 Material of different widths spliced by butt design shall be designed for not less than the average of
welds shall have transitions conforming to Figure the required strength at the point of connection and the
10.18.5A. The type transition selected shall be consistcnt strength of the member at the same point, but, in any
with the Fatigue Stress Category fi om Table 10.3. IB for event, not less than 75 lo of the strength of the member.
the Groove Welded Connection used in the design of the
member. At butt-welded splices joining pieces of different 10.19.1.2 Connections shall be wade symmGtrical
thicknesses, there shall be a uniform slope between the off— about the axis of the members iiisofar as practicable. Con-
set surfaces, including the weld, of noi more than 1 in 2“. nections, except for lacing bars and haiidrails, shall con-
tain not less than two fasteners or equivalent weld.
10.19 STRENGTH OF CONNECTIONS
10.19.1.3 Members, including bracing, preferably
10.19.1 General shall be so connected that their gravity axes will intersect
in a point. Eccentric connections shall be avoided, if prac-
10.19.1.1 Except as otherwise provided herein, con— ticable, but if unavoidable the members shall be so pro—
nections for main members shall be designed in the case portioned that the combinecl fiber stresses will not exceed
of service load design for a capacity based on not less the allowed axial design stress.
than the average of the calculated design stress in the
member at the point of connection and the allowable 10.19.1.4 In the case of connections which transfer
stress of the member at the same point, but, in any event, total member shear at the end of the member, the gross
not less than 75 % of the allowable stress in the member. section shall be taken as the gross section of the connected
Connections for main members in the case of load factor elements.
DETAIL OF WIDTH TRANSITION
Butt J oint
Butt Joi nt Width of Width of
Width of
Narrower Plate Narrower Plate
Wider Plate
Width of
Wider Plate
(b) Straight Tapered Transition
(a) 2'-0" R ad ius T ra ns itlon
FIC•URE 10.18.SA Splice Details

10.19.2 End Connections of Floor Beams and be at least ? and preferably ?‹ the girder depth. Cross
Stringers frames shall be as deep as practicable. Intermediate cross
frames shall preferably be of the cross type or vee type.
10.19.2.1 The end connection shall be designed for End cross frames or diaphragms shall be proportioned to
the calculated member loads. The end connection angles adequately transmit all the lateral forces to the bearings.
of floor beams and stringers shall be not less than ?i inch Intermediate cress frames shall be normal to the main
in finished thicl‹ness. Except in cases of special end floor members when the supports are skewed more than 20„
beam details, each end connection for flooi- beams and Cross frames on horizontally curved steel girder bridges
stringers shall be wade with two angles. The length of shall be designed as main members with adequate pro-
these angles shall be as great as the flanges will permit. visions for transfer of lateral forces from the girder
Bracl‹et or shelf angles which may be used to furnish sup- flanges. Cross frames and diaphragms shall be designed
port during erection shall not be considered in determining for horizontal wind forces as described in Article
the number of fasteners required to transmit end shear. 10.21.2.
10.19.2.2 End-connection details shall be designed 10.20.2 Stresses Due to Wind Loading When Top
with special care to provide clearance for making the field Flanges Are Continuously Supported
connection.
10.20.2.1 Flanges
10.19.2.3 End connections of stringefs and floor
beams preferably shall be bolted with high-strength bolts; The maximum induced stresses, F, in the bottom flange
however, they may be riveted or welded. In the case of of each girder in the system can be computed from the fol-
welded end connections, they shall be designed for the lowing:
vertical loads and the end-bending moment resulting from
the deflection of the members. F — RF,b (10-5)
10.19.2.4 Where timber stringers frame into steel
floor beams, shelf angles with stiffeners shall be provided where:
to carry the total reaction. Shelf angles shall be not less
R = [0.2272L — 11] S)"' when no bottom lateral
than "« inch thick. bracing is provided
(10 - 6)
10.19.3 End Connections of Diaphragms and Cross R = [0.059L — 0.64] S)"' when bottom lateral
Frames bracing is provided
(10 - 7)
10.19.3.1 The end connections for diaphragms or
cross frames in straight rolled—beam and plate-girder
bridges shall be designed for the calculated member loads. (10 - 8)
10.19.3.2 Vertical connection plates such as trans-

= .08WS ft - lb) (10 - 9)
verse stiffeners which connect diaphragms or cross
frames to the beam or girder shall be rigidly connected to
both top ancl bottom flanges. W — wind loading along the exterior flange (lb/ft)
Ud = diaphragin spacing (ft)
10.20 DIAPHRAGMS AND CROSS FRAMES L = span length (ft)
t, = thickness of flange (in.)
10.20.1 General b¡ — width of flange (in.)
Rolled beam and plate girder spans shall be provided 10.20.2.2 Diaphragms and Cross Frames
with cross frames or diaphragms at each support and
with intermediate cross frames or diaphragms placed in The maximum horizontal force (FDA in the transverse di-
nll bays and spaced at intervals not to exceed 25 feet. aphragms and cross frames is obtained from the following:
Diaphragms for rolled beams shall be at least “› ancl
preferably ? the beam depth and for plate girdeis shall Fp = 1.l4WS, with or without bracing (l 0-10)
10.20.3 Stresses Due to Wind Load When Top 10.22 CLOSED SECTIONS AND POCKETS
Flanges Are Not Continuously Su.pported
10.22.1 Closed sections and pockets or depressions that
The stress shall be computed using the structural sys- will retain water, shall be avoided where practicable.
tem in the plane of the flanges under consideration. Pockets shall be provided with effective drain holes or be
filled with waterproofing material.
10.21 LATERAL BRACING
10.22.2 Details shall be so arranged that the destructivo
10.21.1 The need for lateral bracing shall be investi- effects of bird life and the retention of dirt, leaves, and
gated. Flanges attached to concrete decks or other decks other foreign matter willbe reduced to a minimum. Where
of comparable rigidity will not require lateral bracing. angles are used, either singly or in pairs, they preferably
shall be placed with the vertical legs extending down—
10.21.2 A horizontal wind force of 50 pounds per ward. Structural tees preferably shall have the web ex-
square foot shall be applied to the area of the super- tending downward.
structure exposed in elevation. Half of this force shall be
applied in the plane of each flange. The stress induced
10.23 WELDING
shall be computed in accordance with Article 10.20.2. 1.
The allowable stress shall be factored in accordance with 10.23.1 General
Article 3.22.
10.23.1.1 Steel base to be welded, weld metal, and
10.21.3 When required, lateral bracing preferably shall welding design details shall conform to the requirements
be placed in the exterior bays betwcen diaphragms or
of the ANSI/AASHTO/AWS DI.5 Bridge Welding Code.
cross-frames. All required lateral bracing shall be placed
in or near the plane of the flange being braced.
10.23.1.2 Welding symbols shall conform with the
latest edition of the American Welding Society Publication
10.21.4 Where beams or girders comprise the main
AWS A2.4
members of through spans, such members shall be stiff-
ened against lateral deformation by means of gusset plates 10.23.1.3 Fabrication shall conform to Article 11.4—
or knee braces with solid webs which shall be connected Division II.
to the stiffeners on the main members and the floor beams.
If the unsupported length of the edge of the gusset plate
(or solid web) exceeds 60 times its thickness, the plate or 10.23.2 Effective Size of Fillet Welds
web shall have a stiffening plate or angles connected
along its unsupported edge. 10.23.2.1 Maximum Size of Fillet Welds
10.21.5 Through truss spans, deck truss spans, and The maximum size of a fillet weld that may be assumed
spandrel braced arches shall have top and bottom lateral in the dcsign of a connection shall be such that the stresses
bracing. in the adjacent base material do not exceed the values al-
lowed in Article 10.32. The maximum size that may be
10.21.6 Bracing shall be composed of angles, other used along edges of connected parts shall be:
shapes, or welded sections. The smallest angle used in
bracing shall be 3 by 2? inches. There shall be not less (1) Along edges of material less than ?‹ inch thick, the
than two fasteners or equivalent weld in each end con- maximum size may be equal to the thickness of the ma-
nection of the angles. terial.
(2) Along edges of material ?‹ inch or more in thick-
10.21.7 If a double system of bracing is used, both sys- ness, the maximum size shall be ?« inch less than the
tems may be consiclered effective simultaneously if the thickness of the material, unless the weld is especially
members meet the requirements both as tension and com- designated on the drawings to be built out to obtain full
pression members. The members shall be connected at throat thickness.
their intersections.
10.23.2.2 l\Minimum Size of Fillet Welds
10.21.8 The lateral bracing of compression chords
preferably shall be as deep as the chords and effectively The minimum fillet weld size shall be as shown in the
connected to both flanges. following table.
nor inspected to the requirements of Article 11 .5.6.4.9, Di-

Base Metal Thickness of Minimum Size vision II, but shall be tightened to the full effort of a man
Thicker Part Jointed (T) of Fillet Weld' ‘ using an ordinary spud wrench.
10.24.1.3 All bolts, except high-strength bolts ten-

1/4 6 Single-pass
5/16 8 welds must sioned to the requirements of Table 11.SA or Table 11.5B,
be used Division II, shall have single self-locking nuts or double
nuts.
• Except that the weld size need not exceed the thickness of the thin-
ner part joined. For this exception, particular care should be taken to
provide sufficient preheat to ensure weld soundness.
10.24.1.4 Joints rcquire‹l to resist shear between their
ª Smaller fillet welds may be approved by the Engineer based upon connected parts are designated as either slip-critical or
applied stress and the use of appropriate preheat. bearing-typc connections. Slip-critical joints are defined
as joints subject to stress reversal, heavy impact loads, se-
vere vibration or where stress and strain due to joint slip-
page would be detrimental to the serviceability of the
10.23.3 Minimum Effective I.ength of Fillet
structure. They include:
Welds
The minimum effective length of a fillet weld shall be (1) Joints subject to fatigue loading.
four times its size and in no case less than lu inches. (2) Joints with bolts installed in ovcrsized holes.
(3) Except where the Engineer intends otherwise and
10.23.4 Fillet Weld End Returns so indicates in the contract documeiits, joints with bolts
installed in slotted holes where the force on the joint is
Fillet welds which support a tensile force that is not in a direction other than normal (between approxi-
parallel to the axis of the weld, or which are proportioned mately 80 and 100‟) to the axis of the slot.
to withstand repeated stress, shall not terininate at corners (4) Joints subject to significant load reversal.
of parts or members but shall be returned continuously, (5) Joints in which welds and bolts share in transmit-
full size, around the comer for a length equal to twice the ting load at a common faying surface.
weld size where such return can be wade in the same (6) Joints in which, in the judgment of the Engineer,
plane. End returns shall be indicated on design ancl detail any slip would be critical to the performance of the
drawings. joint or the Structure and so designated on the contract
plans and specifications.
10.23.5 Seal Welds
10.24.1.5 High-strength bolted connections subject
Seal welding shall preferably be accomplished by a to computed tension or coinbincd shear and computed
continuous weld combining the functions of sealing and tension shall be slip-critical connections.
strength, changing section only as the required strength or
the requirements of minimum size fillet weld, based on 10.24.1.ti Dolted bearing-type connections using huh-
material thic1‹iiess, may necessitate. strength bolts shall be limited to members in com-
pression and secondary members.
10.24 FASTENERS (RIVETS AND BOLTS)
10.24.1.7 The effective bearing area of a fastener
shall be its diameter multiplied by the thickness of the
10.24.1 General metal on which it bears. In metal less than ”› inch thick,
countersunk fasteners shall not be assumed to carry
10.24.1.1 In proportioning fasteners, for shear and stress. In metal ”› inch thicl‹ and over, one-half the depth
tension the cross-sectional area based upon the nominal of countersink shall be omitted in calculating the bearing
diameter shall be used. area.
10.24.1.2 High-strength bolts may be substituted for 10.24.1.8 In determining whether the bolt threads are
Grxde 1 rivets (ASTM A 502) or ASTM A307 bolts. When excluded from the shear planes of the contact sui faces,
AASH"f O M 164 (ASTM A 325) high-strength bolts are thread length of bolts shall be calculated as two thread
substituted lór ASTM A 307 bolts they need not be in- pitches greater thxn the specified thread length as an al-
stalled to the i equirements of Article 11.5.6.4, Division II, lowance for thread runout.
10.24.1.9 In bearing-type connections, pull-out shear the load is applied approximately normal (between 80 and
in a plate should be investigated between the end of the 100„) to the axis of the slot. Long slotted holes may be
plate and the end i ow of fasteners. (See Table 10.32.3B, used in one of the connected parts at any individual fay-
footnote h). ing surface without regard for the direction of applied load
on connections which satisfy the requirements of Article
10.24.2 Hole Types 10.32.3.2. 1 or Article 10.57.3.1, as applicable.
Hole types for high-strength bolted connections are 10.24.3 Washer Requirements
standard holes, oversize holes, short slotted holes and
long slotted holes. The nominal dimensions for each type Design details shall provide for washers in high-
hole shall be not greater than those shown in Table strength bolted connections as follows:
10.24.2, except as may be permitted under Division II, Ar-
ticle 11.4.8.1.4. 10.24.3.1 Where the outer face of the bolted parts has
a slope greater than 1:20 with respect to a plane normal to
10.24.2.1 In the absence of approval by the Engineer the bolt axis, a hardened beveled washer shall be used to
for use of other hole types, standard holes shall be used in compensate for the lack of parallelism.
high-strength bolted connections.
10.24.3.2 Hardened washers are not required for
10.24.2.2 When approved by the Engineer, oversize, connections using AASHTO M 164 (ASTM A 325) and
short slotted holes or long slotted holes may be used sub- AASHTO M 253 (ASTM A 490) bolts except as required
ject to the following joint detail requirements. in Articles 10.24.3.3 through 10.24.3.7.
10.24.3.3 Hardened washers shall be used under the

10.24.2.2.1 Oversize holes may be used in all plies of
element turned in tightening when the tightening is to be
connections which satisfy the requirements of Article
performed by calibrated wrench method.
10.32.3.2.1 or Article 10.57.3, as applicable. Oversize
holes shall not be used in bearing-type connections. 10.24.3.4 Irrespective of the tightening method,
hardened washers shall be used under both the head and
10.24.2.2.2 Short slotted holes may be used in any or the nut when AASHTO M 253 (ASTM A 490) bolts are to
all plies of high-strength bolted connections designed on be installed in material having a specified yield point less
the basis of Table 10.32.3B or Table 10.56A, as applica- than 40 ksi.
ble, provided the load is applied approximately normal
(between 80 and 100 to the axis of the slot. Short slot- 10.24.3.5 Where AASHTO M 164 (ASTM A 325)
ted holes may be used without regard for the direction bolts of any diameter or AASHTO M 253 (ASTM A 490)
of applied load in any or all plies of connections which bolts equal to or less than 1 inch in diameter are to be in-
satisfy the requirements of Article 10.32.3.2. 1 or Article stalled in an oversize or short slotted hole in an outer ply, a
10.57.3.1, as applicable. hardened washer conforming to ASTM F 436 shallbe used.
10.24.2.2.3 Long slotted holes may be used in one of 10.24.3.6 When AASHTO M 253 (ASTM A 490)
the connected parts at any individual faying surface in bolts over 1 inch in diameter are to be installed in an over-
high-strength bolted connections designed on the basis of size or short slotted hole in an outer ply, hardened wash-
Table 10.32.3B or Table 10.56A, as applicable, provided ers conforming to ASTM F 436 except with ”i‹ inch min-
imum thickness shall be used under both the head and the
TABLE 10.24.2 Nominal Hole Dimension nut in lieu of standard thickness hardened washers. Mul-
tiple hardened washers with combined thickness equal to
Hole Dimensions
or greater than ?« inch do not satisfy this requirement.
Bolt Standard Oversize Short Slot Long Slot
(Dia.) (Dia.) (Dia.) (Width X Length) (Width X
10.24.3.7 Where AASHTO M 164 (ASTM A 325)
Length)
bolts of any diameter or AASHTO M 253 (ASTM A 490)
bolts equal to or less than 1 inch in diametei are to be in-
stalled in a long slotted hole in an outer ply, a plate washer
or continuous bar of at least ”« inch thickness with stan-
dard holes shall be provided. These washers or bars shall
have a size sufficient to completely cover the slot after in-
10.24.3.7 DIVISION I—DESIGN 283
stallation and shall be of structural grade material, but For ‹-inch fasteners, 2” inches
need not be hardened except as follows. When AASHTO For ”‹-inch fasteners, 2"‹ inches
M 253 (ASTM A 490) bolts over l inch in diameter are to
be used in long slotted holes in external plies, a single 10.24.5.3 Minimum Clear Distance
hardened washer conforming to ASTM F 436 but with ”i‹ Between Holes
inch minimum thicluie ss shall be used in lieu of washers
or bars of structural grade material. Multiple hardened When oversize or slotted holes are used, the minimum
washers with combined thickness equal io or greater than cleai distance between the edges of adjacent bolt holes iii
?i‹ inch do not satisfy this rcquirement. the dii ection of the force and transverse to the direction of
the force shall not be less than twice the diameter of the
10.24.4 Size of Fasteners (Rivets or High- bolt.
Strength Bolts)
10.24.5.4 Maximum Spacing of Fasteners
10.24.4.1 Fasteners shall be of the size shown on the
drawings, but generally shall be ‹ inch or ”› inch in di- The maximum spacing of fasteners shall be in
accordance with the provisions of Article 10.24.6, as ap-
ameter. Fasteners ”‹ inch in diameter shall not be used in
members carrying calculated stress except in 2“-inch legs plicable.
of angles and in flanges of sections requiring ”›-inch fas-
10.24.6 Maximum Spacing of Sealing and Stitch
teners.
Fasteners
10.24.4.2 The diameter of fasteners in angles carry- 10.24.6.1 Sealing Fasteners
ing calculated stress shall not exceed one-fourth the width
of the leg in which they are placed. For sealing against the penetration of moisture in joints,
the fastener spacing along a single line of fasteners adjacent
10.24.4.3 In angles whose size is not determined by to a írce edge of an outside plate or shape shall not exceed
calculated stress, ”›-inch fasteners may be used in 2-inch 4 inches + 41 or 7 inches. Ii there is a second line of fas—
legs, ü‹-inch fasteners in 2"-inch legs, ?›-inch fasteners in 3- teners uniformly staggered with those in the line adjacent
inch legs, and l -inch fasteners in 3“-inch legs. to the free edge, at a gage “g” less than lu inches × 4t
therefrom, the staggered spacing in two such lines, consid—
10.24.4.4 Structural shapes which do not admit the ered together, shall not exceed 4 inches 3- 4t — 3g/4 or 7
use of ?›—inch diameter fasteners shall not be used except inches, but need not be less than one-hall the iequirement
in handrails. for a single line, t = the thickness in inches of the thinner
outside plate or shape, and g — gage between fasteners in
10.24.5 Spacing of Fasteners inches.
10.24.5.1 Pitch and Gage of Fasteners 10.24.6.2 Stitch Fasteners
The pitch of fasteners is the distance along the line of In built-up members where two or more plates or
principal stress, in inches, between centers of adjacent fas- shapes are in contact, stitch fasteners shall be used to en-
teners, measured along one or mode fastener lines. The gage sure that the parts act as a unit and, in compression mem-
of fasteners is the distance in inches between adjacent lines bers, to prevent bucl‹1ing. In compression members the
of fastener s or the distance from the back of angle or other pitch ef stitch fasteners on any single line in the direction
shape to the first line of fasteners. of stress shall not exceed 121, except that, if the fasteners on
adjacent lines are staggered and the gage, g, between the
10.24.5.2 Minimum Spacing of Fasteners line under consideration and the farther adjacent line (if
there are more than two lines) is less than 24t, the staggered
The minimum distance between centers of fxsteners in pitch in the two lines, considered together, shall not exceed
standard holes shall be three times the diameter of 12t or 151 — 3g/8. The gage between adjacent lines of fas-
the fastener but, preferably, shall not be less than the teners shall not exceed 24t; t = thc thickness, in inches, of
following: the thinner outside plate or shape. In tension members the
pitch shall not exceecl twice that specified for compression
For l —inch fasteners, 3" inches members and the gage shall not exceed that specified for
For "›—inch fasteners, 3 inches compression members.
The maximuin pitch of fasteners in built-up members 10.24.8 Long Rivets

shall be poverned by the requirements for sealing or stitch
fasteners, whichever is the minimum. Rivets subjected to calculated stress and having a grip
For pitch of fasteners in the ends of compression mem- in excess of 4?› diameters shall be increascd in number at
bers. see Article 10.16.13. least tir for each additional ?« inch of grip. If the grip
exceeds six times the ciiameter of the rivet, specially
10.24.7 Edge Distance of Fasteners designed rivets shall be used.
111.24.7.1 Cieneral
10.25 LINKS AND HANGERS
The minimum distance from the center of any fastener
in a standard hole to a sheared or thermally cut edge shall 10.25.1 Net Section
be:
In pin-connected tension members other than eyebars,
For l-inch fasteners, 1"‹ inches the net section across the pin hole shall be not less than
For "›-inch fasteners, lu inches 140 o, and the net section back of the pin hole not less
For ”‹-inch fasteners, 1"‹ inches than 100 c of the required net section of the body of the
For ”›-inch fastener s, 1/‹ inches member. The ratio of the net width (through the pin hole
transverse to the axis of the member) to the thickness of
The minimum distance from the center of any fastener the segment shall not be more than 8. Flanges not bearing
in a standard hole to a rollcd or planed edge, except in on the pin shall not be considered in the net section across
flanges of beatrix and channels, shall be: the pin.
For l-inch fasteners, l ? inches 10.25.2 Location of Pins

For ”›-inch fasteners, 1 ?‹ inches
For "‹-inch fasteners, lu inches Pins shall be so located with respect to the gravity axis
For ?‹—inch fasteners, 1 inch of the members as to reduce to a minimum the stresses due
to bending.
In the flanges of beams and channels the minimum dis-
tance from the center of a standard hole to the edge of the
flange shall be: 10.25.3 Size of Pins
For 1 -inch fasteners, 1“‹ inches Pins shall be proportioned for the maximum shears and
For 7 inch fasteners, 1/› inches bending moments produced by the stresses in the mem-
For ”‹-inch fasteners, 1 inch bers connected. If there are eycbars among the parts con-
For ?›-inch fasteners, ?‹ inch nected, the diameter of the pin shall be not less than
The maximum distance from the center of any fastener steel)

to any edge shall be eight times the thickness of the — times the width of
thinncst outside plate, but shall not exceed 5 inches. the body of the
eyebar in
inches 110 - 1 1)
10.24.7.2 When there is only a single transverse fas-
tener in the direction of the line of force in a standard or
10.25.4 Pin Plates
short slotted hole, the distance from the center of the hole
to the edge of the connected part shall not be less than lu
When necessary for the required section or bearing
times the diameter of the fastenei, unless accounted for by
area, the section at the pin holes shall be increased on each
the bearing ¡›rovisions of Table 10.32.3B or Article
segment by plutes so arranged as to reduce to a mimimum
10.56. 1.3.2. the eccentricity of the segiiient. One plate on each side
shall be as wide as the outstanding flanges will allow. At
10.24.7.3 When oversize or slotted holes are used, least one full-width plate on each segment shall extend to
the clear distance between edges of holes and edges of the far edge of the stay plate and the others not lew than 6
members shall not be less than the diameter of the bolt. inches beyond the near edge. These plates shall be con-
nected by enough rivets, bolts, or fillet and plug welds to 10.27.2.2 Intersecting diagonal bars not far enough
transmit the bearing pressure, ancl so arrangcd as to dis- apart to clear each other at all times shall be clamped to-
tribute it unifoi mly over the full section. gether at the intersection.
10.27.2.3 Steel filling rings shall be provided, if

10.25.5 Pins and Pin Nuts needed, to prevent lateral movement of eyebars or other
members connected on the pin.
10.25.5.1 Pins shall be of sufficient length to secure a
full bearing of all parts connected upon the turned body of 10.28 FORKED ENDS
the pin. They shall be secured in position by hexagonal re-
ccssed nuts ‹›r by hexagonal solid nuts with washers. If the Forked ends will be permitted only where unas oidable.
pins are bored, through rods with cap washers may be used. There shall be enough pin plates on forl‹ed ends te› make
Pin nuts shall be malleable castings or steel. They shall be the section of each jaw equal to that of the member. The
secured by cotter pins in the screw ends or else the screw pin plates shall be long enough t‹› develop the pin plate be-
ends shall be long enough to permit burring the threads. yond the near edge of the stay plate, but not less than the
length required by Article 10.25.4.
10.25.5.2 Members shall be restrained against lateral
movement on the pins and against lateral distortion due to 10.29 FIXED AND EXPVNSIGN BEARIN€IS
the skew of the bridge.
10.29.1 General
10.26 UPSET ENDS
10.29.1.1 Fixed ends shall be firmly anchore‹l. Bear‟-
ings for spans less than 50 feet nee‹1 have no provision for
Bars and rods with screw ends, where specified, shall
‹deflection. Spans of 50 feet or greater shall be provided
be upset to provide a section at the root of the thread,
with a type of bearing employing a hinge, curvecl bcaring
which will exceed the net section of the body of the mem-
plates, elastomeric pads, or pin arrangement for deflection
ber by at least 15 c.
purposes.
10.27 EYEBARS 10.29.1.2 Spans of less thali 50 feet may be arranged

to slide upon metal plates with ,smooth surfaces and no pro-
visions foi deflection of the spans need be wade. Spans of
10.27.1 Thickness and N'et Section 50 feet and greater shall be provided with rollers, rockers,
or sliding plates for expansion purposes and shall also be
Eycbars shall be of a uniform thickness without rein- provided with a type of bearing employing a hinge, curved
forcement at the pin holes. The thickness of eyebars shall bearing plates, oí pin arrangement for deflection purposes.
be not less than /› of the width, nor lew than " inch, and
not greater than 2 inches. The section of the head through 10.29.1.3 In lieu of the above requirements, elas-
the center of the pin hole shall exceecl the required section tomeric bearings may be used. See Section 14 of this
of the body of the bar by at least 35°o. The net section specification.
bach of the pin hole shall not be less than 75 %c of the re-
quired net section of the body of the member. The radius 10.29.2 Bronze or Copper-Alloy Sliding Expansion
of transition lietween the head and body of the eyebar Bearings
shall be equal to or greater than the width of the head
through the center line of the pin hole. Dronze or copper-alloy sliding plates shall be cham-
feied at the ends. They shall be held securely in position,
10.27.2 Packing of Eyebars usually by being inset ito the metal of the pcdestals or sole
plates. Provisions shall be wade against any acciimulation
10.27.2.1 The eyebars of a set shall be symmetrical of dirt which will obstruct free movement of the span.
about the central plane of the truss and as nearly parallel
as practicable. Bars shall be as close together as practica- 10.29.3 Rollers
ble and held against lateral movement, but they shall be
so arranged that adjacent bars in the same panel will be Expansion i ollers shall be connected by substantial
separated by at least “› inch. side bars and shall be guided by gearing or othei effectuul
286 HIGHWAY BRIDGES
means to prevent lateral movement, skewing, and creep- bearings, this distance shall be measured from the center
ing. The rollcrs and bearing pl ‹ites shall be protected from ef the pin. In built-up pedestals and shoes, the web plates
dirt and water as far as practicable. ancl the design shall be and angles connecting there to the base plate shall be not
such that water will not be rctained and that the roller less than ”› inch thick. If the size of the pe‹iestal permits,
nests may be inspected and clean casil y. the webs shall be rigidly connected transversely. The min-
imum thicl‹ness of the metal in east steel pe‹1esta1s shall
10.29.4 Sole Plates and Masonry Plates be l inch. Pedcstals and shoes shall be so clesigned that the
load will be distributed uiiifoi inly over the eiitire bearing.
10.29.4.1 Sole plates and niasonry¡›lates shall have
a minimum thickness of ?‹ inch. 10.29.7.2 Webs and pin holes in the webs shall be
arranged to keep any eccentricity to a minimum. The net
10.29.4.2 For spans on inclined grades greater than
section thi ougli the hole shall provide 1411% of the net sec-
I ºfo without hinged bearings. the sole plates shall be
ti r›n required for the actual stress transmitted through the
beveled so that thc bottom of the sole plate is level, unless
pedestal or shoe. Pins shall be of sufficient length to secure
the bottom of the sole plate is radially curved.
a full bearing. Pins shall be secured in position by appro-
10.29.5 Masonry Bearings priate nuts with washers. AU portions of pedestals and
shoes shall be held against lateral movement of the pins.
Be:tres, girders, or trusses on masonry shall be so sup-
10.30 FLOOR SYSTEM
ported that the bottom chords or fl‹tnges will be above the
bridge seat. preferably not less than 6 inches.
10.30.1 Stringers
10.29.6 Anchor Bolts
Stringers preferably shall be framed into floor beams.
10.29.6.1 Trusses, girders, and rolled beam spans Stringers supported on the top flanges of floor beams
preferably shall be securely anchered to the substructure. preferably shall he continuous over two or mora panels.
Anchor bolts shall be swedged or threaded to secure a Sítt-
isfactory grip upon the maten:rt used to einbcd there in the 10.30.2 Floor i3eams
holes.
Floor beams preferably shall be at right angles to the
10.29.6.2 The following are the minimum require- ti usses or main girders and shall be rigidly connected
ments for each bearing: thercto. Flooi beam connections preferably shall be lo-
For rolled beam spans the outer beams shall be an- cated so the lateral bracing system will engage both the
chored at each end with 2 bolts, 1 inch in diameter, set floor beam and thc main supporting member. In pin—con-
10 inches in the masonry. nected trusses, if the flooi beams arc located below the
bottom chord pins, the vertical posts shall be exteiided
For ti usses and girders: sufficiently below the pins to make a rigid connection to
Spans 50 feet in length or lew : 2 bolts, 1 inch in the floor beam.
diameter, set 10 inches in the masonry.
Spans 51 to 100 feet; 2 bolts, 1“‹ inches in diame- 10.30.3 Cross Frames
ter, set 12 inches in the masonry.
In bridges with wooden floors and steel stringers, in-
Spans 101 to 150 feet; 2 bolts, I “› inches in diame- termediate cross frames (or diaphragms) shall be placed
ter, set 15 inches in the masonry. between stringers more than 20 feet long.
Spans greater than 150 feet; 4 bolts, l " inches in di-
ameter, set 15 inches in the masonry. 10.30.4 Expansion Jaints
10.30.4.1 To provide for expansion and contraction

111.29.ti.3 Anchor bolts shall be designed to resist
movement, flooi expansion joints shall be provided at all
uplift as specified in Article 3. 17.
expansion ends of spans and at other points where they
10.29.7 Pedestals and Shoes may be necessary.
10.29.7.1 Pcdcstals and shoes preferably shall be 10.30.4.2 Apron plates, when used, shall be designed
iiiade of cast steel or structural steel. The difference in to bridge the joint and to ¡Prevent, so far as practicable, the
width between the top and bottom bearing surfaces shall accuinulation of roadway debi4s upon the br idge seats. Pre-
not exceed twice the distance between there. For hinged ferably, they shall be connected rigidly to the end floor beam.
10.30.5 End Floor Beams 10.30.8 Stay-in-Place Deck Forms
There shall be end floor beams in all square-ended 10.30.8.1 Concrete Deck Panels
trusses and girder spans and preferably in skew spans. End
floor beams for truss spans preferably shall be designed to When precast prestressed deck panels are used as per-
permit the use of jacks for lifting the superstructure. manent forms spanning between beams, stringers, or gird-
For this case, the allowable stresses may be increased 50%. ers, the requirements of Article 9.12, Decl‹ Panels, andAr-
ticle 9.23, Deck Panels, shall be met,
10.30.6 End Panel of Skewed Bridges
10.30.8.2 Metal Stay-in-Place Forms
In skew bridges without end floor beams, the end panel When metal stay-in-place forms are used as permanent
stringers shall be secured in correct position by end struts torres spanning between beams, stringers, or girders, the
connected to the stringers and to the main truss or girder. The forms shall be designed to support, as a minimum, the
end panel lateral bracing shallbe attached to the main tmsses weight of the concrete (including that in the corrugations,
or girders and also to the end struts. Adequate provisions if applicable), a construction load of 50 psf, and the weight
shall be wade for the expansion movement of stringers. ofthe form. The forms shall be designed to be elastic under
construction loads. The elastic deformation caused by the
10.30.7 Sidewalk Brackets dead load of the torres, plastic concrete and reinforcement
shall not exceed a deflection of greater than L/180 or
Sidewalk brackets shall be connected in such a way ? inch for form work spans (L) of 10 feet or less, or a
that the bending stresses will be transferred directly to the deflection of L/240 or ?‹ inch for form work spans (L)
floor beams. over 10 feet.
Part C
SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
10.31 SCOPE Butt Welds:

The same as the base metal joined, except in the case
Allowable stress design is a method for proportioning
of joining metals of different yields when the lower
structural members using design loads and forces, allow-
yield material shall govern,
able stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate
material under service conditions. See Part D—Strength
Design Method—Load Factor Design for an alternate de- Fillet Welds:
sign procedure.
(10-12)
10.32 ALLOWABLE STRESSES where,

F, = allowable basic shear stress;
10.32.1 Steel F, — tensile strength of the electrode classification
Allowable stresses for steel shall be as specified in When detailing fillet welds for quenched and tenipered
Table 10.32.IA. steels—the designer may use electrode classifications
with strengths less than the base metal provided that
10.32.2 Weld Metal this requirement is clearly specified on the plans.
lug Welds:
Unless otherwise specified, the yield point and ultimat º
strength of weld metal shall be equal to or greater than min- F, = 12,4110 psi for resistance to shear stresses only,
imum specified value of the base metal. Allowable stresses where,
on the effective areas of weld metal shall be as follows: F. = allowable basic shear stress.
TABLE 10.32.IA Allowable Sti-esses—Structural Steel (In pounds per square inch)
Quenched and
Structural Tempered High-Yield Strength
Carbon High-Strength Lew-Alloy Quenched and Tempered
Type Steel Low-Alloy Steel Steel Alloy Steel‟
AASHTO Designatio bbl M 270 M 270 M 270 M 270 M 270
Grade 36 Grade 50 Grade 50W Grade HPS70W& Grades 100/100W
Grade 70W
Equivalent AS‟i"M Designation° A709 A709 A709 A709 A709
Grade 36 Grade 50 Grade 50W Grade HPS70W& Grades 100/100W
Grade 70W
Thickness of Plates Upto Upto Upto Upto Upto Over 2?i in.
4 in. incl. 4 in. incl. 4 in. incl. 4 in. incl. 2'Z in. incl. to 4 in. incl.
Shapes All Groups All Groups All Groups Not Applicable Not Applicable
Axial tension in members with no 0.55F, 20,000 27,000 27,000 38,000 Not Applicable
holes
0.46F Not Applicable 50,600 46,000
Axial tension in member‟s with holes Gross

and tension in extreme fiber of Section 20,000 27,000 27,000 38,000 Not Applicable
rolled shapes, girders, and built-up 0. 55F,
sections with holes subject to
bending. Satisfy both Gross and Net
Section critcrion.
Net
Section 26,700 29,900 32,200 41,400 50,600 46,000
0.46F,
Axial compression, gross section: 20,000 27,000 27,000 38,000 55,000 49,000
stiffeners of plate girders. Compres-
sion in splice material, gross section
Compression in extremo fibers of

rollcd shapes, girders, and built-up sec-
tions subject to bending. Gross sec-
tion, when compression flange is:
(A) Supported laterally its full length 055F, 20 0D 27,X0 27, 0 38,000 55,000 49,000
by embedment in concrete
(B) Partially supported or is unsupported„
Fb d_ 0.55F
= I . 75 + I .05 (M¡/M ) + 0. 3 (M¡/Mj)' ñ 2. 3 where M; is the smaller and M the larger end moment in the unbraced segment
of the beam; M¡/Mi is positive when tht2 moments cause reverse curvature and negative when bent in single curvature.
C5 = 1.0 for unbraced cantilevers and for members where the moment within a significant portion of the unbraced segment is greater
than or equal to the larger of the segment end moments.
Compression in concentrically loaded columns"
with C, = (2s'E/F,)"'= 126. 1 107.0 107.0 90.4 75. 7 79.8

when KL/r ñ C
16,980 — 23,580 — 23,580 — 33,020 — 47, 170 — 42,450 —

0. 53(KL/r)' 1.03(KL/r)' 1.03(KL/r)' 2. 02(KL/r)' 4. 12(KL/r)' 3. 33(KL/r)'
TABLE 10.32.1A Allowable Stresses—Structural Steel (In pounds per square inch) (Continued)
Quenched and
Structural Tempered High -Yield Strength
Carbon High-Strength Low-Alloy Quenched and Jémpered
Type Steel Low-Alloy Steel Steel Alloy Steel„
ir'E _ 135,000,740
F:S.(KL/r)' (KL/r)'
with FS. = 2. 12
Shear in girder webs, gross section F, = 0.33F, 12,000 17,000 17,000 23,000 33,000 30,000
Bearing on milled stiffeners and other 0. fl0F, 29,000 40,000 40,000 56,000 80,000 72,0110
steel parts in contact (rivets and bolts
exclude‹l)
Stress in extreme fiber of pins' 0. 80F, 29,000 40,000 40,0011 56,000 80,000 72,000
Shear in pins F, = 0.40F, l4,00tl 20,000 20,000 28,000 40,000 36,0011
Bearing on pins not subject to rotation" 0. 80F, 29,000 40,000 40,000 56,000 80,000 72,000
Bearing on pins subject to rotation 0.40F, 14,000 20,000 20,000 28,000 40,f100 36,1100
(such as used in rockers and hinges)
Bearing on connected material at Low

Carhon Steel Bolts (ASTM A 307),
Turned Bolts, Ribbed Bolts, and Rivets
(ASTM A 502 Grades 1 and 2)—
Governed by Table 10.32.3A
Quenched and tempered a Hoy steel structural shapes and seamless mechanical tubing meeting all mechanical and chemical requirements of A
709 Grades 100/100W except that the specified maximum tensile strength may be 140,000 psi for structural shapes and 145,000 psi for seamless
mechanical tubing, shall be considered as A709 Grades 100/100W steel.
„Exccpt for the mandatory notch toughness and weldability requiremcnts, the ASTM designations are similar to the AASHTO déS18ºí1tiOnS. Steels
meeting the AASHTO requirements are prequalified for use in welded bridges.
„M 270 Gr. 36 and A709 Gr. 36 are equivalent to M 183 and A 36
M 270 Gr. 50 and A709 Gr. 50 are equivalent to M 223 Gr. 50 and A 572 Gr. 50
M 270 Gl. 50W and A709 Gr. 50W are equivalent to M 222 and A 588
M 270 Gr. 70W and A709 Gr. 70W are equivalent to A 852
M 270 Gr. 100/l00W and A709 Gr. 100/l00W are equivalent to M 244 and A 514
„For the use of larger C values, see Structural Stability Research Council Guide to Stabilit y Design Critcria for Metal Structures, 3rd Ed., p. 135.
If cover plates are used, the allowable static stress at the point of theoretical cutoff shall be as determined by thc formula.
‟P = length in inches, of unsupported flange between lateral connections, knee braces, or other points of support.
f, - moment of inertia of compression flange about the vertical axis in the plane of the web in.„
d — depth of girder, in.
j = [(bt‟), + (bt‟) + D where b and t represent the flange width and thickness of the compression and tension flange, res¡iective1y (in.‟).
S,, - section modulus with respect to compression flange (in.’).

* E = modulus of elasticity of steel
r - governing radius of gyration
L - actual unbraced length
K = effective length factor (see Appendix C.)
F.S. - factor of safety = 2. 12
For graphic representation of these formulas, see Appendix C.
The formulas do not apply to members with variable moment of inertia. Procedures for designing members with variable moments of inertia can be
found in the following references: “Engineering Journal,” American Institute of Steel Construction, January 1969, Volume 6, No. 1, and October
1972, Volume 9, No. 4; and “Steel Structures,” by William McGuire, 1968, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. For members with
eccentric loading, see Article 10.36. Singly symmetric and unsymmetríc compression members, such as angles or tees, and doubly symmetric
compression members, such as cruciform or built-up members with very thin watts, may also require consideration of flexural-torsional and torsional
buckling. Refer to the Manual of Steel Construction, Ninth Edition, 1989, American Institute of Steel Construction.
ª See also Article 10.32.4.
„This shall apply to pins used primarily in axially loaded members, such as truss members and cable adjusting links. It shall not apply to pins used
in member„s having rotation caused by expansion or deflection.
290 HIGHWAY BRIDGES
TABLE 111.32.3A Allowable Stresses for Low-Carbon 10.32.3.1.4 In bearing-type connections, pull-out
Steel I3olts and Power Driven Rivets (in psi) shear in a plate should be investigated between the end of
Shear the plate and the end row of fasteners. (See Table
Bearing- pe 10.32.3B, footnote g.)
pe of Fastener Tension„ Bean gb Connectio
(A) Low- Carbon Steel 18,000 2e,ooo i i ,oo0 d 10.32.3.1.5 All bolts except high-strength bolts,
Bolts‟ Turned Bolts tensioned to the requirements of Division II. Tabla 11.5A
(ASTM A 307) or Table 11.5B, shall have single self-locking nuts or
Ribbed Bolts double nuts.
(B) Power-Driven Rivets
(rivets driven by
pneumatically or 0.32.3. 1.6 Joints, utilizing high-strength bolts,
electrically operated requiied to resist shear between their connected parts arc
hammers are designated as either slip-critical (See Article 10.24. 1.4)
considered power or bearing-type connections. Shear connections sub-
driven)
jected to stress reversal, or where slippage would be un-
Structural Steel Rivet — 40,000 13,500
Gi‟ade 1 (ASTM A 502 desirable, shall be slip-critical connections. Potential slip
Grade 1)
Structural Steel Rivet — 40,000 20,000
(high-strength) TABLE 10.32.3B Allowable Stresses on High•Strength
Grade 2 (ASTM A 502 Bolts or Connected Material (ksi)
Grade 2)
AASHTO AASHTO
‘Applied to fastener cross-sectional area based upon nominal body M 164 M 253
diameter. (ASTM (ASTM
‘Applied to nominal diamcter of fastener multi¡ilied by the thickness Load Condition A 325)‟ A 490)'
of the metal. Applied Static Tension"' 38„ 47
‘ASTM A 307 bolts shall not be used in connections subject to Shear, F., on bolt with threads in
fatigue.
shear plane"'
ª In connections transmitting axial force whose length between ex-
Bearing, F,, on connected material
treme fasteners measured parallel to the linc of force exceeds 50 inches, the
in standard, oversize, short-slotted
tabulated value shall be reduced 20 percent. 0.5L
holes loaded in any direction, or
long-slotted holes parallel to the d
applied bearing force
10.32.3 Fasteners (Rivets and Bolts) Bearing, F,, on connected material
in long-slotted holes perpendicular
to the applied bearing force
Allowable stresses for fasteners shall be as listed in Ta-
'AASHTO M lb4 (ASTM A 325) and AASHTO M 253 (ASP
bles 10.32.3.A and 10.32.3.B, and the allowable force on A 490) high-strength bolts are available in three types, designated as
a slip-critical connection shall bc as provided by Article types 1, 2, or 3. Type 3 shall be required on the plans when using
10.32.3.2. 1. unpainted AASHTO M 270 Grade 50W (ASTM A709 Grade 50W).
‘ Bolts must be tensioned to requirements of Table 11.5A. Div II.
'See Article 10.32.3.4 for bolts subject to tensile fatigue.
1ü.32.3.1 General ‘The tensile strength of M 164 (A 325) bolts decreases for diameters
greater than 1 inch. The design values listed are for bolts up to 1 inch
10.32.3.1.1 1 In pr opoitioiiing fasteners for diameter. The design values shall be multiplied by 0.875 for diametérs
greater than 1inch,
shear or tension, the cross—sectional area based upon the • In connections transmítting asial force whose length between ex-
nominal diameter shall be used except as otherwise treme fasteners measured parallel to the line of force exceeds 50 inches,
tabulated values shall be reduced 20 percent. For flange splices, the
noted. 50-inch length is to be measured between the extreme bolts on only
one side of the connection.
10.32.3.1.2 The effective bear ing area of a fastener 'If material thickness or joint details preclude threads in the shear
shall be its diameter multiplied by the thickness of the metal plane, multiply tabulated values by 1.25.
on which it bear s. In metal less thilll ³ ‟8 inch thick, counter- ' u 'specified minimum tensile strength of connected material.
‘ Connections using high-strength bolts in slotted holes with the load
sunl‹ fastenei s shall not be assumed to carry stress. In metal applied in a direction other than approximately normal (between 80 and
³ ‟s inch thicl‹ and over, one half of the depth of the counter- HO degrees) to the axis of the hole and connections with bolts in
oversízed holes shall be designed for resistance against slip in accord-
sink sha1l 1›e omitted in calculating the beaiing area. ance with Article 10.32.3.2. 1.
' L, is equal to the clear distance between the holes or between the
10..?2.3. 1.3 In determining whether the bolt threads hole and the edge of the mateñal in the direction of the applied bearing
are excluded from the shear planes of the contact surfaces, force, in. and d is the nominal diameter of the bolt, in.
'The allowable bearing force for the connection is equal to the sum
thrcad length of bolts shall be calculated as two thread of the allowable bearing forces for the individual bolts in the connec-
pitcher greater than the specified thread length as an al- tion.
lowance for thread iunout.
of j‹›ints should be investigated at interme‹liate load Where

stages especially those joints located in composite F, — nominal slip resistance per uiiit of bolt area from
regions.
Table 10.32.3C, kei.
Ab = area corresponding to the nominal body area of
II.32.3. 1.7 The percentage of unit stress increase
the bolt sq in.
shown in Articlc 3.22, Combinati‹›n of Loads, shall apply
N, — number of bolts in the joint.
to allowable stiesses in bolted slip-critical connections N, = number of slip planes.
using high-stiength bolts, except that in no case shall the
pcrccntage of allowable stress exceed 133 o, and the Re- Class A, B. or C surface conditions of the boltecl parts as
quirements of Article 10.32.3.3 shall not be exceeded. defined in Table 10.32.3C shall be used in joints desig-
nated as slip-critical except as permitted in Artiele
10.32.3. 1.8 I3olted bearing-type connections shall 10.32.3.2.2.
be limited to members in compression and secondary
members. 10.32.3.2.2 Subject to the approval of the Engineer,
coatings providing a slip coefficient less than 0.33 may be
1ü.32.3.2 The allowable stress in shear, bearing and used provided the mcan slip coefficient is established by
tension í'oi AASHTO M 14(ASTM A 325) and AASHTO test in accoi dance with the requiiements of Article
M 253 (ASTM A 490) bolts shall be as listed in Table 10.32.3.2.3, and the slip resistance per unit ‹irea are es-
10.32.3B. tablished. The slip resistance per unit area shall be tal‹eii
as equal to the slip resistance per unit area from Table
TU.32.3.2. 1 In addition to the allowable stress re- 10.32.3C for Class A coatings as appropriate Por the hole
qunements of Article 10.32.3.2 the force on a slip—critical type and bolt type times the slip coefficient determined by
connection as defincd in Article 10.24. 1.4 shall not exceed test divided by 0.33.
the allowable slip force (P ) of the connection according
to 10.32.3.2.3 Paint, used on the faying surfaces of
connections specified to be slip-critical, shall be qualified
by test in accordance with “Tcst Method to Determine the
TABLE 10.32.3C Nominal Slip Resistance for Slip-Critical Connections (Slip Resistance per Unit of Bolt Area, F,, ksi)
Hole Type and Direction of Load Application

Any Direction Transverse Parallel
Oversized and
Standard Short Slot Long Slots Long Slots
AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO

M 164 M 253 M 164 M 253 M 164 M 253 M 164 M 253
(ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM
Contact Surface of Bolted Parts A 325)„ A 490) A 325)' A 490) A 325)‟ A 490) A 325)ª A 490)
Class A (Slip Coefficient 0.33) 15 19 13 16 11 13 9 11
Clean mill scale and blast-
cleaned surfaces with Class
A coatings‘
Class B (Slip Coefficient 0.50) 23 29 19 24 16 14 17
Blast-cleaned surfaces and
blast-cleaned surfaces with
Class B coatings‘
Class C (Slip Coefficient 0.33) 15 19 16 11 13 9 11
Hot-dip galvanized surfaces
and roughened by wire
brushing after galvanizing
‘ The tensile strength of M 164 (A 325) bolts decreases for diameters greater than 1 inch. The design values listed are for bolts up to 1
inch diameter. The design values shall be multiplied by 0.875 for diameters greater than 1 inch.
‘Coatings classified as Class A or Class B include those coatings which provide a mean slip coefficient not less than 0.33 or 0.50,
respectively, as determined by Testing Method to Determine the Slip Coefficient for Coatings Used in Bolted Joints. See Article 10.32.3.2.3.
Slip Coefficient for Coatings Used in Bolted Joints” as = 105 kei for M 164 (A 325) bolts over l-inch
adopted by the Research Council on 5tructural Connec- diameter;
tions. Sec Appendix A of Allowablc Stress Design Speci- = 150 ksi for M 253 (A 490) bolts.
fication for Structural Joints Using ASTM A 325 or A 490
Bolts published by the Research Council on Structural 10.32.3.3.4 Where rivets or high-strength bolts are
Connections. subject to both shear and tension, the tensile stress shall not
exceed thc value obtained from the following equati‹›ns:
10.32.3.3 Applied Tension, Combined Tension,
and Shear
(10-16)
10.32.3.3.1 1 High-strength bolts preferably
shall be used for fasteners subject to tension or combined
tension and shear.
(10 - 17)
10.32.3.3.2 2 Bolts required to support applied
load by means of direct tension shall be so proportioned where
that their average tensile stress coiriputed on the basis of f = computed rivet or bolt shear stress in shear, ksi;
nominal bolt area will not exceed the appropriate stress F = allowable shear stress on rivet or bolt from Table
in Table l 11.32,3B. The applied load shall be the sum of 10.32.3A or Table 10.32.3B, ksi;
the external load and any tension resulting from prying F, = allowable tensile stress on rivet or bolt fi om
action. The tension due to the prying action shall be Table 10.32.3A or Table 10.32.3B, ksi;
F{ = recluced allowable tensile stress on rivet or bolt
due to the applied shear stress, kei.
- T (10 - 14)
20
Note: EQuation (111-18) has been removed.
where
Q — the prying tension per bolt (taken as zero when 10.32.3.4 Fatigue
negative);
T = the direct tension per bolt due to external load; When subject to tensile fatigue loading, the tensile
a — distance from center of bolt to edge of plate in stress in the bolt due to the set vice load plus the pry—
inches; ing force resulting from application of service load
b — distance from center of bolt undei consideration shall not exceed the following design stresses in kips
to toe of fillet of connected part in inchcs; per squai c inch. The nominal diameter of the bolt shall
= thickness of thinnest part connected in inches. be used in calculating the bolt strGss. The prying
force shall not exceed 609r of the externally applied
10.32.3.3.3 For combined shcar and tension in slip- load.
critical joints using high-strength bolts whcre applied
forces reduce the total clamping force on the fric- AASHTO AASHTO
tion plane, the slip resistance per unit area of bolt, f,, shall M l6ª M 253
not exceed the value obtained from the following equation: (ASTM (ASTM
Number of Cycles A 325) A 490)
Not more than 20,000 38 47

where: From 20,000 to 500,000 35.5 44.0
f, — computed tensile stress in the 1›o1t ‹fue to applied
More than 500,000 27.5 34.0
loads including any stress diie to prying action, ksi;
F = nominal slip resistance per unit of bolt area from 10.32.4 Pins, Rollers, and Expansion Rockers
Table 10.32.3C, ksi;
F,,= 120 ksi for M 164 (A 325) bolts up to l-inch 10.32.4.1 The effective bearing area of a pin shallbe
diameter; its diameter multiplied by the thickness of the material on
10.32.4. 1 DIVISION I—DESIGN 293
TABLE 10.32.4.3A Allowable Stresses—Steel Bars and Steel Forgings
AASHTO Designation with Size — M 169 4 in. in M 102 To 20 M 102 To 20 M 102 To 10M 1í12 To 20
Limitations dia. or less in. in dia. in. in dia. in. in dia. in. in dia.
ASTM Designation Grade or Class — A 108 A 668 A 668 A 668 A 668"
Grades 1016 Class C Class D Class F Class G
1030 incl.
Minimum Yield Point, psi F, 36,000„ 33,000 37,500 50,000 50,000
Stress in Extreme Fiber, psi 0. 80F, 29,000„ 26,000 30,000 40,000 40,000
Shear, psi 0.40F, 14,000„ 13,000 15,000 20,000 20,000
Bearing on Pins not Subject to Rotation, 0. 80F, 29,000„ 26,000 30,000 40,000 40,000
Bearing on Pins Subject to Rotation, psi 0.40F, 14,000‘ 13,000 15,000 20,000 20,000
ª May substitute rolled material of the same properties.

‘For design purposes only. Not a part of the A 108 specifications. Supplementary material requirements should provide guarantee that material will
meet these values.
‘This shall apply to pins used primarily in axially loaded members, such as truss members and cable adjusting links. It shall not apply to pins used
in members having rotation caused by expansion or deflection.
which it bears. When parts in contact have different yield 10.32.5.2 Malleable Castings
points, F, shall be the smaller value.
Malleable castings shall conform to specifications for
10.32.4.2 Design stresses for Steel Bars, Carbon Cold Malleable Iron Castings, ASTM A 47 Grade 35018. The
Finished Standard Quality, AASHTO M 169 (ASTM A following allowable stresses in pounds per s‹juare inch
108), and Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General shall be used:
Industrial Use, AASHTG M 102 (ASTM A 668), are gwen
in Table 10.32.4.3A. T
Bending in Extieme Fiber 18,000
Modulus of Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,000.000
10.32.5 Cast Steel, Ductile Iron Castings, Malleable
Castings, and Cast Iron 10.32.5.3 Cast Iron
10.32.5.1 Cast Steel and Ductile Iron Cast iron castings shall conform to specifications for
Gray kon Castings, AASHTO M 105 (ASTM A 48), Class
10.32.5.1.1 For cast steel conforming to speci- 30B. The following allowable stresses in pounds per
fications for Steel Castings for Highway Bridges, square inch shall be used:
AASHTO M 192 (ASTM A 486), Mild-io-Medium- Bending in Extreme Fiber 3,000
Strength Carbon—Steel Castings for General Application, Shear 3,000
AASHTO M 103 (ASTM A 27), and Corrosion-Resistant Direct Compression, Short Columns . . . . . . . 12,000
Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel and Nickel-
Based Alloy Castings for General Application, AASHTO 10.32.5.4 Bronze or Copper-Alloy
M 163 (ASTM A 743), and for Ductile Iron Cast-
ings (ASTM A 536), the allowable stresses in pounds 10.32.5.4.1 1 Bronze castings, AASHTO M
per square inch shall be in accordance with Table 107 (ASTM B 22), Copper Alloys 913 or 911, or
10.32.5. IA. Copper- Alley Plates, AASHTO M 108 (ASTM B 100),
shall be specified.
10.32.5.1.2 When in contact with castings or steel of
a different yield point, the allowable unit bearing stress of 10.32.5.4.2 The allowable unit-bearing stress in
the material with the lower yield point shall govern. For pounds per square inch on bronze castings or copper-alloy
riveted or bolted connections, Article 10.32.3 shall govern. plates shall be 2,000.
HIGHWAY BRIDGES
TABLE 10.32.5.1A Allowable Stresses—Cast Steel and Ductile Iron
AASHTO Designation M 103 M 192 M 192 M 163 None

ASTM Designation A 27 A 486 A 486 A 743 A 53fi
Class or Gradc 70-36 70 90 120 CA-15 60-40-18
Minimum Yield Point, F, 36,000 60,000 95,000 65,000 40,000
Axial Tension 14,500 22,500 34,000 24,000 16,000
Tension in Extreme Fibers 14,500 22,500 34,000 24,000 16,000
Axial Compression, Short Columns 20,000 30,000 45,000 32,000 22,000
Compression in Extreme Fibers 20,000 30,000 45,000 32,000 22,000
Shear 9,000 13,500 21,000 14,000 10,000
Bearing, Steel Parts in Contact 30,000 45,000 68,0011 48,000 33,000
Bearing on Pins not Subject to Rotation 26,000 40,000 60,000 43,000 28,000
Bearing on Pins Subject to Rotation 13,000 20,000 30,000 21,500 14,0£10
10.32.6 Bearing on Masonry 10.34 PLATE GIRDERS
10.32.6.1 The allowable unit-bearing stress in 10.34.1 General

pounds per square inch on the following types of masonry
shall be: 10.34.1.1 Girders shall be proportioned by the mo-
Granite .................................................................. 800 ment of inertia method. For members primarily in l›end-
Sandstone and Limestone ...................................... 400 ing, the entire gross section shall be used when caJ culat--
ing tensile ariel compressive stresses. Holes for high-
10.32.6.2 The above bridge seat unit stress will apply strength bolts or rivets and/or open holcs not exceeding
only where the edge of the bridge seat projects at least 3 l'Zn inches, may be neglected provided the area removed
inches (average) beyond the edge of shoe ‹›r plate. Other- from each flange does not exceed 15*o of that flange.
wise, the unit stresses permitted will bc 75 lo of the above That area in excess of 15% shall be deducted from the
amounts. gross area.
10.32.6.3 For allowable unit-bearing stress on con- 10.34.1.2 The compression flanges of plate girdeis
crete masonry, rcfer to Article 8. 15.2.1.3. supporting timbei floors shall not be considered to be
laterally supported by the flooring unless thi floor ancl
111.33 ROLLED BEAI\IS fastenings are specially designed to provide support.
10.33.1 General 10.34.2 Flanges
10.33.1.1 Rolled beams, including those with welded 10.34.2.1 Welded Girders
cover plates, shall be designed by the moment of inertia
method. Rolled beams with riveted cover plates shall be 10.34.2.1.1 Each flange may comprise a series ‹›f
designed on the same basis as riveted plate girders. plates joined end to end by full penetration butt welds.
Changes in flange areas may be accomplished by vaiying
10.33.1.2 The compression flanges of rolled beams the thickness and/or wiclth of the flange plate, or by adding
supporting timber floors shall not be considered to be cover plates. Where plates of varying thicl‹nesses or
laterally supported by the flooring unless the floor and fas- widths are connected, the splice shall be wade in accor-
tenings are specially dcsigned to provide adequate support. dance with Article 10.18 and welds ground smooth before
attaching to the web. The compression-flange width, b, on
fabricated I-shaped girders pr eferalily shall not be less
10.33.2 bearing Stiffeners than 0.2 times the web depth, but in no case shall it be less
than 0. J 5 times the web depth. If the area of the compres-
Suitable stiffeners shall be provided to stiffen the webs sion flange is less than the area of the tension flange, the
of rolled beams at l›earings when the unit shear in the web minimum flange width may be based on two times the
adjacent to the bearing exceeds 75°o of the allowable depth of the web in compression ratlier than the web
shear for girder webs. See the related provisions of Arti- depth. The compression-flange thickness, t, preferably
cle 10.3ª.6. shall not be less than 1 .5 times the web thickness. The
10.34.2. l DIVISION I—DESIGN 295
width-to—thickness ratio, b/t, of flanges subject to tension 70. 34.2.2.3 Where the calculated compressive bend-
shall not exceed 24. ing stress equals 0.55 F,, the 6'/t ratios for the various
grades of steel shall not exceed the following:
10.34.2.1.2 When cover plates are used, they shall be
designed in accordance with Article 10.13. 36,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b'/t = 11
50,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b'/t — 10
10.34.2.1.3 The ratio of compression flange plate 70,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b'/t — 8.5
width to thicl‹ness shall not exceed the value determined 90,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b'/t = 7.5
by the formula 100,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b'/t — 7
b 3, 250 10.34.2.2.4 In the case of a composite girder the

—=' but in no case shall (10 - 19) width of outstanding legs of top flange angles in com-
b/t exceed 24 pression, except those reinforced by plates, shall not ex-
ceed the value determined by the following foi‟mula
10.34.2.1.4 Where the calculated compressive bend-
ing stress equals .55 F, the (b/t) ratios for the various
grades of steel shall not exceed the following: b‟ 1,930 but in no casc
t b‟/texceed12
36,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t — 23
50,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t — 20 In the above b' is the width of a flange angle, t is the thick-
70,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 17 ness, b is the calculated maximum compressive stress,
90,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 15 and fu, is the top ílange compressive stress due to non-
100,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 14 composite dead load.
In the above b is the flange plate width, t is the thickness, 10.34.2.2.5 The gross area of the compression
and f b is the calculated maximum compressive bending flange, except for composite design, shall be not less than
stress. (See Article 10.40.3 for Hybrid Girders.) the gross area of the tension flange.
10.34.2.1.5 In the case of a composite girder the ratio 10.34.2.2.6 6 Flange plates shall be of equal
of the top compression flange plate width to thickness thicl‹ness, or shall decrease in thicl‹ness from the flange
shall not exceed the value determined by the formula angles out- ward. No plate shall have a thickness greater
than that of the flange angles.
but in no case shall (¡0 - 20) 10.34.2.2. 7 At least one cover plate of the top
b/t exceed 24 flange shall extend the full length of the girder except
when the flange is covered with concrete. Any eover plate
that is not full length shall extend beyond the theo-
where fu, is the top flange compressive stress due to non—
retical cutoff point far enough to develop the capacity
composite dead load.
of the plate or shall extend to a section wheie the stress
in the remainder of the girdei flange is equal to the al-
10.34.2.2 Riveted or Bolted Girders
lowable fatigue stress, whichever is greater. The theo-
retical cutoff point of the cover plate is the section at
10.34.2.2.1 Flange angles shall form as large a part which the stress in the flange without that cover plate
of the area of the flange as practicable. Side plates shall equals the allowable stress, exclusiva of fatigue con-
not be used except where flange angles exceedin g 7/s inch siderations.
in thickness otherwise would be required.
10.34.2.2.8 The number of fasteners connecting the
10.34.2.2.2 Width of outstanding legs of flange flange angles to the web plate shall be sufficient to ble-
angles in compression, except thosc reinforced by velop the increment of flange stress transmitted to the
plates, shall not exceed the value determined by the for„ flange angles, combined with any load that is applied di-
mula rectly to the flange.
b‟ 1, 62Ñ butin no case shal i0 - 21) 10.34.2.2.9 Legs of angles 6 inches or greater in
'
t fb b‟/t exceed 12 width, connected to web platcs, shall have two lines of
fasteners. Cover plates over 14 inches wide shall have

four lines of fasteners.
10.34.3 Thickness of Web Plates
10.34.3.1 Girders Not Stiffened Longitudinally
10.34.3.1.1 1 The
web plate thickness of plate girdeis
without longitudinal stiffeners shall not be less than that
determined by the formula
See Figure 10.34.3. l A.) (10 - 23)

23,1100
but in no case shall the thickness be less than D/170.
10.34.3.1.2 2 Where the calculated compressive

bending stress in the flange equals the allowable
bending stress, the thickness of the web plate (with the
web stiffened or not stiffened, depending on the
requirements for transverse stiffeners) shall not be less
than (where the Y.P. is for the flange material)
36,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/165 WEB TH ICK NESS AND GIRDER DEPTH
' (a fu net ion of bending stress)
50,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/140
D = depth of web
70,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/l 15 !w ' !ªi¢k ness of web
90,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/105 b Cál0U ldt d c ompress›ve bend ing stress in flange
100,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/100 FIGURE 10.34.3.IA Web Thickness vs. Girder Depth for
Noncomposite Symmetrical Sections
10.34.3.2 Girders Stiffened Longitudinally
compression flange component, D, is the depth of the
10.34.3.2.1 1 The web plate thickness of plate web in compression calculated by summing the stresses
girders equipped with longitudinal stiffeners shall not be from the applicable stages of loading, and f, is the calcu-
less than that determined by the formula lated flange bending stress in the compression flange.
The depth of web in compressioR, D c. in composite sec-
tions subjected to negative bending may be taken as
D f (10 — 24) the depth of the web in compression of the composite
„4, 050 section without summing the stresses from the various
D stages of loading. When both edges of the web are in
for ñ 0.4 k = 5. 17 compression, k shall be taken equal to 7.2.
D,
for < 0.4 k — 11.ti4

10.34.3.2.2 Where the calculated bending stress in
the flange equals the allowable bending stress, the thick-
ness of the web plate in a symmetrical girder stiffened
but in no case shall the thickness be less than D/3411. For with transverse stiffeners in coinbination with one longi-
syrnirietrical girdei s see Figure 10.34.3. I.A. tudinal stiffener located a distance D/5 from the compies-
In the above, D (depth of the web) is the cleai unsup- sion flange shall not be less than (where the Y.P. is for the
ported distance in inches between the flange compo- flange material)
nents, tp is the web thickness, k is the buckling coeffi-
cient, d is the distance fi om the centerline of a plate 36,0011 psi, Y.P. Min. D/327
longitudinal stiffener or the gage line of an angle longi- 50,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/278
tudinal stiffener to the inner surface or the leg of the 70,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/235
10.34.?›.2.2 DIVISION I—DESIGN 297
90,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/207 for

J 00,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/196
In the above, D (depth of web) is the clear unsupported

distance in inches between flange components.
4.5 ›‹ 10"1‹
10.34.4 Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners (D / t p )' F
10.34.4.1 Transverse intermediate stiffeners may where

be omitted if the average calculated unit-shearing stress 5
k — 5+
in the gross section of the web plate at the point con- (d / D)'
sidered, f,, is less than the value gwen by the following
equation: d, = spacing of intermediate stiffener
F, = yield strength of the web plate
7.33 × 10‟ (F,/3) in Equation (10-26) can be ieplaced by the allow-
(10 - 25)
(D / t p )' able shearing stress gwen in Table l 0.32. l A.
Transverse stiffeners shall be required if D/tq is greater
where than 150. The spacing of these stiffeners shall not cxceecl
thc handling requirement D[260/(D/tp)]'.
D = unsupported depth of web plate between flanges
in inches;
tp — thickness of the web plate in inches; 10.34.4.3 The spacing of the first intermediate stiff-
F — allowable shear stress in psi. ener at the simple support end of a girder shall be such that
the shearing stress in the end panel shall not excecd the
10.34.4.2 Where transverse intermediate stiffeners value gwen by the following equation (the maximuni
are required, the spacing of the transvei se intermediate spacing is liinited to l .5Lt):
stiffener shall be such that the actual shearing stress will
not exceed the value gwen by the following equation; the (10-29)
maximum spacing is further limited to 3D and is subject
to the handling requirement below: 10.34.4.4 If a gu der panel is subjected io simuI tane-
ous action of shear and bending moment with the magni-
tude of the shear stress higher than 0.6 F , the bencling ten—
F,= (10 - 26) sile stress, F , shall be limited to
The constant C is equal to the bucl‹ling shear stress

where
divided by the shear yield stress, and is determined as
follows: f, — average calculated unit-shearing stress at the
section; live load shall be the load to produce
D 6, 000 Ok maximuin moment at the section under consid-
for
eration
F — value obtained from Equation (1 0—26).
10.34.4.5 Where the calculated shear stress equals the

allowable shear stress, transversc intcrme‹liate stiffeners
for may be omitted ii the tliicl‹ness of the web is not less than
6, 000 Ok 36,000 psi, Y.P. Min. II/78

< D/
F 50,G00 psi, Y.P. Min. D/66
70,0011 psi, Y.P. Min. D/56
6, 9(),000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/50
100,000 psi, Y.P. Min. D/47
10.34.4.6 Intermediate stiffeners preferably shall be 10.34.4.9 Transverse intermediate stiffeners need not
wade of plates for welded plate girders and shall be wade be in bearing with the tension flange. The distance be-
of angles for riveted plate girders. They may be in pairs, tween the end of the stiffener weld and the near edge of
one stiffener fastened on each side of the web plate, with the web-to-flange fillet welds shall not be less than 4tq or
a tight ht at the compression flange. They may, however, more than 6tp. Stiffeners at points of concentrated loading
be wade of a single stiffener fastened to one side of the shall be placed in pairs and should be designed in accor-
web plate. Stiffeners provided on only one side of the web dance with Article 10.34.6. However, transverse stiffeners
must be in bearing against, but need not be attached to, the which connect diaphragms or crossframes to the beam or
compression flange for the stiffener to be effective. How- girder shall be rigidly connected to both the top and bot-
ever, transverse stiffeners which connect diaphragms or tom flanges.
crossframes to the beam or girder shall be rigidly con-
nected to both the top and bottom flanges. 10.34.4.10 The width of a plate or the outstanding
leg of an angle intermediate stiffener shall not be less than
10.34.4.7 The moment of inertia of any type of trans- 2 inches plus '×so the depth of the girder, and it shall prefer-
verse stiffener with reference to the plane defined in Arti- ably not be less than '/4 the full width of the girder flange.
cle 10.34.4.8 shall not be less than The thickness of a plate or the outstanding leg of an angle
intermediate stiffener shall not be less than 'Xis its width.
Intermediate stiffeners may be AASHTO M 270 Grade 36
(10-
31) steel.
where 10.34.5 Longitudinal Stiffeners

J = 2.5 (D/d,)'— 2, but not less than 0.5 (10-32)
In these expressions, 10.34.5.1 The optimus distance, d , of a plate longi—
tudinal stiffener or the gage line of an angle longitudinal
I — minimum permissible moment of inertia of any stiffener from the inner surface or the leg of the compres-
type of transverse intermediate stiffener in inches„; sion Pange component is D/5 for a symmetrical girder.
J = required ratio of rigidity of one transverse stiffener The optimum distance, d,, for an unsymmetrical compos-
to that of the web plate, ite girder in positive-moment regions may be determined
d, — distance between stiffeners in inches; from the equation gwen below:
D = unsupported depth of web plate between flange
components in inches;
t, = thickness of the web plate in inches. (10-32b)
D fDL+LL
' i + 1.5
f DL
The gross cross-sectional area of intermediate trans-
verse stiffeners shall be greater than
where D,, is the depth of the web in compression of the
A = 0. 15B
D
1 C)
F noncomposite steel beam or girder, fu‹ is the noncom—
(10 — 32a) posite dead-load stress in the compression flange, and
t»
fDL+‹L is the total noncomposite and composite dead-
9, 025, 000
(10 — 32b) load plus the composite live-load stress in the compres-
b’ ' sion flange at the most highly stressed section of the
t web. The optimum distance, d,, of the stiffener in negative—
moment regions of composite sections is 2D,/5, where
where F,, ,,,, is the yield strength of the stiffener; B — 1.0 D, is the depth of the web in compression of the com-
for stiffener pairs, 1.8 for single angles, and 2.4 for single posite section at the most highly stressed section of
plates; and C is computed by Article 10.34.4.2. When the web.
values computed by Equation (10-32a) approach zero or The longitudinal stiffener shall be proportioned so that
are negative, then transverse stiffeners need only meet the
requirements of Equation (10-31), and the requirements
of Article 10.34.4.10.
I — Dt p 2.4 (10 -
10.34.4.8 When stiffeners are in pairs, the moment 33)
of inertia shall be taken about the center line of the web
plate. When single stiffeners are used, the moment of wheie
inertia shall be taken about the face in contact with the I — minimum moment of inertia of the longitudinal
web plate. stiffener about its edge in contact with the web
plate in inches ;
D = unsupporte‹i distance between flange compo- OH both sides of the web plate. Bearing stiffeners shall
nents in inches; bé designed as columns, and their connection to the web
tp — thickness of the web plate in inches ¡ Shltll be designed to transmit the entirc end reac-
d, = actual distance betwecn transverse stiffeners in tion te tlié bearings. For stiffeners consisting of two
inches. ÍíttéS, the column section shall be assumed to comprise
the two plates and a centrally located strip of the web plate
10.34.5.2 The thickness of the longitudinal stiffener whose width is equal to not more than 18 times
t, shall not be less than its thickness. For stiffeners consisting of tour or were
plates. the column section shall be assumed to comprise
the four or more plates and a centrally located strip of
„34 the web plate whose wiclth is equal to that enclosed by
the four or m‹›re plates plus a width of not more than 18
where times the web plate thickness. (See Article 10.40 for
Hybrid Girders.) The radius of g•yration shall be computed
b‟= width of stiffener about the axis through the center line of the web plate. The
F, — yield strength of the longitudinal stiffcner stiffeners shall be ground to fit against the flange through
which they receive their reaction, or attached to the flange
10.34.5.3 The stress in the stiffener shall not be
by full penetration groove welds. Only the portions of the
greater thanthe basic allowable bending stress forthe ma-
stiffeners outside the flange-to-web plate welds shall be
terial used in the stiffener.
considered effective in bearing. The thickncss of the bear-
ing stiffener plates shall not be less than
10.34.5.4 Longitudinal stiffeners are usually placed
on one side only of the web plate. They need not be con-
tinuous and may be cut at their intersections with the b' F
transverse stiffeners. 12 33, 000
10.34.5.5 For longitudinally stiffened girders, trans-

The allowable compressive stress and the bearing pres-
verse stiffeners shall be spaced a distance, d,, according
sure on the stiffeners shall not exceed the values specified
to shear capacity as specified in Article 10.34.4.2, but not
in Article 10.32.
mora than 1.5 times the web depth. The handling require-
ment gwen in Article 10.34.4.2 shall not apply to longitu-
dinally stiffened girders. The spacing of the first trans-
verse stiffener at the simple support end of a 10.34.6.2 Riveted or Bolted Girders
loiigitudiiially stiffened girder shall be such that the shear-
ing stress in the end panel does not exceed the value gwen Over the end bear ings of rivcted or bolted plate girders
in Articlc 10.34.4.3. The maximum spacing of the first there shall be stiffener angles, the outstanding legs of
transverse stiffener at the simple support end of a longitu- which shall extend as nearly as practicable to the outer
dinally stiffened girder is limited to 1.5 times the web edge on the flange angle. Bearing stiffener angles shall
depth. The total web depth D shall be used in determining be proportioned for bearing on the outstanding legs of
the shear capacity of longitudinally stiffened girders in flange angles, no al lowance being wade for the portions
Articles 10.34.4.2 and 10.34.4.3. of the legs being fitted to the fillets of the flange angles.
Bearing stiffeners shall be arranged, and their con-
10.34.5.fi Transverse stiffeners for girder panels with nections to the web shall be designed to transmit the
longitudinal stiffeners shall be designed according to Ar- entire end reaction to the bearings. They shall not be
ticle 10.3ª.4.7. criinped. The thickness of the bearing stiffencr angles
shall not be less than
10.34.ti Bearing Stiffeners
10.34.fi.1 Welded tiirders b‟ F

(10 - 36)
12
Over the end bearings of welded plate girders and
over the intermediate bearings of continuous welded plate
girdcrs there shull be stiffeners. They shall extend as The allowable compressive strcss and the bearing pres-
nearly as practicable to the outer edges of the flange sure on the stiffeners shall not exceed the values specified
plates. They preferably shall be wade of plates placed in Article l 0.32.
HIGHWAY BRIDGES
10.35 TRUSSES (Note: b is the distance from the edge of plate or edge of
perforation to the point of support.)
10.35.1 Perforated Cover Plates and Lacing Bars
10.35.2.4 When the compressive stress equals the
The shearing force normal to the member in the planes limiting factor of 0.44 F , the b/t ratio of the segments in-
oflacing or continuous perforated plates shall be assumed dicated above shall not be greater than the ratios shown
divided equally between all such parallel planes. The for the following grades of steel:
shearing force shall include that due to the weight of the
36,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 12
member plus any other external force. For compression
50,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 11
members, an additional force shall be added as obtained
70,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 9
by the following formula:
90,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 8
100,íl00 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 7.5
(10 - 37)
10.35.2.5 Plates supported on two edges or webs of
main component segmento—for members of box shape
consisting of main plates, rolled sections, or wade up
In the above expression component seginents with covcr plates, the b/t ratio of the
V = normal shearing force in pounds; main plates or webs of the segments when used in com-
P = allowable compressive axial load on members in pression shall not be greater than the value obtained by
pounds; use of the formula
P = length of member in inches;
r = radius of gyration of section about the axis per—
b 4, 000
(111 - 39)
pendicular to plane of lacing or perforated plate t
in inches;
F = specified minimum yield point of type of steel but in no cuse shul l b/t be greater than 45.
being used. (Note: b is the distance between points of support for the
plate and between roots of flanges f‹›r the webs of rolled
segmento.)
111.35.2 Compression Members—Thicl‹ness of
Metal
10.35.2.6 When the compressive sti esses equal the
limiting factor of 0.44 F,, the b/t i„atio of the plates and
111.35.2.1 Compression members shall be so designed
segments indicated above shall not be greater than the ra-
that the main elements of the section will be connected
tios shown for the following grades of steel:
directly to the gusset plates, pins, or other members.
36,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 32
10.35.2.2 The center of gravity of a built—up section
50,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t — 27
shall coincide as nearly as practicable with the center of
70,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t — 23
the section. Preferably, segments shall be connected by
90,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 211
solid webs or perforated cover plates.
100,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 19
10.35.2.3 Plates supported on one side, outstanding
10.35.2.7 Solid cover plates supportGd on two edges
legs of angles and perforated plates—for outstanding
or webs connecting main members or segmento—for
plates, outstanding legs of angles, and perforated plates at
members of H or box shapes consisting of solid cover
the per forations, the b/t ratio of the plates or angle seg-
plates or solid webs connecting main plates or segmento,
mento when used in compression shall not be greater than
the b/t ratio of the solid cover plates or webs when used in
the value obtained by use of the formula
compression shall not be greater than the value obtained
by use of the formula
(10 - 40)
but in no case shall b/t be greater than 12 for main mem-

bei s and 16 foi secoiidai y members. but in no case shall b/t be gieatei than 50.
10.35.2.7 DIVISION I—DESIGN
(Note: b is the unsupported distance between points of rolled segments the point of support may be taken as the
support.) weld whenever the ratio of outstanding flange width to
flange thickness of the rolled segment is less than seven.
10.35.2.8 When the compressive stresses equal the Otherwise, point of support shall be the root of flange of
limiting factor of 0.4ª F,, the b/t ratio of the cover plate rolled segment. Terminations of the butt welds are to be
and webs indicated above shall not be greater than the ra- ground smooth.
tios shown for the following grades of steel:
10.36 COMBINED STRESSES
36,0Cl0 psi, XP. Min. b/t = 40
50,0110 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 34 All members subjected to both axial compression and
70,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t — 28 bending stresses shall be proportioned to satisfy the fol-
90,0110 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 25 lowing requirements
100,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 24
10.35.2.9 Perforated cover plates supported on two 1.0 (10-42)

edges—for members of box shapes consisting of perfo- f,
— Fbx — , Fby
rated cover plates connecting main plates or segments, the
b/t ratio of the perforated cover plates when used in com-
pression shall not be greater than the value obtained by and
use of the formula
fe + fbx + f by
ñ J .0 (at points of support)
0.472F Fbx Fby
(10 - 41) (10-43)
where
but in no case shall b/t be greater than 55.
(Note: b is the distance between points of support. Atten- (10 - 44)
tion is diiec ted to rcquirements for plate thickness at per-
forations, namely. plate supported on one side, which also
shall be satisIied.J f, = computed axial stress;
f,, or fu = computed compressive bending stress
10.35.2.10 When the compressive stresses equal the about the x axis and y axis, respectively;
limiting factor of G.44 F,, the b/t ratio of the perforated F, — axial stress that would be pcrmitted if axial
covei plates shall not be greater than the ratios shown for force alone existed, regardless of the plane
the following grades of steel: of bending;
F,,, Fu — compressive bending stress that would be
36,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 48 permitted if bending moment alone existed
50,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 41 about the x axis and the y axis, rcspec-
70,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 34 tively, as evaluated according to Table
90,000 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 30 10.32. l A;
100,0110 psi, Y.P. Min. b/t = 29 = Euler buckling stress divided by a factor of
safety;
E = modulus of elasticity of steel;
In the above cxpressions—
K, = effective length factor in the plane of bend—
f, = computed compressive stress; ing (see Appendix C);
b = width (defined as indicated for each expres— L, — itCttial ilHbraced length in the plane of
sion); bending;
= plate or web thickness. r, — radius of gyiation in the plane of bending;
C Cmy COefficient about the x axis and y axis, re-
10.35.2.11 The point of support shall be the inner line spectively, whose value is taken from
of fasteners or fillet welds connecting the plate to the main Table 10.36A;
segment. For plates butt welded to the flange edge ol F.S. = factor of safety — 2. 12.
302 HIGHWAY BRIDGES
TABLE 10.36A Bending-Compression Interaction Coefficients
Loading Conditions Remarks
Computed moments inaximum at end; joint translation

not prevented
Computed moments maximum at end; no transverse

loading, ¡oint translation prevented
Transverse loading; joint translation pi‟evented Lt
Transverse loading; joint translation prevented
M¡ = smaller end moment.

M¡ /M, is positive when member is bent in single curvature.
M ¡/M is negative when member is bent in reverse curvature.
In all cases C,,, may be conservatively taken equal t‹i 1.0.
10.37 SOLID RIB ARCHES 10.37.1.2 The arch rib shall be proportioned to sat-
isfy the following requirement:
10.37.1 Moment Amplification and Allowable Stress
10.37.1.1 Live load plus impact moments that are de- (10 - 47)
termined by an analysis which neglects arch rib deflection
shall be increased by an amplification factor A, where
A f,, = the computed axial stress;

(10 - 45)
'' 1 .70’f f, — the calculated bending stress, including moment
‘ AF, amplification, at the extreme fiber;
F, — the allowable axial unit stress;
where F, — the allowable bending unit stress.
T — arch rib thrust at the quarter point from dead plus
10.37.1.3 For buckling in the vertical plane
live plus impact loading;
E KL'
Euler buckling stress) (10 - 46)
(10-48)
2. 12
L = one-half of the length of the arch rib;
A = area of cross section; where KL is as dcfinecl above.
r — radius of gyration;
K — factor to account for effective length. 10.37.1.4 The effccts of lateral slenderness should be
investigated. Tied arch ribs, with the tie and roadway sus-
K Values for Use in Calculating F, and F, pended from the rib, are not subject to moment amplifica-
tion, and En shall be based on an effectivc length equal to
Rise to Span 3-Hinged 2-Hinged
the distance along the arch axis between suspenders, tor
Ratio Arch Arch Fixed Arch
buckling in the vertical plane. However, the smaller cross-
0. 1—0.2 1.16 1.04 0.70 sectional area of cable suspenders may result in an effec-
1.10 11.70 tive length slightly longer than the distance between sus-
0.3—0.4 1.16 1.lii 11.72 peiiders.
10.37.2 DIVISION I—DESIGN
10.37.2 Web Plates

maximum b/t¡ — 47 (10 - 56)
10.37.2.1 The depth to thickness ratio D/tp of the
web plates, having no longitudinal stiffeners, shall not be
greater than the following: 10.37.3.2 The b'/t, ratio for the overhang width of
flange plates shall be not greater than
D= , maximum D/t p = 60 (10 - 49)
t» b‟ 1, 625
—= , maximum b‟/t¡ = 12 (10 - 57)
+ fb
where tp — web thickness.
10.37.2.2 If one longitudinal stiffener is used at reid- 10.38 COMPOSITE GIRDERS

depth of the web, maximum D/t, shall be as follows:
10.38.1 General
maximum D/tp = 90 (10 - 50) 10.38.1.1 This section pertains to structurcs com-
posed of steel girders with concrete slabs connected by
shear connectors.
and the moment of inertia of the stiffener about an axis
parallel to the web and at the base of the stiffener shall be 10.38.1.2 General specifications pertaining to the de-
equal to sign of concrete and Steel structures shall apply to struc-
tures utilizing composite girders where such specifica-
I, = 0.75 Dtp tions are applicable. Composite girders and slabs shall be
designed and the stresscs computed by the composite mo-
10.37.2.3 If two longitudinal stiffeners are used at ment of inertia method and shall be consistent with the
the one—third points of the web depth D, ma›:imum D/tp predetermined properties of the various materials used.
shall be as follows:
10.38.1.3 The ratio of the moduli of elasticity of steel
(29,000,000 psi) to those of normal weight concrete (W =
D/tq = 120 (10 — 52) 145 pcfl of various design strengths shall be as follows:
f j = unit ultimate compressive strength of concrete as
and the moment of inertia of each stiffener shall be determined by cylinder tests at the age of 28 days
in pounds per square inch.
I, = 2.2 Dtp (10-53) n — ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of
concrete. The value of n, as a function of the ul-
10.37.2.4 The width to thickness ratio b'/t, of any
timate cylinder strength of concretc, shall be as-
outstanding element of the web stiffeners shall not exceed
sumed as follows:
the following:
f j = 2,000—2,300 n = 11
b‟ 1,625 2,400—2,800 10
maximum b‟/t, — 12 (10 - 54) 2,900—3,500 9
3,600—4,500 8
4,600—5,900 7
10.37.2.5 Web plate equations apply between limits 6,000 or more 6
fb 10.38.1.4 The effect of creep shall be considered in
0.2
the design of composite girders which have dead loads
acting on the composite section. In such structures,
10.37.3 Flange Plates stresses and horizontal shears produced by dead loads act-
ing on the composite section shall be computed for n as
10.37.3.1 The b/t, ratio for the width of flange plates gwen above or for this value multiplied by 3, whichever
between webs shall be not greater than gives the higher stresses and shears.
HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.38.1.4
10.38.1.5 If concrete with expansivo characteristics 10.38.2.3 The capacity ol stitd and channel shear
is used, composite design should be used with caution and connect‹›rs welded to the girders is gwen in Article
pr‹›visioii must be wade in the design to »ccommodate the 10.30.5. Channel shear connectors shall have at least ‟‟ic-
expansion. inch fillet welds placed along the heel and toe of the
channel.
10.38.1.6 Composite sections in simple spans and
the positive moment regi‹›ns of continuous spans should 10.38.2.3 The clear clepth of concrete cover over the
preferably be proportioned so that the neutral axis lies tops of the shear connectors shall be not less than 2 inches.
below the top sur face of the Steel beam. Concrete on the Shear connectors shall pcnetrate at least 2 inches above
tension sido of the neutral axis shall not be considered in bottom of slab.
calculating resisting moments. In the ncgative moment re-
gions of continuous spans, only the slab reinforcement 10.38.2.4 The clear distance between the edge of a
can be c onsidered to act compositely with the steel beams girder flange and the edge of the shear connectors shall be
in calculating resisting moments. Mechanical anchorages not less than 1 inch. Adj‹tcent stud shear connectors shall
shall be pr ovicted in the composite regions io develop not be closer than 4 diiuricters center to center.
stresses on the plane joining the concrete and the steel.
Concrete on the tension mide of the neutral axis may be 10.38.3 Effective Flange Width
considered in cc»mputing moments of inertia for deflection
calculations, for determining stiffness factors used in cal- 10.38.3.1 In composite girder constriiction the as-
culating moments and shears, and for computing fatigue sumed effective width of the slab as a T-beam flange shall
stress i anges and fatigue shear ranges as permitted under not exceed the fo11‹›wing:
the pr‹›visions of Articles 10.3.1 and 10.38.5.1.
(1) One-fourth of the span length of the girder.
10.38.1.7 The steel beams or girders, especially if not (2) The distance center to center of girders.
supported by intermediate falsework, shallbe invcstigated (3) Twelve times the least thickness of the slab.
for stability and strength for the loading applied during the
time the concrete is in place and before it has hardencd. 10.38.3.2 For girders having a ílange on one side
The casting or placing sequence specified in the plans for only, the effective flange width shall not exceed ut of the
the composite concrete deck shall be considered when cal- span length of the girder, or six times the thickness of the
culating the moments and shears ‹›n the steel section. The slab, or one-half the distance center to center of the next
maximum flange compression stress shall not exceed the girder.
value spccified ir Table 10.32.J A for partially supported
or unsupported compressi‹›n flanges multiplied by a factor 10.38.4 Stresses
of 1.4, but not to exceed 0.55F,. The sum of the noncom-
posite and composite dead-load shears in the web shall not 10.38.4.1 Maximum compressive and tensile
exceed the shear-buclding capacity of the web multiplied stresses in girders that are not provided with tcmporary
by 1.35, nor the allowable shear stress, as follows: supports during the placing of the permanent dead load
shall be the sum of the stresses produced by the dead loads
acting on the steel girders alone and the stresses produced
by the superimposed loads acting on the composite girder.
where C is specified in Articlc 10.3ª.4.2. When girdeis are provided with effective intermediate
supports that are kept in place until the concrete has at-
10.38.2 Shear Connectors tained 75 °o of us required 28-day stiength, the dead and
live load stresses shall be computed on the basis of the
10.38.2.1 The mechanical means used at the junction composite section.
of the girder and stat› for the purpose of devcloping the
shear resistance necessary to produce composite action 10.38.4.2 A continuous composite bridge may be
shall conform to the specifications of the respectivo mate- built with shear connectors either in the positive moment
rials as provided in Division II. The shear connectors shall regions or throughout the length ol the bridge. The posi-
be of types that permit a thorough conipaction of the con- tive moment regions may be designed with composite
crete in or‹íer to ensure that theii entire surfaces are in sections as in simple spans. Shear connectors shall be
contact with the concrete. They shall be capable of resist- provided in the negative moment portion in which the re-
ing both horizontal and vertical movement between the inforcement steel embedded in the concrete is considered
concrete and the steel. a part of the coiiiposite section. In case the reinforcement
steel embedded in the concrete is not used in computing 10.38.5.1. 1 Fatigue

section properties for negative moments, shear connectors
need not be provided in these portions of the spans, but The range of horizontal shear shall bc computed by the
additional anchorage connectors shall be placed in the re- formula
gion of the point of dead load contra-flexure in accordance
with Article 10.38.5. 1.3. Shear connectors shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Article 10.38.5.
where
10.38.4.3 The minimum longitudinal reinforcement S,. = range of horizontal shear, in kips per inch, at the
including the longitudinal distribution reinforcement junction of the slab and girder at the point in the
must equal or excecd llo of the cross-sectional area of the span under consideration;
concrete slab whenever the longitudinal tensile stress in V, = range of sheai due to live loads and impact
the concrete slab due to either the construction loads or the in kips; at any section, the range of shear shall
design loads exceeds f, specified in Article 8. 15.2.1.1. The be taken as the difference in the minimum and
area of the concrete slab shall be taken equal to the struc- maximum shear envelopes (excluding dead loads);
tural thickness times the entire width of the bridge deck.
Q = statical moment about the neutral ‹ixis of the
The requiied reinforcement shall be No. 6 bars or composite section of the transformed concreto
smaller spaced at not more than 12 inches. Two-thirds of aiea, in‟. Between points of dead-load con-
this required reinforcement is to be placed in the top layer traflexure, the statical moment about the neutr‹il
of slab. Placement of distribution steel as specified in Ar-
axis of the composite section ef the area of rein-
ticle 3.24. 10 is waived.
forcement embedded in the concrete may be used
unless the transformed Concrete area is considered
10.38.4.4 When shear connectors are omitted from to be fully effective for negative moment in com-
the negative moment region, the longitudinal reinforce- puting the longitudinal range of stress;
ment shall be extended into the positive moment region I = moment of inertia of the transformed composite
beyond the anchorage connectors at least 411 times the re- section, in‟. Between points of dea‹l-load con-
inforcement diameter. For epoxy-coated bars, the length traflexure, the moment of inertia of the steel
to be extended into the positive moment region beyond girder including the area of reinI‟oicement em-
the anchorage connectors should be modified to comply bedded in the concrete may be used unless the
with Article 8.25.2.3. transformed concreto aiea is considered to be
fully effective for negative moment in comput-
10.38.5 Shear ing the longitudinal range of stress.
(In the formula, the concrete area is transformed into an
10.3P.5.1 Horizontal Shear equivalent area of steel by dividing the effective conci ete
flange width by the modular ratio, n.)
The maximum pitch of shear connectors shall not ex-
The allowable range of horizontal shear, Z,, in pounds
ceed 24 inches except over the inteiior supports of con-
on an individual connector is as follows:
tinuous beams where widcr spacing may be used to avoid
placing connectors at locations of high stresses in the ten- Channels
sion flange.
(10—59)
Resistance to horizontal shear shall be provided by me-
chanical shear connectors at the junction of the concreto
slab and the steel girder. The shear connectors shull be
mechanical devices placed transversely across the flange Z, — n d' (10-60)
of the girder spaced at regular or‟ variable intervals. The
where
shear connectors shall be designed for fatigue* and
checked for ultimate strength. w — length of a channel shear connector, in inches,
measured iii a transverse direction on the flange
of a girdei”,
d — diameter of stud in inches;
n — 13,000 for 100,000 cycles
*Referente is madc to the paper titled “Fatigue 5tiengtll of Shear Con- 10,600 for 500,000 cycles
nector s,” by Roger„ G. Sluttcr and John W. Fisher, in Uiç/rwny ñcscnrc/i
Record, No. 147, published by the Highway Rcsearch Board. Washing- 7,850 for 2,000,000 cycles
ton, D.C., 1966. 5,500 for over 2,000,000 cycles;
306 HIGHWAY BRIDGES
B — 4,000 for l00,00Il cycles The number of connectors, N,, required between the
3,000 for 500,000 cycles points of maximum positive moment and points of adja-
2,400 for 2,000,000 cycles cent maximum negative moment shall equal or exceed the
2,100 for over 2,000,000 cycles; number gwen by the formula
H = height of stud in inches.
(10-64)
The required pitch of shear connectors is determined
by dividing the allowable range of horizontal shear of all At points of maximum negative moment the force in
connectors at one transverse girder cross-section (XZ,) by
the slab is taken as
the horizontal range of shear 5,, but not to exceed the max-
imum pitch specified in Article 10.38.5.1. Over the inte-
rior supports of continuous beams the pitch may be mod- ( J 0-65)
ified to avoid placing the conlléctors at locations of high
where
stresses in the tension flange provided that the total num-
ber of connectors remains unchanged. — total area of longitudinal reinforcing steel at
the interior support within the effective flange
width;
F}" = specified minimum yieIc1 point of the reinforc—
The number of connectors so provided for fatigue shall
ing steel.
be checked to ensure that adequate connectors are pro-
vided for ultimate strength. The ultimate strength of the shear connector is gwen as
The number of shcar connectors required shall equalor follows:
exceed the number gwen by the formula
Channels
(10-61)
(10-66)
2
where Welded studs (for H/d + 4)
N, = number of connectors between points of maxi-

mum positive moment and adjacent end sup-
ports; where
S, = ultimate strength of the shear connector as gwen
below; E, modulus of elasticity of the concrete in pounds
d› = reduction factor = 0.85; per square inch;
P — force in the slab as defined hereafter as P¡ or
- (10-68)
At points of maximum positive moment, the force in S, = ultimate strength of individual shear connector in
the slab is tal‹en as the smaller value of the formulas pounds;
A,, — cross-sectional area of a stud shear connector in
P — A,F, (10-62)
square inches;
h = average flange thickness of the channel flange in
inches;
P, = 0.85f jbt, (10-63) = thickness of the web of a channel in inches;
W — length of a channel shear connector in inches;
where
fj — compressive strength of the concrete in 28 days
A, — total area of the steel section including cover- in pounds per square inch;
plates; d = diameter of stud in inches;
F, — specified minimum yield point of the steel being w = unit weight of concrete in pounds per cubic foot.
used;
f/ — compressive strength of concrete at age of 28
days;
b = effective flange width gwen iii Article 10.38.3; *When reinforcement steel enibedded in the top slab is not used in
t, = thickness of the concrete slab. computing section properties for negative moments, P is equal to zero.
10.38.5. 1.3 DIVISION I—DESIC›N 307
10.38.5. 1.3 Additional C.onnectors to Develop Slab by two or more single cell composite box girders. The dis-
Stresses tance center-to-center of flanges of each box should be the
same and the average distance center-to-center of flanges
The number of additional connectors required at points
of adjacent boxes shall be not greater than 1.2 times and
of contraflexure when reinforcing steel embedded in the
not less than 0.8 times the distance center-to—center of
concrete is not used in computing section properties for
flanges of each box. In addition to the above, when nonpa-
negative moments shall be computed by the formula
rallcl girders are used, the distance center—to-center of ad-
N, — A)f,/ Z, (111-69) jacent flanges at supports shall be not greater than 1.35
times and not less than 0.65 times the distance center-to-
where
center of flanges of each box. The cantilever overhang of
N, — number of additional connectors for each beam the deck slab, including curbs and parapets, shall be lim-
at point of contraflexure; ited to 609o of the average distance ccnter-to-center of
A} = total area of longitudinal slab reinforcing steel flanges of adjacent boxes, but shall in no case exceed 6
for each beam over interior support; feet.
f,. — range of stress due to live load plus impact in
the slab reinforcement over the support (in lieu 10.39.1.2 The provisions of Division I, Design, shall
of more accurate computations, f,. may be taken govern where applicable, except as specifically modified
as equal to 10,000 psi); by Articles 10.39.1 through 10.39.8.
Z,. — allowable range of horizontal shear on an indi-
vidual shear connector.
10.39.2 Lateral Distribution of Loads for Bending
Moment
The additional connectors, N,, shall be placed adjacent
to the point of dead load contraflexure within a distance
10.39.2.1 The live load bending moment for each
equal to one-third the effective slab width, i.e., placed ei-
box girder shall be determined by applying to the girder,
ther side of this point or centered about it. It is preferable
the fraction Wp of a wheel load (both front and rear), de-
to locate field splices so that they clear the connectors.
termined by the following equation:
10.38.5.2 Vertical Shear
0.85
WL „0 Í + 1.7R +
(10-70)
The intensity of unit-shearing stress in a composite
N
girder may be determined on the basis that the web of the
steel girder carnes the total external shear, neglecting the where
effects of the steel flanges and of the concrete slab.
The shear may be assumed to be uniformly distributed R= (10-71)
throughout the gross area of the web. Number
10.38.fi Deflection Nq — W,/12 reduced to the nearest whole number;

W, — roadway width between curbs in feet, or barriers
10.38.Si.1 The provisions of Article 10.6 in regard to if curbs are not used. R shall not be less than 0.5
deflections from live load plus impact also shall be ap- or greater than 1.5.
plicable to composite girders.
10.39.2.2 The provision of Article 3. 12, Reduction of
10.38.6.2 When the girders are not provided with Load Intensity, shall not apply in the design of box gird-
falsework or other effective intermediate support during the ers when using the design load W, gwen by the above
placing of the concrete slab, the deflection due to the weight
equation.
of the slab and other permanent dead loads added before the
concrete has attained 75 o of its required 28-day strength
shall be computed on the basis of noncomposite action. 10.39.3 Design of Web Plates
10.39 COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS 10.39.3.1 Vertical Shear
10.39.1 General The design shear Vp for a web shall be calculated using
thc following equation:
10.39.1.1 J“his section pertains to the design of sim-
ple and continuous bridges of moderate length supported
where 10.39.4.2.2 For greater b/t ratios, but not exceeding

13,300 F,, the stress in an unstiffened bottom flange shall
V, — vertical shear;
not exceed the valuc determined by the use of the formula
0 — angle of inclination of the web plate to the verti-
cal.
1ü.39.3.2 Secondary Bending Stresses b F
10.39.3.2.1 Web plates may be plumb (90„ to bottom 1 — sin — ›‹

2 7, 160 (10-74)
of flange) or inclined. If the inclination of the web plates
to a plane normal to the bottom flange is no greater than l 10.39.4.2.3 For values of b/t exceeding 13,300/ ,,
to 4, an‹l thc width of the bottom flange is no greater than the stress in the flange shall not exceed the value gwen by
20°/‹ of the span, then the transverse bending stresses re- the formula
sulting from distortion of the span, and the transverse
bending stresses resulting from distortion of the girder —' x 10„
cross section and from vibrations of the bottom plate need b
not be c‹›nsidcred. For structurcs in this category trans-
verse bending stresses due to supplementary loadings, 10.39.4.2.4 The b/t ratio preferably should not ex-
such as utilities, shall not exceed 5,000 psi. ceed 60 except in areas ol low stress near points of dead
load conti aflexure.
10.39.3.2.2 For structuies exceeding these limits, a
detailed cvaluation of the transverse bending stresses due 10.39.4.2.5 Should the b/t ratio exceed 45, longitudi-
to all causes shall be wade. These stresses shall be limited nal stiffeners should be considered.
to a maxiinum stress or range of stiess of 211,000 psi.
10.3!9.4.2.6 Unstiffencd compression flanges shall
10.39.4 Design of Bottom Flange Plates also satisfy the piovisions of Articlc 10.39.4.1. The effec-
tive flange plate width shall be used to calculate the flange
111.39.4.1 Tension Flanges bending stress. The full flange plate width shall be used to
calculate the allowable bending stress.
10.39.4.1.1 In cases of simply supported spans, the
bottom Iiange shall be considered completely effective in 10.39.4.3 Compression Flanges Stiffened
resisting bending if its width does not exceed one-fifth the Longitudinally*
span length. If the flange plate width exceeds one-fifth of
the span, an amount equal to one-fifth of the span only 10.39.4.3. l Longitudinal stiffeners shall be at equal
shall be considered effective. spacings across the flange width and shall be proportioned
so that the moment of inertia of each stiffener about an
10.39.4.1.2 For continuous spans, the criteria above axis parallel to the flange and at the base of the stiffener is
shall be applied to the lengths between points of con- at least equal to
traflcxure.
(10-76)
10.39.4.2 Compression Flanges Unstiffened where
1í1.39.4.2. 1 Unstiffened compression flanges de- d› = 0.07 l‹ n„ for values of n greater than l ;
signed foi the basic allowable stress of 0.55 F shall have d› — 0. 125 l‹' for a value of n = 1;
a width to thickness ratio ec¡ual to or less than the value t, = thickness of the flange;
obtained by the use of the formula w — width of flange between longitudinal stiffeners or
distance from a web to the nearest longitudinal
stiffener;
ii = number of longitudinal stiffeners;
k — buckling coefficient which shall not exceed 4.
where
1› = flange width between webs in inches; ‘'Iii solving these equations a value ‹›f k between 2 and 4 generally
= flange thickness in inches. should be assumed.
100
NO STIFFENERS REQUIRED
70 b
k =2.56
Fcr refers to Load FBCtor DesigT\
b refers to Workin e s« e» o »is•
W
40
WITHOUT
TRANSVERSE
STIFFENERS
k = 2.25
WITH TRANSVERSE ST IFFENERS

10
k = 1.78 33 bt³
i‹ = 1.78 k = 1.78
10000 15000 20000 40000
FIGURE 10.39.4.3A. Longitudinal Stiffeners—Box Girder Compression Flange

HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.39.4.3.1
0.09
008
fs refers to Wo rk i ng Stress Desig n 1.96 Fy)

Fs refers to Load Factor Design
Fy is in lb/in²
007
0,06
(fs = 0.47
f (Fs = 0.85
j E
B² f Fy
- 0.53 Fy)
b
a (fi = 0.55 Fy)
(Fç = Fy)
1. for longitudinal stiffeners = 8t³w (in.°)
J OOOO 15,000 40,000 45,000
FIGURE 10.39.4.3B Spacing and Size of Transverse Stiffeners (for Flange Stiffened Longitudinally and Transversely)
10,39.4.3.2 DIVISION I—DESIGN
40.39.4.3.2 For the flange, including stiffeners, to be (10-80)

‹designed for the basic allowable stress of 0.55 F,, the ratio
w/t shall not exceed the value gwen by the formula 10.39.4.4.2 The transverse stiffeners shallbe propor-
tioned so that the moment of inertia ofeach stiffener about
an axis through the centroid of the section and parallel to
(10-77)
its bottom edge is at least equal to
I, = 0, 10(n + 1) (10-81)
10.39.4.3.3 For greater values ‹›f w/t but not exceed-
ing 60 or (6,65I1 )/ ,, whichever is lew, the stress in
the flange, including stiffeners, shall not exceed the value where
determined by the formula
A = area ot‟ bottom flange including longitudinal
stiffeners;
a — spacing of transverse stiffeners;
f, = maximum longitudinal bending stress in the
flange of the panels on either side of the trans-
1 — sin (10—78)
3, 580Ük verse stiffener;
E — modulus of elasticity of steel.
10.39.4.3.4 For values of w/t excceding (6,650 )/
10.39.4.4.3 For the flange, including stiffeners, to be
, but not exceeding 60, the stress in the flange, in-
cluding stiffeners, shall not cxceed the value gwen by the designed for the basic allowable stress of 0.55 F,, the ratio
formula w/t for the longitudinal stiffeners shall not exceed the
value gwen by the formula
f, — 14.4 l‹(t/w)' 5 10" (10-79)
(10—82)
10.39.4.3.5 When longitudinal stiffeners are used, it
is preferable to have at least one transverse stiffener
p1acecl near the point of ‹lead load contraflexure. The stiff-
ener should have a size equal to that of a longitudinal stiff- where
ener.
_ [1+ (a / b)']' + 87.3
10.39.4.3.6 If the longitudinal stiffeners are placed at kI (10—83)
their maximum w/t ratio to be designed for the basic al- (al b)'[1 + 0.1 (n + l))
lowable design stresses of 0.55 F, and the number of lon-
gitudinal stiffeners exceeds 2, then transverse stiffeners 10.39.4.4.4 For greater values of w/t, but not ex-
should be considered. ceeding 60 or (6,650 )/ ,, whichever is less, the
stress in the flange, including stiffeners, shall not exceed
10.39.4.3. 7 Compression flanges stiffened longitudi- the value determined by the formula
nally shall also satisfy the provisions of Article 10.39.4.1.
The effective flange plate width shall be used to calculate
the flange bending stress. The full flange plate width shall
be used to calculate the allowable bending stress.
10.39.4.4 Compression Flanges Stiffened 1 — sin

Longitudinally and Transversely 2
10.39.4.4.1 The longitudinal stiffeners shall be at

equal spacings across the flange width and shall be pro- 10.39.4.4.5 For values of w/t exceeding (6,650
portioned so that the moment of inertia of each stiffencr ,)/ , but not exceeding 60, the stress in the ílange,
about an axis paralÍel to the fl8Tl bº und at the base of the including stiffeners, shall not exceed the value gwen by
stiffener is at least equal to the formula
10.39.4.5.2 Longitudinal stiffeners shall be extended

( to locations where the maximum stress in the flange does
io6 10—85)
not exceed that allowed for base metal adjacent to or con-
nected by fillet welds.
10.39.4.4.6 6 The maximum value of the buckling
coefficient, l‹¡, shall be 4. When k, has its maximum 10.39.5 Design of Flange to Web Welds
value, the transverse stiffeners shall have a spacing, a,
equal to or less than 4w. If the ratio a/b exceeds 3, The total effective thickness of the web-flange welds
transverse stiffeners are not necessary. shall be not less than the thickness of the web, except,
when two or more interior intermediate diaphragms per
10.39.4.4.7 The transverse stiffeners need not be span are provided, the minimum size fillet welds specified
connected to the flange plate but shall be connected to the in Article 10.23.2.2 may be used. Regardless of the type
webs of the box and to each longitudinal stiffener. The weld used, welds shall be deposited on both sides of the
connection to the web shall be designed to resist the ver- connecting flange or web plate.
tical force determined by the formula
10.39.ti Diaphragms
(10 86) 10.39.6.1 Diaphragms, cross-frames, or other means

shall be provided within the box girders at each support to
resist transverse rotation, displacement, and distortion.
where S, — section modulus of the transverse stiffener.
10.39.6.2 Intermediate diaphragms or cross-frames

10.39.4.4.8 The connection to each longitudinal
are not required for steel box girder bridges designed in
stiffener shall be designed to resist the vertical force de-
accordance with this specification.
termined by the formula
10.39.7 Lateral Bracing
(10—87)
nb Generally, no lateral bracing system is required be-
tween box girders. A horizontal wind load of 50 pounds
/0.39.4.4. 9 Compression flanges stiffened longitudi- per square foot shall be applied to the area of the super-
nally and transversely shall also satisfy the provisions of structure exposed in elevation. Half of the resulting force
Article 10.39.4. 1. Thc effective flange plate width shall shall be applied in the plane of the bottom flange. The sec-
be used to calculate the flange bending stress. The full tion assumed to resist the horizontal load shall consist of
flange plate width shall be used to calculate the allowable the bottom flange acting as a web and 12 times the thick—
bending stress. ness of the webs llCtlng as flanges. A lateral bracing sys—
tem shall be provided if the combined stresses due to the
10.39.4.5 Compression Flange Stiffeners, specified horizontal force and dead load of steel and deck
General exceed 150 o of the allowable design stress.
10.39.4.5.1 The width to thickness ratio of any out- 10.39.8 Access and Drainage
standing element of the flange stiffeners shall not exceed
the value determined by the foimula Consistent with climate, location, and materials, con-
sideration shall be gwen to the providing of manholes, or
other openings, either in the deck slab or in the steel box
b‟ 2, 600
(10—88) for form removal, inspection, maintenance, drainage, etc.
t‟ F
where 10.40 HYBRID GIRDEIIS
b' = width of any outstanding stiffener element 10.40.1 General

t' = thic1‹ness of outstanding stiffener element
F, — yiel‹l strength of outstanding stiffener ele- 10.40.1.1 This section pertains to the design of
ment. girders that utilice a lower strength steel in the web
10.40. 1.1 DIVISION I—DESIGN
100 10.40.1.2 The provisions of Division I, Design, shall

govern where applicable, except as specifically modified
by Articles 10.40.1 through 111.40.4.
. 75
10.40.2 Allowable Stresses
10.40.2.1 Bending
10.40.2.1.1 1 The bending stress in the web may

exceed the allowable stress for the web steel provided
that the stress in each flange does not exceed the
allowable stress from Articles 10.3 or 10.32 for thc
steel in that flange multiplied by the reduction factor, R.
75
70
R = 1— (10 - 89)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
RATIO OF WEB AREA TO TENSION FLANGE AREA, (See Figure 10.40.2.1A and 10,40.2.1B.)
FIGURE 10.40.2.IA where:

ix = minimum specified yield strength of the web di-
vided by the minimum specified yield strength of
100
the tension f1ange;*
Ç = area of the web divided by the area of the tension
flange;*
± — distance from the outer edge of the tension
flange* to the neutral axis (of the transformed
section for composite girders) divided by the
depth of the steel section.
10.40.2.1.2 The ben‹iing stress in the concrete slab in

composite girders shall not exceed the allowable stress for
the concrcte multiplied by R.
10.40.2.1.3 R shall be taken as 1.0 at sections where

7S the bending stress in both flanges does not exceed the al-
lowable stress for the web.
7
. 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 10.40.2.1.4 Longitudinal web stiffeners preferably
RATIO OF WEB AREA TO TENSION FLANGE AREA, shall not be located in yielded portions of the web.
FIGURE 10.40.2.1B 10.40.2.2 Shear
than in one or both of the flanges. It applies to composite The design of the web for a hybrid girder shall be in
and noncomposite plate girders, and composite box compliance with Article 10.34.3 except that Equation
girders. At any cross section where the bending stress in (10-26) of Article 10.34.4.2 for the allowable average
either flange exceeds 55°o of the minimum specified shear stress in the web of transversely stiffened nonhybrid
yield strength of the web steel, the compression-flnnge girders shall be replaced by the following equation for the
area shall not be less than the tension-flange area. The allowable average shear stress in the web of transvcrsely
top-flange area shall include the transformed area of any stiffeneil hybrid girders:
portion of the slab or reinforcing steel that is considered
to act compositely with the steel girder. *Bottom flange ot orthotropic deck br idges.
(10-90) 10.41.1.3 For an alternate design method (Strength

Design), sec Article 10.60.
when Fi is equal to the specified minimum yield strength
10.41.2 Wheel Load Contact Area
of the web. The provisions of Article 10.34.4.4, and the
equation for A in Article 10.34.4.7 are not applicable to The wheel loads specified in Article 3.7 shall be uni-
hybrid girders. formly distributed to the deck plate over the rectangular
area defined below:
10.40.2.3 Fatigue
Width Length
Hybrid girders shall be designed for the allowable Wheel Load Perpendicular in Dtrection
fatigue stress range gwen in Afticle 10.3 and Table 10.3.1A. (kip) to Traffic (inches of Traffic (inches)
8 20 2t 8 2t
10.40.3 Plate Thickness Requirements 12 20 + 2t 8 + 2t
16 24 + 2t 8 + 2t
In calculating the maximum width-to-thickness ratio
In the above table, t is the thickness of the wearing sur-
of the ílange plate according to Article 10.34.2, f, shall be
face in inches.
taken as the lesser of the calculatCld bending stress in the
compression flange divided by the reduction factor, R, orthe 10.41.3 Effective Width of Deck Plate
allowable bending stress for the compression flange.
10.41.3.1 Ribs and Beams
10.40.4 Bearing Stiffener Requirements The effective width of deck plate acting as the top
flange of a longitudinal rib or a transverse beam may be
In designing bearing stiffeners at interior supports of calculated by accepted approximate methods.*
continuous hybrid girders for which ‹x is less than 0.7, no
part oí the web shall be assumed to act in bearing. 10.41.3.2 Girders
10.41 ORTHOTROPIC-DECK 10.41.3.2.I The full width of deck plate may be con-
SUPERSTRUCTURES sidered effective in acting as the top flange of the girders
if the effective span of the girders is not less than: (1) 5
10.41.1 General
times the maximum distance between girder webs and (2)
10.41.1.1 This section pertains to the design of steel 10 times the maximum distance from edge of the deck to
bridges that utilize a stiffened steel plate as a deck. Usu- the nearest girder web. The effective span shall be taken
ally the deck plate is stiffened by longitudinal ribs and as the actual span for simple spans and the distance be-
transverse beams; effective widths of deck plate act as the tween points of contraflexure for continuous spans. Alter-
top flanges of these ribs and beams. Usually the deck in- natively, the effective width may be determined by ac-
cluding longitudinal ribs, acts as thetop flange of the main cepted analytical methods.
box or plate girders. As used in Articles 10.41.1 through
10.41.4. 10, the terms rib and beam refer to sections that 10.41.3,2.2 The effective width of the bottom flange
include an effective width of deck plate. of a box girder shall be determined according to the pro-
visions of Article 10,39,4.1.
10.41.1.2 The provisions of Division I, Design, shall
govern where applicable, except as specifically modified 10.41.4 Allowable Stresses
by Articles 10.41.1 through 10.41.4.10.
An appropriate method of elastic analysis, such as the 10.41.4.1 Local Bending Stresses in Deck Plate
equivalent-orthotropic-slab method or the equivalent-grid
method, shall be used in designing the deck. The equiva- The term local bending stresses refers to the stresses
lent stiffness properties shall be selectcd to correctly sim- caused in the deck plate as it carnes a wheel load to the
ulate the actual deck. An appropriate method of elastic ribs and beams. The local transverse bending stresses
analysis, such as the thin-walled-beam method, that ac- caused in the deck plate by the specified wheel load plus
counts for the effects of torsional distortions of the cross- 309o impact shallnot exceed 30,000 psi unless a higher al—
sectional shape shall be used in designing the girders of or- lowable stress is justified by a detailed fatigue analysis or
thotropic-decl‹ l›ox-girder bridges. The box-girder design
*“Design Manual for Orthotropic Steel Plate Deck Bridges,” AISC,
shall be checked for lane or truck loading arrangements 1963, or “Orthotropic Bridges, Theory and Design,” by M.S. Troitsky,
that produce maximum distortional (torsional) effects. Lincoln Are Welding Foundation, 1967.
10.41 .4.1 DIVISION I—DESIGN
by applicable fatigue-test Results. For deck configurations 10.41.4.fi Maximum Slenderness of

in which the spacing of transverse beams is at least 3 times Longitudinal Ribs
the spacing ‹»f longitudinal—rib webs, the local longitudi-
nal and transvei se bending stresses in the ‹leck plate need "Fhe slenderness, L/r, of a longitudinal rib shall not ex-
not be combinecl \vith the other bending stresses covered ceed the value gwen by the following formula unless it
in Articles 10.41.4.2 and 10.41.4.3. can be shown by a detailed analysis that overall buckling
of the deck will not occur as a result of compressive stress
10.41.4.2 Bending Stresses in I.oiigitudiIial Ribs induced by bending of the girdcrs
The total bending stresses in longitudinal ribs ilue to a L F

combination of (1) bending of the rib and (2) bending of 10-91)
r
the girders may exceed the allowable bending stresses in
Article 10.32 by 25 °o. The bending stress due to each of
where
the two individual modes shall not exceed the allowable
bending stresses in Article 10.32. L = distance between transverse beams;
r = radius of gyration about the horizontal centroi‹tal
10.41.4.3 Bending Stresses in Transverse Beams axis of the rib including an effective width of
deck plate:
The bending stresses in transverse beams shall not ex- F = maximum c ompressive stress in psi iii the deck
ceed the allowable bending stresses in Article 10.32. plate as a result of the deck acting as the top
flange of the girders; this stress shall be taken as
10.41.4.4 Interseciions of Ribs, Beams, and positive;
Girders F, — yield strength of rib material in psi.
Conncctions between ribs and the webs of beams, 10.41.4.7 Diaphragms

holes in the wcl›s of beams io permit passage of ribs,
connections of beams to the webs of girders, and rib Diaphi‟agms, cross frames, or other means shall be
splices mal uffect the fatigue life ‹›f the bridge when they provided at each support to transmit lateral forces to
occur in regions of tensile stress. Where applicable, the the bearings ariel io resist transverse rotation, displace-
numbei of cycles of maximum stress and the allowable fa- ment, and distortion. Intermediate diaphragiiis or
cross frames shall be provided at locations consistent
tigue stresses gwen in Artie le 10.3 shall be applied in de-
with the analysis of the girders. The stiffness and strength
signing these det‹ii1s; elsewhere, a rational fatigue analy-
of the intermediate and support diaphragms or cross
sis shall be wade in designing the details. Connections
frames shall be consistent with the analysis of the
between webs of longitudinal ribs and the deck plate shall
girders.
be designed to sustain the transverse bending fatigue
stresses caused in the webs by wheel loads.
10.41.4.8 Stiffness llequirements
10.41.4.5 Thickness of Plate Elements
10.41.4.8. l Deflectíons
The deflections of ribs, beams, and girders due to live
load plus impact may exceed the limitations in Article
Plate elements comprising longitudinal ribs, and decl‹- 10.6 but preferably shall not exceed ' ‟lee of their span. The
plate elemento between webs of these ribs, shall meet the calculation of the deflections shall be consistent with the
minimum thicl‹ness requireiricnts of Article analysis used to calculate the stresses.
10.35.2. The quantity f, may be taken as 75 °o of the sum To prevent excessive deterioration of the wearing sur-
of the compressive stresses due to (1) bending of the rib face, the deflection of the deck plate due to the specified
and (2) bencling of the girder, but not less than the com- wheel load plus 30 o impact preferably shall be less than
pressive stress due to either of these two individual bend- '?ªo» of the distance betwccn webs of ribs. The stiffening
ing modes. effect of the wearing surface shall not be included in cal-
culating thc deflection of the decl‹ plate.
10.41.4.5.2 Gí rdcrs and "1"ransverse Beams
Plate elements of box girders, plate girders, and trans-
verse beams shall meet the requirements of Articles The vibrational characteristics of the bridge shall be
10.34.2 to 10.34.6 and 10.39.4. considered in arriving at a proper design.
HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.41.4.9
10.41.4.9 Wearing Surface vehicle fuels and oils, and (5) resistance to detcrioration
from deicing salts, oils, gasolines, diesel fuels. and
A suitable wearing suiface shall be adequately bonded kerosenes.
to the top of the deck plate to provide a smooth, n‹›nskid
riding surface and to protect the top of the plate against 10.41.4.10 Closed Ribs
corrosion and abrasion. The wearing surface material
shall provide (1) sufficient ductility to accommodate, Closed ribs without access holes for inspection, clean-
.
without cracking or debonding, expansion and conrac ing, and painting are permitted. Such ribs shall be sealed
tion iinposed by the deck plate, (2) sufficient fatigue ít§ainst the entrance of moisture by continuously welding
strength to withstand flexural cracking due to deck-plate E l) the rib webs to the deck plate, (2) splices in the ribs,
deflections, (3) sufficient durability to resist rutting, shov- Itnd (3) diaphragms, or transverse beam webs, to the ends
ing, and wearing, (4) imperviousness to water and motor- of the ribs.
Part D
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD
LOAD FACTOR DESIGN
10.42 SCOPE their computed maximum strengths shall be at least equal

to the total effects of design loads multiplied by their re-
Load factor design is a method of proportioning struc- spective load factors specified in Article 3.22.
tural members for multiples of the design loads. To ensure
serviceability and durability, consideration is gwen to the 10.44.3 Service behavior shall be investigated as speci-
control of permanent deformations under overloacls, to the fied in Articles 10.57 through 111.59.
fatigue charactcristics under service loadings, and to the
control of live load deflections under service loadings. See 10.45 ASSUMPTIONS
Part C—Service Load Design Method—Allowable Stress
Design for an alternate design procedure. 10.45.1 Strain in flexural members shall be assumed di-
rectly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
10.43 LOAIIS
10.45.2 Stress in steel below the yield strength, F,,
10.43.1 Service live loads are vehicles which may oper- of the grade of steel used shall be taken as 29,000,000 psi
ate on a highway legally without special load permit. times the steel strain. For strain greater than that
corresponding to the yield strength, F , the stress shall
10.43.2 For ‹lesign purposes, the service loads are be considered independent of strain and equal to the yield
taken es the dead, live, and impact loadings described in strength, F,. This assumption shall apply also to the lon-
Section 3. gitudinal reinforcement in the concrete floor slab in the
region of negative moment when shear connectors are
10.43.3 Overloads are the live loads that can be allowed provided to ensure composite action in this region.
on a structure on infrequent occasions without causing
permanent damage. For design purposes, the maximum 10.45.3 At maximum strength the compressive stress in
overload is taken as 5(L + I)/3. the concrete slab of a composite beam shall be assumed
independent of strain and equal to 0.85f j
10.43.4 The maximum loads are the loadings specified
in Article 10.47. 10.45.4 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected
in flexural calculations, except as permitted under the pro-
10.44 DESIGN THEORY visions of Articles 10.57.2, 10.58.l, and 10.58.2.2.
10.44.1 The moments, shears, and other forces shall be 10.46 DESIGN STRESS FOR STRUCTURAL=
determined by assuming elastic behavior of the structure STEEL
except as modified in Article 10.48.1.3.
The design stress for structural steel shall be the spec-
10.44.2 The members shall be pi„oportioned by the ified minimum yield point or yield sti ength, F,, of the steel
methods specified in Articles 10.48 through 10.56 so that used as set forth in Article 10.2.
10.47 DIVISION I—DESIGN
10.47 MAXIML*M DESIGN LOADS where b is the flange width and t is the flange thickness.
The maximum moments, shears, or forces to be sus- (b) Web thickness

tained by a stress-carrying member shall be computed for
D < 19,230
the load combinations specified in Article 3.22. Each part (10-94)
of the structurc shall be proportioned for the group loads
that are applicable and the maximum design required by
the group loading combinations shall be used. where D is the clear distance between the flanges and
tp is the web thickness.
10.48 FLEXURAL MEMBERS When both b/t and D/t, exceed 75°o of the above lim-
its, the following interaction equation shall apply
Flexural members are subject to the following require-
ments in this article in addition to any applicable require- D + 4 68 b
(10-95)
ments from Articles 10.49 through 10.61 that may super- ‟ t „ 'F
sede these rcquirements. The compression-flange width,
b, on fabricated I-shaped girders preferably shall not be
less than 0.2 times the web depth, but in no case shall it be where Fu is the yield strength of the compression flange.
less than 0. J 5 times the web depth. If the area of the com-
pression flange is lew than the area of the tension flange, (c) Spacing of lateral bracing for compression Pange
the minimum flange width may be based on two times the
depth of the web in compression rather than the web
depth. The compression-flange thickness, t, preferably
shall not be less than 1.5 times the web thickness. The
width-to-thicl‹ness ratio, b/t, of flanges subject to tension where L, is the distance between points of bracing of the
shall not exceed 24. compression flange, r, is the radius of gyration of thc
steel section with respect to the Y-Y axis, M¡ is the
10.48.1 Compact Sections smaller moment at the end of the unbraced length of the
b Ud Mu is the ultimate moment from Equation
Sections of properly braced constant-depth flexural (10-92) at the other end of the unbraced length: (M¡/M,)
members without longitudinal web stiffeners, without is positive when moments cause single curvature be-
holes in the tension flange and with high resistance to tween brace points. (M;/M,,) is negative when moments
local buckling qualify as compact sections. cause reverse curvature between brace points.
Sections of rolled or fabricated flexural members
meeting the requirements of Article l 0.48. 1.l below shall The required lateral bracing shall be provided by
be considered compact sections and the maximum braces capable of preventing lateral displacement and
strength shall be computed as twisting of the main members or by embedment of the
top and sides of the compression flange in concrete.
(10-92)
(d) Maximum axial compression
where F, is the specified yield point of the steel being
used, and Z is the plastic section modulus.* P 0,15 F,A (10-97)
where A is the area of the cross section. Members with
10.48.1.1 Compact sections shall meet the following axial loads in excess of 0.15F,A should be designed as
requirements: (For certain frequently used steels these re- beam-columns as specified in Article 10.54.2.
quirements are listed in Table 10.48.1.2A.)
10.48.1.2 Article 10.48.1 is applicable to steels with
(a) Compression flange a demonstrated ability to reach Más téels such as
AASHTO M 270 Grades 36, 5t1, and 50W (ASTM A709
b
(10-93) Gra‹les 36, 50, and 50W), and AASHTO M 270 Grade
HPS70W (ASTM A709 Grade HPS70W) meet these re-
quirements. The limitations set forth in Article I 0.46. l are
gwen in Table 10.48. 1.2A.
*Values for rolled sections aie listed in the Manual of Steel Construc-
/í‹›n, Níntli Edition, 19P9, Ainei ican Institute of Steel Consti‟uction. Ap-
pendix D shows the method of computing Z as piesented in the Com- 10.48.1.3 In the design of a continuous beam with
mentary of AISI Bulletin 15. compact negative-moment support sections of AASHTO
TABLE 10.48.1.2A Limitations for Compact Sections f, = factored bending stress in the c ompression
flange, but not to exceed F,
36,000 50,000 70,000
b/t 21 .7 18.4 15.5 10.48.2.1 The above equations are applicable to

sections meeting the following requirements:
86 72
(a) Compression flange
72
b
L¢r,(M¡/M,= 1 *) 39 28 20 (10-100)
* For values of M/M other than 0 and l , use Equation ( 10-96).
(b) Web thickness
M 270 Grades 36, 50 and 50W (ASTM A709 Grades 36, The web thickness shall meet the requirement gwen by
50, and 50W) steel complying with the provision of Arti- Equation (10-104) or Equation (10-109), as applicable,
cte 10.ó8.1.1, negative moments over such supports at subject to the corresponding requirements of Artie le
Overload and Maximum Load determined by elastic 10.49.2 or 10.49.3. For unstiffened webs, the web
analysis may be reduced by a maximum of 10'7o. Such re- thickness shall not be less than D/150.
ductions shall be accompanied by an increase in moments
throughout adjacent spans statically equivalent and oppo- (c) Spacing of lateral bracing for compression flange
site in sign to the decrease of negative moments at the ad-
jacent supports. For example, the increase in moment at the Lb ' (10- 101)
center of the span shall equal the average decrease of the
moments at the two adjacent supports. The reduction shall
where d is the depth of beam or girder, and A is the
not apply to the negative moment of a cantilever.
flange area. If Equation (10-101) is not satisfied, M,
This 109c redistribution of moment shall not apply to
calculated from Equation (10-99) shall not exceed M,
compact sections of AASHTO M 270 Grade HPS70W or
calculated from the provisions of Article 10.48.4. 1.
Grade 70W (ASTM A709 Grade HPS70W or Grade
70W) steel. (d) Maximum axial compression
10.48.2 Braced Noncompact Sections P 0. 15 F,A. (10-102)
For sections of rolled or fabricated flexural members Members with axial loads in excess of 0. 15 F,A should
not meeting the requirements of Article 10.48. 1.1 but be designed as beam-columns as specified in Article
meeting the requirements of Article 10.48.2. 1 below, the 10.54.2.
maximum strength shall be computed as the lesser of
10.48.2.2 The limitations set forth in Artie le
10.48.2.1 above are gwen in Table 10.48.2. IA.
10.48.3 Transitions
M, = F ,S,,R, (10-99)
The maximum strength of sections with geometric
subject to thc requirement of Article 10.48.2. 1(c) where properties falling between the limits of Articles 10.48.1
F,, = 4, 400—' TABLE 10.48.2.IA Limitations for Braced Noncompact

b Sections
b = comprcssion flange width F, (psi) 36,tD0 50,010 70,030 90,000 100,000
t = compression flange thickness
S,, — section modulus with respect to tension flange b/t ‟ 23.2 19.7 16.6 14.7 l3. 9
L d
A, 556 400 286 222 200
D/t» Refer to Articles 10.48.5. l, 10.48.6. l, 10.49.2,
flangc (in.‟)
or 10.49.3, as applicable. For unstiffened webs, the
R, = flange-stress reduction factor determined from the
limit is 150.
provisions of Article 10.48.4. 1, with f, substituted
for the term M,/S,, when Equation (10- 103b) * Limits shown are for Fcr = Py. Refer also to Articles 10.48.2 and
applies 10.48.2.1(a).
10.48,3 DIVISION I—DESIGN 319
and 10.48.2 may be computed by straight-line interpola- A,, — area of compression flange (in.');
tion, ezcept that the web thickness must always satisfy Ar- M, - lateral torsional buckling moment, er yield
ticle 10.48.l . l(b). moment, defined below (lb-in.);
10.48.4 Partially Braced Members 5,, = section modulus with respect to compression
flange (in.'). Use S,, for live load for a com-
Members not meeting the lateral bracing requirement posite sections
of Article 10.48.2. 1(c) shall be braced at discrete locations k - 15,400 for all sections where D, is less than
spaced at a distance, L,, such that the maximum strength or equal to D/2;
of the section under consideration satisfies the require- — 12,500 for sections whef Di is greater than
ments of Article 10.48.4.l . Bracing shall be provided such D/2.
that lateral deflection of the compression flange is restrained
and the entire section is restrained against twisting. The moment capacity, M,, cannot exceed the yield mo-
ment, M,. In addition M, cannot exceed the lateral tor-
10.48.4.1 If the lateral bracing requirement of Arti- sional buckling moment gwen below:
cle 10.48.2. l(c) is not satisfied and the ratio of the mo-
ment of inertia of the compression flange to the moment
of inertia of the member about the vertical axis of the web,
I,,/I,, is within the limits of 0. l I,,/I, « 0.9, the maxi- For sections with D‟ with longitudinally
F
mum strength for the limit state of lateral-torsional buck- stiffened webs º
ling shall be computed as
M, - M,R (10- l03a) 6 d '
R b = 1 for longitudinally stiffened girders if the web M, = 91 ›‹ 10 b 0.772 + 9.87
slenderness satisfies the following requirement: 'yc Lb
(10-103c)
For sections with

where
D D
for ñ 0.4 k — 5.17
d,
(10 - 103d)
d, D
for < 0.4 k = 11.64
D, D -d
d, = the distance from the centerline of a plate (10- l03e)

longitudinal stiffener or the gage line of an
angle longitudinal stiffener to the inner surface
orthe leg of the compression flange component. (10 - 103f)
f, - factored bending stress in the compression
flange
When both edges of the web are in compression,
k shall be taken equal to 7.2.
Otherwise, for girders with or without longitudinal stiff-
eners, R, shall be calculated as L, — unbraced length of the compression flange,
R, — l — 0.002 1.0 Li '9,500r'/ ,, in.

Sx‹ r'= radius of gyration of compression flange
(10- l03b) about the vertical axis in the plane of the
D, — depth of the web in compression (in.). For web, in.
composite beams and girders, D, shall be I,, = moment of inertia of compression flange
calculated in accordance with the provisions about the vertical axis in the plane of the
4
specified in Article 10.50(b). web, in
tp = thickness of web (in.); d — depth of girder, in.
If the web slenderness D/t, exceeds the upper limit, either

— where b and t the section shall be modified to comply with the limit, or a
longitudinal stiffener shall be provided.
repre- seiit the flange width and thickness
10.48.5.2 The maximum bending strength of trans-
of the versely stiffened girders meeting the requirements of Ar-
compression and tension flange, respectively, ticle 10.48.5. 1 shall be computed by Articles 10.48.1,
in.„ 10.48.2, 10.48.4.1, 10.50, 10.51, or 10.53, as applicable,
Cb .75 + 1.05 (M /M ) + 0.3(M /M )' » 2.3 subject to the requirements of Article 10.48.8.2.
where M is the smaller and M, the larger
end moment in the unbraced segment of the 10.48.5.3 The shear capacity of transversely stiff-
beam; M /M, is positive when the moments ened girders shall be computed by Article 10.48.8. The
cause reverse curvature and negative when width—to-thickness ratio of transverse stiffeners shall be
bent in single curvature. such that
C, — 1.0 for unbraced cantilevers and for mem-
bers where the moment within a significant b‟
portion of the unbraced segment is greater
than or equal to the larger of the segment end
moments."
where b' is the projecting width of the stiffener.
The compression flange shall satisfy the requirement ofAr- The gross cross-sectional area of intermediate trans-
ticle 10.48.2. 1(a). The web thickness shall meet the verse stiffeners shall not be less than
requirement gwen by Equation (10-104) or Equation (10-
109), as applicable, subject to the corresponding
requirements of Article 10.49.2 or 10.49.3. For unstiffened
D (
webs, the web thickness shall not be less than D/150. A = 0.15B — C) tp (10 — 106a)
10.48.4.2 Members with axial loads in excess of 9, 025, 000

y stiffener (10 — 106b)
0. l5F,A should be designed as beam-columns as specified b’ '
in Aiticle 10.54.2.
10.48.5 Transversely Stiffened Girders where F, ,,,,,,,,, is the yield strength of the stiffener;
B = 1.0 for stiffener pairs, 1.8 for single angles, and 2.4
10.48.5.1 For gu den not meeting the shear require— for single plates; and C is computed by Ai ticle 10.48.8. 1.
ments of Article 10.48.8. 1 (Equation 10- 113) transverse When values computed by Equation (10-106a) approach
stiffeners are required for the web. For girdcrs with trans- zero or are negative, then transverse stiffeners need only
verse stiffeners but without longitudinal stiffeners the meet the requirements of Equations (10-1 HS) and (10-107),
thickness of the web shall meet the requirement: and Article 10.34.4. 10.
The moment of inertia of transverse stiffeners with
reference to the plane defined below shall be not less
(10-104) than
(10-107)
subject to the web thickness requirement of Article
l Kl.49.2. For different grades of steel this limit is
J — 2.5(D/d,)' 2, but not less than 0.5 (10-108)

d — distance between transverse stiffeners
192 36,000
163 50,000 When stiffeners are in pairs, the moment of inertia
138 70,000 shall be taken about the center line of the web plate. When
122 90,000 single stiffeners are used, the moment of inertia shall be
115 100,000 taken about the face in contact with the web plate.
Transverse stiffeners need not be in bearing with the
tension flange. The distance between the end of the stiff-
encr weld and the near edge of the web-to-flange fillet
weld shall not be less than 4tq or more than 6tp. Stiffeners
provided on only one side of the web must be in bearing where:

against, but need not be attached to, the compression I = moment of inertia of thc longitudinal stiffener
flange for the stiffener to be effective. However, trans- 4
about its edge in contact with the web plate, in
verse stiffeners which connect diaphiagms or crossframes
to the beam or girder shall be rigidly connected to both the (c) the radius of gyration of the stiffener is not less
top and bottom flanges. than
10.48.6 Longitudinally Stiffened Girders
10.48.6.1 Longitudinal stiffeners shall be required on 23, 000

symmetrical girders when the web thickness is less than
that specified by Article 10.48.5.1 and shall be placcd at a In computing the r value above, a centrally located web
distance D/5 from the inner surface of the compression strip not more than l 8t ,, in width shall be considered as a
flange. part of the longitudinal stiffener. Transverse stiffeners for
The web thickness of plate girders with transvei se girder panels with longitudinal stiffeners shall be designed
stiffeners and one longitudinal stiffener shall meet the according to Article 10.48.5.3. In addition, the section mod-
requirement: ulus of the transverse stiffener shall be not less than
(10-109)
where D is the total panel derth (clear distance between

For different grades of steel, this limit is flange components) and S, is the section modulus of the
longitudinal stiffener.
385 36,000 10.48.7 Bearing Stiffeners

326 50,000
Bearing stiffeners shall be designed for beams and
276 70,000
girders as specified in Articles 10.33.2 and 10.34.6.
243 90,000
231 100,000 10.48.8 Shear
Singly symmetric giiders are subject to the requirements
of Article 10.49.3. 10.48.8.1 The shear capacity of webs of rolled or
fabricated flcxural members shall be computed as follows:
10.48.6.2 The maximum bending strength of longi-
tudinally stiffened girders meeting the requirements of For unstiffened webs, the shear capacity shall be lim—
Article 10.48.6. 1 shall be computed by Articles 10.48.2, ited to the plastic or buckling shear force as follows:
10.48.4.1, 10.50.1.2, 10.50.2.2, 10.51, or 10.53, as ap-
plicable, subject to the requirements of Article J 0.48. b.2. V,, — CV, (10-113)
For stiffened web panels complying with the provisions

10.48.6.3 The shear capacity of girders with one of Article 10.48.8.3, the shear capacity shall be determined
longitudinal stiffener shall be computed by Article by including post-buckling resistance due to tension-field
10.48.8. action as follows:
The dimensions of the longitudinal stiffener shall be
such that 0. 87(1 — C)
(111-114)
1+ (d, / D)'
(a) the thickness of the longitudinal stiffener is not
lew than that gwen by Article 10.34.5.2, and the fac-
V,, is equal to the plastic shear force and is determined
tored bending stress in the 1ongitu‹íinal stiffener is not
as follows:
greater than the yield strength of the longitudinal
stiffener.
(b) the rigidity of the stiffener is not less than:
The constant C is equal to the buckling shear stress
— 0. 13 (10-110) divided by the shear yield sti ess, and is determined as
follows:
322 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.48.8. 1
ticle 10.48.8.1, Equation (10-113), subject te the handling

requirement below.
Transverse stiffeners shall be required if D/t, is greater
C — 1.0 than 150. The spacing of these stiffener‟s shall not exceed
the handling requirement D[260/(D/t,)]'.
For 1ongitu‹linally stiffened girders, transverse stiffen-
ers shall be spaced a distance, d,, according t‹i shear ca-
pacity as specified in Article 10.48.8.1, bin not inoie than
1.5 times the web depth. The handling requirement gwen
above shall not apply to longitudinally stiffene‹i gir‹iers.
The total web depth D shall be used in determining the
shear capacity of longitudinally stifI‟cned girdei s in Arti-
cte 111.48.8. l and in Equation (10-119).
The first stiffener spacc at the simple support eii‹i of a
4.5 × 107 transversely or longitudinally stiffened girder shall be such
(111 - 117) thai the shear force in thi end panel will not eXCGGd the plas-
D tic or buckling shear force gwen by the following equation
V,, — CV, (10-119)

where the buckling coefficient, k — 5 * [5 '— (d,/D)'],
except k shall be taken as 5 for unstiffened beams and For transversely stiffened girders, the maximum spacing
girders. of the first transverse stiffener is limited to l .5D. For lon-
gitudinally stiffened girdeis, the maximum spacing of the
first transverse stiffener is also limited to 1.SD.
D = clear, unsupported distance between flange
components; 10.49 SINGLY SYMMETRIC SECTIONS
d, = distance between transverse stiffeners;
Fi 'yield strength of the web plate. 10.49.1 General
10.48.8.2 If a girder panel is controlled by Equation
F‹›r sections syminetric about the vertical axis but in-
(10-114) and is subjected to the simultaneous action ol
syinmctric with respect to the heriz‹›ntal centreidal axis,
shear and bending moment with the magnitude of the mo-
the provisions of Articles 10.48. 1 through 10.48.4 shall be
ment greater than 0.75M,,, the shear shall be limited to not applicable.
more than
V/V, = 2.2 — (1.6M/M,,) (10-118) 10.49.2 Singly Syinmetric Sections with Transverse
Stiffeners
If girder panel of a composite noncompact section is
controlled by Equation (10-114) and is subjected to the si-
Girders with transverse stiffeners shall be designed and
multaneous action of shear and bending moment with the evaluatcd by the provisions of Article 10.48..5 except that
magnitude of the factored bending stress f, greater than
when D , the clear distance between the neutral axis and
0.75 F,, the shear shall instead be limited to not more than: the compression flange, exceeds D/2 the web thickness,
tp, shall meet the requirement
where f, = factored bending stress iii either the top or 18, 250
bottom ílange, whichever flange has the
larger ratio of (f,/F,)
F, — maximum bending strength of either the top If the web slenderness D,/tp excecds the upper limit,
or bottom flange, whichever flange has the either the section shall be modified to comply with the
larger ratio of (f,/F,,) limit, or a longitudinal stiffener shall be provided.
10.48.8.3 Where transverse intermediate stiffeners 10.49.3 Longitudinally Stiffened Singly Symmetric
are required, transverse stiffeners shall be spaced at a dis- Sections
tance, d,, according to shear capacity as specified in Arti-
ble 10.48.P. l, but not more than 3D. Transverse stiffeners 10.49.3.1 Longitudinal stiffeners shall be required on
may be omitted in those portions of the girders where the singly symmetiic sections when the web thiclcness is less
maximum shear force is less than the value gwen by Ar- than that specified by Article 10.ª9.2.
10.49.3.2 For girders with one longitudinal stiffener 10.50 COMPOSITE SECTIONS
ariel transverse stiffeners, the provisions of Article 10.4b.6
for symmctric:el sections shall be applicable in addition to Composite sections shall be so proportioned that the
the following following criteria are satisfied.
(a) The optimum distance, d , of a plate longitudinal (a) The maximum strength of any secti‹›n shall not be
stiffener or the gage line of an angle longitudinal stiff- less than the sum of the computed moments at that sec-
ener from the innei surface oí the l eg of the compres- tion multiplied by thé il Fopriate load factors.
sion flange componcnt is D/5 for a symmetrical girder. (b) The web of the steel section shall be dcsigned to
The optimum distance, d,, for a singly symmetric com- carry the total extei nal shear and must satisfy the ap-
posite girder in positive-moment regions may be de- plicable provisions of Articles 10.48 and 10.ª9. The
termined from the equation gwen below value of D, shall be taken as the cleai clistance between
the neutral axis and the compression flange. In posi-
tive-moment regions, the value of D, shall be calcu-
(ltl- 121) lated by summing the stresses due to the appropriate
loadings acting on the respective cross sections sup-
porting the loading. The depth of web in compression,
D , in composite sections subjected to negative bend-
where D,, is the depth of the web in compression of the
noncomposite steel beam or girder, fp,_ is the non- ing may be taken as the depth of the web in com-
pression of thé COlTlposite section witli(iut summing the
composite dead-load stress in the compression flange,
stresses from the various stages of loading. The web
and fpp+¡ p is the total noncomposite and composite
dead-load plus the composite live-load stress in the depth in compression, D,,, of secti‹›ns meeting the
compression flange at the most highly stressed section web compactness and ductility requirements ol Article
of the web. The optimum distance, d,, of the stiffener 10.50.1.1.2 under the maximum design loads shall be
in negative-moment regions of composite sections is calculated from the fully plastic cross section ignoring
2D,/5, wheie D, is the depth of the web in compression the sequence of load application. Girdeis with a web
of the composite section at the most highly stressed slenderness exceeding the limits of Article 10.48.5. 1 or
section of the web. 10.49.2 shall either be modified to comply with these
(b) When D exceeds D/2, the web thickness, tp, shall limits or else shall be stiffened by one longitudinal
meet the requirement stiffener.
(c) The moment capacity at first yield shall be com-
puted considering the application of the dead and live
(10 - 122) loads to the steel and composite sections.
(d) The steel beam or girder shall satisfy the con-
structibility requircments of Article 111.61.
10.49.4 Singly Symmetric Braced Noncompact
Sections
Singly symmetric braced, noncompact sections of

rolled or fabricated flexural members shall be designed
and evaluated by the provisions of Article 10.48.2.
flonqc
10.49.5 Partially Braced Members with Singly
Symmetric Sections
The maximum strength of singly symmetric sections

meeting all requirements of Article 10.48.2. 1, except
for the lateral bracing requirement gwen by Equation
(10- 101), shall be computecl as the lesser of M,, calculated
from Equation (10—98) or M,, calculated from Equation Croec- Section Stress aistribuf ioa
(10-99), with M,, calculated from Equation (10-99) not to
PLASTIC STRE 9S DI9TRI9UTION
exceed M,, calculatecl from the provisions of Article
10.48.4.1. FIGURE 10.50A
324 HIGHWAY BRIDGES
10.50.1 Positive I\Ioment Sections
10.511.1.1 Compact Sections tf (10 - 127)
The maximum strength, M,,, of compact composite sec- for C‟

tions in posttive-moment regions shall be computed in ac-
cordance with Article 10.50.1.1.2. The steel shall have the
D (10 - 128)
demonstrated abilitv to reach M,. Steels such as AASHTO
M 270 Giades 36. 50, and 50YV (ASTM A709 €1i‟ades 36,
50, and 50W), and AASHTO M 270 Grade HPS70W (e) The maximum strength of the section in bending is
(ASTM A709 Grade HPS70W) meet these requiremcnts. the first moment c›f all forces about the neutral axis, tak-
ing all forces and moment arnie as positive quantities.
10.50.1.1.1 The resultant moment of the fully plastic
stress distribution may be computed as follows: /0. 50. /. 7. 2 C‹›mposite sections of constant—depth
members in positive-moment regions without longitudi-
(a) The compressive force in the slab, C, is equal to the nal web stiffeners and without h‹›les in the tensi‹›n flange
smallest of the values gwen by the following Equations: shall qualify as compact when the web of the steel section
satisfies the following i‟equirement:
C = 0.851/ bt + (AF,) (10- 123)
(10 - 129)
where b is the effective width of slab, specified in Ar-
ticle l II. 38.3, t. is the slab thicl‹ness, and (AF,), is the
product of the ‹irea and yield point of that part of rein-
where D , is the depth of the web in compression at the
forcement which lies in the compression zone of the
plastic moment calculated in accordance with Article
slab.
J 0.50.1.1.1, and Ip is the web thickness. Equation (10-129)
is satisfied if the neutral axis at the plastic moment is
located above the web; otherwisé D p shall be computed
as y from Equation (10-128) minus t,. Also, the distance
where (AF,),, is the product of area and yield point
from the top of the slab to the neutral axis at the plastic
for bottom flange of steel section (including cover
t Di, shall satisfy
plate if any), (AF,),, is the product of area and yield
point for top flange of steel section, and (AF,)q is
the product of area and yield point for web of steel sec- (l 0 - 129a)
tion.
(b) The depth of the stress block is comJ›uted from the
compressive force in the slab. wheie
(d +
C — AF „ D'=
(10 - 125)
0.85f jb Ç — 0.9 for F, = 36,000 psi;
— 0.7 for F, = 50,000 and 70,000 psi;
(c) When the compressive force in the slab is less than d = depth of the steel beam or girder;
the value gwen by Equation (10-124), the top portion of t = thickness of the slab;
the steel section will be subjected to the comprcssive t, — thickness of the concrete haunch above the beam
force C' (Figure 10.50A) gwen by the following equa- or girder top flange.
tion: Equation (10-129a) need not be checked for sections
where the maximum flange stress does not exceed the
specified minimum flange yield stress.
(10 - 126) The maximum bending strength, M,, of compact com-
posite sections in simple spans or in the positive-moment
(d) The location of the neutral axis within the steel regions of continuous spans with compact noncomposite
section measured from the top of the steel section may or composite negative-moment pier sections shall be
be determined as follows: taken as
in the span shall not exceecl M,, for the loading which pro-
duces the maximum negative moment at the adjacent
(10-1 29b) pier(s).
For composite sections in positive-moment regions not
satisfying the requirements of Equation (10-129) or Equa-
tion (10-129a), or of variable-depth members or with lon-
gitudinal wcb stiffeners. or with holes in the tension
( 10 - 129c) flange, the maximum bending strength shall be deter-
mined as specified in Article 10.50.1.2.
where 10.50.1.2 Noncompact Sections
M, = plastic moment capacity of the c‹›mposite posi-
tive moment section c alculated in accordance 10.50.1.2. I When the steel section does not satisfy
with Article 10.50. 1. 1. 1; the compactness requircmcnts of Article 10.50. 1.1.2, the
M, = moment capacity at lii st yield of the composite sum of the bending stre.ases due to the appropriate load-
positive moment section calculated as F, times ings acting on the respective cross sections supporting the
the section modulus with respect to the tension loadings shall not exceed the maximum stiength, F,, of
flange. The modular ratio, n, shall be used to the tension flange taken equal to F, or the maximum
compute the transformed section properties.
strength, F,,, of the compression flange taken equal to
In continuous spans with compact composite positive— F,R b. where R, is the flange-strcss reduction factor deter-
moment sections, but with noncompact noncomposite or mined from the provisions of Article 10.48.4. 1. When R,
composite negative—moment pier sections, the maximum is determined from Equation (10-103b), f, shall be sul›sti-
bending strength, M,, of the composite positive-moment tuted for the term M,./S,, and Ap shall be taken as the ef-
sections shall be taken as either the moment capacity at fective combined transformed area of the top flange and
first yield cletermined as s¡›ecified in Article 10.50(c), or as concrete deck that yields D calculated in accordance with
Article 10.50(b). f, is equal to the factored bending stress
in the compression flange, but not to exceed F,. The re-
sulting R, factor shall be ‹distributed to the top flange and
concrete declc in proportion to their relative stiffness. The
provisions of Article 10.48.2.l(b) shall apply.
= the moirieni capacity at first yield of
the compact positive moment section /0. SO. /. 2. 2 When the girders are not pt ovided with
calculated in accordance with Article temporary supports during the placing of dcad loads, the
10.50(c); sum of the stresses produced by 1.30D acting on the stcel
(M,, — M,),,,, — moment capacity of the noncompact gu der alone with 1.30(D, + 5(L + I)/3) acting on the
section at the piei, M,, gwen by Arti-
composite girder shall not exceed yield stress at any point,
cle 10.48.2 or Article 10.48.4, minus
where D, and D, are the moments caused by the dead load
the elastic moment at the pier, M,, for
acting on the steel girder and composite giider, rcspec—
the loading producing maximum pos-
tively.
itive bending in the span. Use the
smaller value of the difference for the
10.50.1.2.3 When the girders are provided with ef-
tWO-]OÍéT SéCtiClRS for interior spans;
fective intermediate supports that are kept in place until
A = l for interior spaans‟;
the conciete has attained 75 °o of its i equii ed 26-day
— distance from end suppoi‟t to the loca—
sti ength, sti esses pr oduccd by the loading, 1.30(D + 5(L
tion of maximum positive nioinent ili-
— I)/3), acting on the composite girder, shall not exceed
vided by the span length for end spans.
yield stress at any point.
M,, computed from Equation (10-129‹l) shall not exceed
10.50.2 Negative Moment Sections
the applicable value of M,, coiriputed from either„ Equation
(10-1296) or„ Equation (10- l 29c).
For continuous spans where the maximum bending The maximum bending strength of composite sections
strength ol the positive-moment sections is ‹letei mined in negative moment regions shall be computed in accor-
from Equation (l tl- 129d), the maximum positive moment dance with Article 111.50.2. 1 or 10.50.2.2, as applicable.
HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.50.2
It shall be assumed that the concrete slab does not carry whenever the longitudinal tensile stress in the concrete
tensile stresses. In cases where the slab reinforcement is slab due to either the factored construction loa‹ls or the
continuous over interior supports, the reinforcement may overload specified in Article l 0.57 exceeds 0.9f,., where f
be considered to act compositely with the steel section. is the modulus of rupture specified in Article 8. 15.2. 1.1.
The area of the concrete slab shall be taken equal to the
i0.50.2.1 Compact Sections structural thickness times the entire width of the bridge
deck. The required reinforcement shall bc No. 6 bars or
Composite sections of constant-depth members in nega- smaller spaced at not more than 12 inches. Two-thirds of
tive bending without longitudinal web stiffeners and with- this required reinforcement is to be placed in the top layer
out holes in the tension flange qualify as compact when their of slab. Placement of distribution steel as specified in Ar-
steel section meets the requirements of Article 10.48.1.1, ticle 3.24. 10 is waived.
and has the demonstrated ability to réll h p téels such as
AASHTO M 270 Gra‹les 36, 50, and 50W (ASTM A709 10.50.2.4
Grades 36, 50, and 50W), and AASHTO M 270 Grade
HPS70W (ASTM A709 Grade HPS70W) meet these re- When shear connectors are omitted from the negative
quirements. M,, shall be computed as the resultant moment moment region, the longitudinal reinforcement shall be
of the fully plastic stress distribution acting on the section extended into the positive moment region beyond the an-
including any composite rebars. chorage connectors at least 40 times the reinforcement di-
If the distance from the neutral axis to the compression ameter.
flange exceeds D/2, the compact section requirements
gwen by Equations (10-94) and (10-95) must be modified
by replacing D with the quantity 2D,,, where D,,, is the 10.51 COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS*
depth of the web in compression at the plastic moment.
This section pertains to the design of simple and con-
10.50.2.2 Noncompact Sections tinuous bridges of moderate length supported by twe or
more single-cell composite box girders. The distance cen-
When the steel section does not satisfy the compactness ter-to-center flanges of adjaccnt boxes shall be not greater
requirements of Article 10.50.2. 1 but does satisfy all the re- than 1.2 times and not less than 0.8 times the distancc cen-
quirements of Article 10.48.2. 1, the sum of the bending ter-to-center of the flanges of each box. In addition to the
stresses due to the appropriate loadings acting on the re- above, when nonparallcl girdcrs are used the distance cen-
spectivo cross sections supporting the loadings shall not exter-to-center of adjacent flanges at supports shall be not
ceed the maximum strenQÍh Fa› Of the tension flange taken gi„eatei than 1.35 times and not less than 0.65 times the
equal to F, or the maximum strength Fu› Of the compres- distance center-to-center of the flanges of each box. The
sion flange taken equal to F,,Rb. where F,,. is the critical cantilever overhang of the decl‹ slab, including curbs and
compression flange stress specified in Article 10.48.2 and parapet, shall be limited to 60°o of the distance between
R, is the flange-stress reduction factor determined from the the centers of adjacent top steel flanges of adjacent box
provisions of Article 10.48.4. 1. When R, is determined girders, but in no case greater than 6 feet.
from Equation (10-103b), f, shallbe substituted for the term
M;/S,,. f, is equal to the factored bending stress in the com- 10.51.1 Maximum Strength
pression flange, but noi to exceed F,. When all iequirements
of Article 10.ª8.2.1 are satisfied, except for the lateral brac- The maximum strength of box giiders shall be deter—
ing requirement gwen by Equation (10-101), F, of the mined according to the applicable provisions of Articles
compression flange shall be taken equal to F,,.R,, but not to 10.48, 10.49, and 10.50. In addition, the maximum
exceed M,/S,,, where M, and S,, aie determincd according strength of the negative moment sections shall be limited
to the provisions of Article 10.48.4. 1. In determining the by
factor C, in Article 10.48.4. l, the smaller and larger values
of f b at each end of the unbraced segment of the girder shall
be substituted for the smaller and larger end moments, M¡
and M,, respectively. where F,,. is the buckling stress of the bottom flange plate
as gwen in Article 10.51.5.
10.50.2.3
The minimum longitudinal reinfoi cement including *For tutor mation regardiiig the design of long-span steel box girdei
the longitudinal disti ibution i cinforcement must equal or bridget, Report No. FHWA-TS-80-205, “Pro]iosed Sesign Speciíica-
tíons ni Steel Dox Gii‟dei Bs idges” is available fi„oin the Fecleral High-
exceed 1 o of the cross-sectional area of the concrete slab way Administration.
10.51 .2 DIVISION I—DESIGN 327
10.SJ .2 Lateral Distribution b
The live-load bending moment for each box girder (10 - 135)
7, 160
shall be determined in accordance with Article 10.39.2.
10.51.5.3 For values of
10.51.3 IVeb Plates
b 13, 300
(10 - 136)
The design shear Vq for a web shall be calculated using
the following equation
the buckling stress of the flange is gwen by the formula
(10-137)
where V — one—half of the total vertical shear force on one
box girder, and 8 = the angle of inclination of the web
plate to the vertical. 10.51.5.4 If longitudinal stiffeners are used, they
The inclination of the web plates to the vertical shall shall be equally spaced across the flange width and shall
not exceed 1 to 4. be proportioned so that the moment of inertia of each stiff-
ener about an axis parallel to the flange and at the base of
the stiffener is at least equal to
10.51.4 Tension Flanges
I, = d› t‟w (10-138)
In the case of simply supported spans, the bottom
flange shall be considered fully effective in resisting bend— where
ing if its width does not exceed one-fifth the span length.
If the flange plate width cxceeds one-fifth of the span, d› 0.07l‹ n„ when n equals 2, 3, 4, or 5;
only an amount equal to one-fifth of the span shall be con— d› — 0.125k" when n = 1;
sidered effective. w — width of flange between longitudinal stiffeners or
For continuous spans, the requirements above shall be distance from a web to the nearest longitudinal
applied to the distance between points of contraflexure. stiffener;
n = number of longitudinal stiffeners;
k buckling coefficient which shall not exceed 4.
10.51.5 Compression Flanges
10.51.5.1 Unstiffened compression flanges designed 10.51.5.4.1

for the yield stress, F,, shall have a width-to—thickness ratio For a longitudinally stiffened flange designed for the
equal to or less than the value obtained fi om the formula yield stress F , the ratio w/t shall not exceed the value
gwen by the formula
b 6, 140
(10 - 132)
(10 - 139)
where b — flange width between webs in inches, and t —
flange thickness in inches.
10.51.5.2 For greater b/t ratios, 10.51.5.4.2 For greater values ol w/t
6, 140
(10 - 133)
(l tl - 140)
the bucl‹ling sti„ess ‹›f an unstiffened bottom flange is

gwen by the formula the buckling stress of the flange, including stiffeners, is
gwen by Article 111.5 1.5.2 in which c shall be taken as
F,,. = 0.592Fy l + 0.687 sin (10 - 134)
(10 - 141)
in which c shall be taken as 3, 580 Ok
10.51.5.4.3 For values of when two or more interior intermediate diaphragms per
span are provided, the minimum size fillet welds specified
in Article 10.23.2.2 may be used. Regardless of the type
(10 - 142) weld used, welds shall be deposited on both sides of the
connecting flange or web plate.
the buckling stress of the flange, including stiffeners, is

gwen by the formula 10.52 SHEAR CONNECTORS
F,, — 2ti.2k(t/w)' N l II„ (10-143) 10.52.1 General
/0. 5/.5.4.4 When longitudinal stiffeners are used, it The horizontal shear at the interface between the con-
is prefei able to have at least one transverse stiffener siete slab and the steel girder shall be provided for by me-
placed near the point of dead load conti:iflexuie. The stiff- chanical shear connectors throughout the simple spans
ener should have a size equal to that of a longitudinal stiff- and the positive moment regions of continuous spans. In
ener. The number of longitudinal stiffeners preferably the negative moment regions, shear connectors shall be
shall not exceed 2. If the number of longitudinal stiffen- provided when the reinforcing steel embedded in the con-
ers exceeds 2, then the use of additional transverse stiff- crete is c onsidered a part of the composite section. In case
eners should be considered. the reinforcing steel embedded in the concrete is not con-
sidered in computing section properties of negative mo-
10.51.5.5 The width-to-thickness ratio of any out- ment sections, shear connectors need not be provided in
standing element of the flange stiffeners shall not exceecl these portions of the span, but additional connectors shall
the value detei‟mined by the formula be placed in the region of the points of dead load con-
traflexure as specified in Article 10.38.5. 1.3.
(10 - 144) 10.52.2 Design of Connectors
The number of shear connectors shall be determined in

where
accordance with Article 10.38.5. 1.2 and checked for fa-
b'— width of any outstanding stiffener elemcnt, tigue in accordance with Articles l 0.38.5. 1.1 and
and; 10.38.5.1.3.
t'= tluCknGSS of outstanding stiffener element;
F, = yield strength of outstanding stiffener ele— 10.52.3 Maximum Spacing
ment.
The maximum pitch shall not exceed 24 inches except
10.51.5.6 Compiession flanges shall also satisfy the over the interior supports ol continuous beams where
provisions of Article 10.51.4. The effective flange plate widei spacing may be used to avoid placing connectors at
width shall be used to calculate the factored flange bend- locations of high stresses in the tension flange.
ing stress. The full flange plate width shall be used to cal-
culate the buckling stress of the flange. 10.53 HYBRID GIRDERS
10.51.ti Diaphragms This section pertains to the design of girders that uti-
lice a lower strength steel in the web than in one or both
Diaphragms, cross-frames, or other means shall be of the flanges. lt applies to composite and noncomposite
provided within the box gu den at each support to resist plate giiders and to composite box girders. At any cross
transverse rotation, displacement, and distortion. section where the bending stress in either flange caused by
Intermediate diaphragms or cross-frames are not re- the maximum design load exceeds the minimum specified
quired for box girder bridges designed in accordance with yield strength of the web steel, the compression-flange
this specification. ílTéil Shall not be less than the tension-ílange area. The top-
flange area shall include the transformed area of any por-
10.51.7 Design of Flange to Web Welds tion of the slab or reinforcing steel that is considered to act
compositely with the steel girder.
The total effective thickness of the web-flange welds The provisions of Articles 10.40 through 10.52,
shall not be less than the thickness of the web, except, 10.57.i , and 1 0.57.2 shall apply to hybrid beams and gird-
ers except as modified below. In all equations of thesc ar-

ticles, F, shall be taken as the minimum specified yield "' (10 - 148)
strength of the steel of the element under consideration
with the following exceptions
wheie W is the distance from the outer fiber of the tension
flange to the neutral axis divided by the depth of the steel
(1) In Articles 10.48.1.l(b), 10.48.4. 1, 10.48.5.1, section. R shall be taken as 1.0 at sections where the stress
10.48.6.1, 10.49.2, 10.49.3.2(b), and 10.50.1.1.2, use F, in both flanges caused by the maximum design loads does
of the compression flange. not exceed the specified minimum yield sti„ength of the web.
(2) Articles 10.57.1 and 10.57.2 shall apply to the
flanges, but n‹›t to the web of hybrid girders. 10.53.1.3 Partially Braced Members
The provision specified in Article 10.40.4 shall also
apply. Longitudinal web stiffeners preferably shall not be The strength of noncompact hybrid sections of par-
located in yielded portions of the web. tially braced members not satisfying the lateral bracing re-
quirement gwen by Equation ( l 11-101) shall be calciilatc‹1
10.53.1 Noncomposite Hybrid Sections as the lesseT Clf Mu calculated from Equation (10-146) or
M u illculated from Equation (10-146a). M,, calculated
10.53.1.1 Compact Sections from Equation (10- 146a) is not to exceed M, calculated
from the provisions of Article 10.48.4. l with Equation (10-
The equation of Article 10.48.1 for the maximum 103a) replaced by the expression
strength of compact sections shall be repluced by the
expression (10-148 a)
(10-145) and the yield moment calculated as
where Fu is the specified minimum yield strength of the (10-148b)

flange, and Z is the plastic section modulus.
In computing Z, the web thickness shall be multiplied where the appropriate R is determined from Article
by the ratio of the minimum specified yield strength of the 10.53.l .2 above, and R, is determined by Equation (10-
web, F,p, to the minimum specified yield strength of the 103b).
flange, Fu.
10.53.2 Composite Hybrid Sections
10.53.1.2 Braced Noncompact Sections
The maximum strength of a compact cc›mposite section
The equations of Article 10.48.2 foi the maximum shall be computed as specificd iii Article J 11.50. 1.1.2 or Ar-
strength of braced noncompact sections shall be replaced ticle 10.50.2. 1, as applicable, using the specified minimum
by the expressions yield strength of the element under consideration to com-
pute the plastic moment capacity. The yield moirient in Ar-
(10-146) ticle 10.50.1.1.2 shall be multiplied by R (f‹›r unsymmet-
iical sections) from Article l 0.53. 1.2, with 9² calculated as
specificd below for noncompact composite sections.
(10 — 146a)
The maximum strength of a noncompact composite
For symmetrical sections section shall be taken as the maximum strength computed
fi om Article 10.50.1.2 or Article 10.50.2.2, as applicable,
times R (for unsymmetrical sections) from Article
(1 0 - 147) 10.53.1.2, in which ili is the distance from the outer fiber
of the tension flange to the neutral axis of the transformed
section divided by the depth of the steel section.
where
10.53.3 Shear
Equation (10-114) of Article 10.48.8. 1 foi the shen ca-

pacity of transversely stiffened girdeis shu11 be replaced
For unsymmeti„ical sections by the exprcssion
HIGHWAY BRIDGES
(10-149) 10.54.1.2 Effective Length
The provisions of Article 10.48.8.2, and the equation The effective length factor K shall be determined as
for A in Article 10.48.5.3 are not applicable to hybrid follows
girders.
(a) For members having lateral support in both direc-
10.54 COMPRESSION MEMBERS tions at its ends
10.54.1 Axial Loading K = 0.75 for riveted, bolted, or welded end connec-
10.54.1.1 Maximum Capacity tions;
K = 0.875 for pinned ends.
The maximum strength of concentrically loaded
columns shall be computed as (b) For members having ends not fully supported lat-
erally by diagonal bracing or an attachment to an adja—
P,, = 0.85A,F, cent structure, the effective length factor shall be de-
termined by a rational procedure. **
where A is the gross effective area of the column cross
section and F,, is determined by one of the following two 10.54.2 Combined Axial Load and Bending
formulas *: 10.54.2.1 Maximum Capacity
The combined maximum axial force Pand the maximum

(10 - 151)
bending moment M acting on a beam-column subjected to
eccentric loading shall satisfy the following equations:
for (10 - 152)
? 1.0 (10 - 155)
(10 - 153)
ñ 1.0 (10 - 156)
r
(10 - 154) where:

F,,. — buckling stress as determined by the equations of
Article J 0.54. 1.1;
where
M,, = maximum strength as determined by Articles
K — effective length factor in the plane of buckling; 10.48.1, 10.48.2, or 10.48.4;
L, = length of the member between points of support
in inches;
r = radius of gyration in the plane of buckling in the Ester Buckling stress
inches; in the plane of bending;
F, = yield stress of the steel in pounds per square inch; r
E — 29,0tl0,tltl0 pounds per square inch; (10-157)
F , — buckling stress in pounds per square inch.
C = equivalent moment factor, as defined below;
Mi 'F Z, the full plastic moment of the section;
Z = plastic section modulus;
*Singly symmetric and unsymmetric compiession members, such as = effective slenderness ratio in thc plane of
angles or tees, and doubly symmetric compression members, such as r
crucifoi m or built-up members with very thin watts, may also require bending.
consideration of flexui al-torsi‹inal and torsional buc1‹1ing. Refer to the
Manual of Steel Construction, Nlnth Edition, 19fl9, American Institute * *B.G. Johnston, Guide lo 5/nbí/í/y Des igu Antena jer Metal Struc-
of Steel Consti uction. tures, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.
10.54.2.2 Equivalent Moment Factor C The b'/t ratio for the stiffeners shall be
If the ends of the beam-column are restrained from b‟ 2, 200 b

sidesway in the plane of bending by diagonal bracing or maximum = 12 (10 - 164)
fb
attachment to an adjacent laterally braced structure, then
the value of equivalent moment factor, C, may be com-
puted by the formula
10.55.3 Flange Plates
C = 0.6 + 0.4a (10-158)
where a is the ratio of the numerically smaller to the larger b‟ 700

———‟ for width between webs (10 - 165)
end moment. The ratio a is positive when the two end mo- + fb
ments act in an opposing sense (i.e., one acts clockwise
b‟ 2,
and the other acts counterclockwise) and negative when —= for overhang widths,
they act in the same sense. In all cases, factor C may be maximum b‟/t = 12 (10 - 166)
taken conservatively as unity.
10.55 SOLID RIB ARCHES 10.56 SPLICES, CONNECTION'S, AND DETAILS

10.56.1 Connectors
See Article 3.2 for load factors and combinations. Use
Service Load Design Method for factored loads and the 10.56.1.1 General
formulas changed as follows:
Connectors and connections shall be proportioned so
10.55.1 Moment Amplification and Allowable that their ‹lesign resistance, ‹hR, (maximum strength mul-
Stresses tiplied by a resistance factor) as gwen in this Article, as
1 applicable, shall be at least equal to the effects of service
(10 - 159) loads multiplied by their respective load factors as speci-
1.18T fied in Article 3.22.
10.56.1.2 Welds
The ultimatc strength ot the weld metal in groove and

F, fillet welds shall be equal to or greater than that of the base
metal, except that the designer may use electrode classifi-
(10-160) cations with strengths less than the base metal when de-
tailing fillet welds for quenched and tempered steels.
10.55.2 Web Plates However, the welding procedure and weld metal shall be
selected to ensure sound welds. The effective weld area
No longitudinal stiffener shall be taken as defined in A/\/5//A45HTD/AW5 D / . 5
Brid ge Xelding Code, Article 2.3.
_ 6, 750
„ 10.56.1.3 Bolts and Rivets
One longitudinal stiffener 10.56.1.3.1 1 In proportioning fasteners, the
cross sec-
(10 - 162) tional area based upon nominal diameter shall be used.
10.56.1.3.2 The design force, ó›R, in kips, for

Two longitudinal stiffeners AASHTO M 164 (ASTM A 325) and AASHTO M 253
(ASTM A 490) high-strength bolts subject to applied axial
3, 500 tension or shear is gwen by
(10 - 163)
d›R = ‹bFA, (10-166a)
332 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.56.I .3.2
CABLE 10.56A Design Strength of Connectors
Type of Fastener Strength (d›F)

Groove Weld 1.00 F,
Fillet Weld„ 0.45 F,
Low-Carbon Steel Bolts
ASTM A 307
Tension 30 ksi
Shear on Bolt with
Threads in Shear Plane d 18 ksi
Power-Driven Rivets
ASTM A 502
Shear—Grade l
Shear—Grade 2
High-Strength Bolts
AASHTO M 164
(ASTM A 325)
Applied Static Tension' 68 ksi
Shear on Bolt with
Threads in Shear Plane""‟ 35 ksi
AASHTO M 253
(ASTM A 490)
Applied Static Tension
Shear on Bolt with
Threads in Shear Planed 43 ksi
‘F, = yield point of connected material.
‘F = minimum strength of the welding rod metal.
'The tensile snength of M 164 (A 325) bolts decreases for diameters greater than 1 inch.
The design values listed are for bolts up to l-inch in diameter. The design values shall be
multiplied by 0.875 for diameters greater than 1 inch.
‘Tabulated valucs shall be reduced by 20 percent in bearing-type connections whose length
between extreme fasteners in each of the spliced parts measured parallel to the line of axial force
exceeds 50 inches. For flange splices, the 50-inch length is to be measured between the extreme
bolts on only one side of the connection.
’If material thickness or joint details preclude threads in the shear plane, multiply values by
1.25.
where The design bearing force for the connection is equal to

the sum of the design bearing for ces for the individual
d›F = design strength per bolt area as gwen in Table
bolts in the connection.
10.56A for appropriate kind of load, ksi;
A, = area of bolt corresponding to nominal ‹diameter, In the foregoing
'q * aR - d sign bearing force, kips.
F,, = spccified minimum tensile strength of the con-
The design bearing force, ‹!›R, on the connected mate- nected material, ksi.
rial in standai d, oversized, short-slotted holes loaded in L, = clear distance between the holes or between the
any direction, or long-slotted holes parallel to the applied hole and the edge of the material in the direction
bearing force shall be taken us of the applied bearing force, in.
d — nominal diameter of bolt, in.
‹bR = 0.9L,tF,, 1.8dtF, (10-166b) — thicl‹ness of connected material, in.
The déSi@R bearing force, ó›R, On the connected lTlitte- j g .56.1.3.3 High-strength bolts preferably shall be
rial in long-slotted holes perpendicular to the appliéd used for fasteners subject to tension or combined shear
bearing force shall be takéll áS and tension.
For combined tension and shear, bolts and rivets shall
‹hR = 0.75L,tF, J .5dtF,, ( J 0-166c) be proportioned so that the tensile stress does not exceed
for 10.56.3 Rigid Connections

(III - 167)
10.56.3.1 All rigid Frame connections. the rigidity of
for which is essential to the continuity assumed as the basis
of design, shall be capable of resisting the moments,
shears, and axial loads to which they are subjected by
maximum loads.
where
10.56.3.2 The beam web shall equ‹il or excce‹1 the
f, = computed rivet or bolt stress in shear, l‹si; thickness gwen by
F, = design shear strength of rivet or bolt fr‹›m Table
10.56A, ksi;
(10 169)
F, — design tensile strength of ris'et or bolt fr‹›m Table
10.56A, ksi;
F,'— reduced design tensile strength of rivet or bolt where
due to the applie‹1 shear stress, ksi.
M, = column moment;
d, = beam depth;
10.56.1.4 Slip-Critical Joints cl, — column depth.
Slip-critical joints shall be designen to prevent slip at When the thickness of the connection web is less than
the overload in accordance with Article 10.57.3, but as a that gwen by the above formular, the web shall be
minimum the bolts shall be capable of developing the strengthened by diagonal stiffeners or by a reinforcing
minimum strength requirements in shear and bearing of plate in contact with the web over the connection area.
Article 10.56. 1 .3 under the maximum desigll 1 í1d$. At joints where the flanges of one member are rigidly
Potential slip of joints should be investigated at inter- framed into one flange of mother membei„, the thickness
mediate load stages especially those joints located in com- of the web, tp, supporting the latter flange and the thick-
posite regions. ness of the latter flange, t,, shall be checked by the for-
mulas below. Stiffeners are required on the web of the sec-
10.56.2 Bolts Subjected to Prying Action by ond member opposite the compression flange of the first
Connected Parts member when
Bolts required to support applied load by means of di-

rect tension shall be proportioned for the sum of the ex- 14-170)
teinal load and tension i esulting fr‹›m prying action pro-
duced by deformation ef the connected parts. The total
and opposite the tension flange of the first member
tension should not exceed the values gwen in Table
when
10.56A.
The tension due to prying actions shall be computed as
(111 - 171)
where
3b t‟ (10 - 168)
8a 20 T tp = thickness of web to be stiffened;
k = distance from outer face of flange to toe of web
where fillet of member to be stiffened;
tb = thickness of flange delivering concentrated force;
Q = prying tension pei bolt (taken as zero when nega- i, = thickness of flange of member to be stiffened;
tive); A, = area of flange delivering concentrated load.
T — direct tension per bolt due to external load;
a = distance from center of bolt to edge of plate; 10.57 OVERLOAD
b = distance from center of bolt to toe of fillet of con-
nected part; For AASHTO H or HS loadings, the overload is defined
= thickness of thinnest pait connected in inches. as D < 5(L + I)/3, except for beams and girdei s designed
334 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.57
TABLE 10.57A Design Slip Resistance for Slip-Critical Connections

(Slip Resistance per Unit of Bolt Area, d›F, = diT,jr, l‹si)
Hole Type and Direction of Load Application

Any Direction Transverse Parallel
Oversize and
Standard Short Slot Long Slots Long Slots
AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO
M 164 M 253 M 164 M 253 M 164 M 253 M 164 M 253
(ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM (ASTM
Contact Surface of Bolted Parts A 325)„ A 490) A 325)' A 490) A 325)‟ A 490) A 325)' A 490)
Claas A (Slij› Coefficient 0.33) 21 26 18 22 15 18 13 16

Clean miü scale and blast-
cleaned surfaces with Class A
coatings‘
Class B (Slip Coefficient 0.50) 32 40 27 34 22 28 19 24
Blast-cleaned surfaces and
blast-cleaned surfaces with
Class B coatings‘
Class C (Slip Coefficient 0.33) 21 26 18 22 18 16
Hot-dip galvanized surfaces
roughened by wire brushing
after galvanizing
‘The tensile strength of M 164 (A 325) bolts decreases for diameters greater than 1 inch, The design values listed are for bolts up to l-
inch diameter. The design values shall be multiplied by 0.875 for diameters greater than 1 inch.
‘ Coatings classified as Class A or Class B include those coatings which provide a mean slip coefficient not less than 0.33 or 0.50,
respectively, as determined by Testing Method to Determine the Slip Coefficient for Coatings Used in Bolted Joints. See Article 10.32.3.2.3.
for the Group IA load coinbination specified in Article stresses, the presence or absence of temporary supports
3.5.1 for which overload is defined as D ª 2.2(L+1) with during the constfuction shall be considered. For members
(L I) assumed to occupy a single lane without concur- with shear connectors provided throughout their entire
rent loading in any other lane. F'or beams and girders de- length that also satisfy the provisions of Article
signed for an overload vehicle selected by the operating 10.50.2.3, the overload flange stresses caused by loads
agcncy in accordance with the Group IB load combina- acting on the appropriate composite section may be com-
tion, the overload is defined as D + (L+ I). If moment re- puted assuming the concrete deck to be fully effective for
disti ibution is permitted under the provisions of Article both positive and negative moment, For this case, the re-
10.48. 1.3, the limitations specified in Articles 10.57.1 sulting stresses shall be combined with the stresses due
and 10.57.2 shall apply to the modified moments, but not to loads acting on the noncomposite section to calculate
to the original moments. Web bend-buckling shall be D, for checking web bend buckling.
chccl‹ecl for the overload according to Equation (10-173).
For composite sections, D, shall be calculated in accor- 10.57.3 Slip-Critical Joints
dance with Article 10.50(b). Sections that do not satisfy
Fquation (10-173) shall be modified to comply with the 10.57.3.1 In acldition to the requirements of Arti-
requirement. cles 10.56.1.3.1 and 10.56.1.3.2 for fasteners, the force
caused by D + 5(L -f I)/3 on a slip-critical joint shall not
10.57.1 Noncomposite Sections exceed the design slip force (d›R,) gwen by
At noncomposite sections, the maximum overload d›R, — d›F A,NbN, (10-172a)

flange stress shall not exceed 0.8F,.
where
10.57.2 Composite Sections ‹bF, = d›Tbv, design slip resistance per unit of bolt area
gwen in Table 10.57A, ksi;
At composite scctions, the maximum overload flange A, — area corresponding to the nominal body arca of
stress shall not exceed 0.95F,. In computing dead load the bolt, sq in.,
10.57.3. l DIVISION I—DESIGN
N b = number of bolts in the joint; F,, 120 ksi for M 164 (A 325) bolts rá› to l-inch
N, = number of slip planes; diameter;
Tb = specified tension in the bolt; — 105 ksi for M 164 (A 325) bolts over 1-inch
= slip coefficient; diameter;
= 0.33 for clean mill scale and Class A coatings = 150 ksi for M 253 (A 490) bolts.
= 0.50 for blast-cleaned surfaces and Class B
coatings;
= 0.33 for hot-dip galvanized and roughened 10.58 F‟ATIGUE
surfaces;
= 1.0 for standard holes; 10.58.1 General
= 11.85 for oversized and short slotted holes;
= 0.70 for long slotted holes loaded transversely; The analysis of the probabil ity of fatigue ol stcel mem-
— 0.60 for long slotted holes loaded longitudinally. bers or connections under service loads and the allowable
range of stress for fatigue shall conform te Article 1(1.3,
Class A, B, or C surface con‹1itions of the bolted parts as except that the limitation imposed by the l›asic criteria
defined in Table 10.57A shall be used in joints designated gwen in Article 10.3.1 shall not apply. For mcm1›eis with
as slip-critical except as permitted in Article 10.57.3.2. shear connectors provided throughout their entire length
that also satisfy the provisions of Aiticle 1 0.50.2,3, the
10.57.3.2 Subject te the approval of the Engineer, range of stress may be computed using the composite sec-
coatings providing a slip coefficient less than 0.33 may be tion assuming the concrete deck ie be fully eftüctive for
used provided the mean slip coefI‟icient is established by both positive and negative moment.
test in accordance with the requirements of Article
10.57.3.3, and the slip resistance per unit area established. 10.58.2 Composite Construction
The slip resistance per unit area shall be ta1‹en as equal to
the slip resistance per unit area from Table 10.57A for 10.58.2.1 Slab Ilcinforcement
Class A coatings as appropriate for the hole type an‹1 bolt
type times the slip coefficient determined by test divided When composite action is provided in the negative mo-
by 0.33. ment region, the range of stress in slab reinforcement shall
be limited to 20,000 psi.
10.57.3.3 Paint, used on the faying surfaces of con-
nections specified to be slip critical, shall be qualified by 10.58.2.2 Shear Connectors
test in accordance with “Test Method to Determine the
Slip Coefficient for Coatings Used in Bolted Joints” as The shear connectors shall be designcd for fatigue in
adopted by the Research Council on Structural Connec- accordance with Article 10.38.5. 1,
tions. See Appendix A of A llowable Stress Desi gu Speci-
fication for Structural lomts Using ASTM A 325 o r A 490 10.58.3 Hybrid Beams and Girders
Bolts, published by the Research Council on Structural
Connections. Hybrid girdei„s shall be designed for fatiguc in accoi‟-
dance with Article 10.3.
10.57.3.4 For combined shear and tension in slip crit-
ical joints where applied forces reduce the total clamping
force on the friction plane, the design slip force shall not ex- 10.59 DEFLECTION
ceed the value d›R,' obtained from the following equation:
The control of deflection of steel or of composite steel
d›R( = d›R, (1 — 1.88f /F,) (10-172b) and concrete structures shall conform to the provision of
Ai ticle 10.6.
where
f = computed tensile stress in the bolt due to ap- 10.60 ORTHOTROPIC SUPERSTRUCTURES
plied loads including any stress due to prying
action, ksi; A rational analysis based on the Strength Llesign
‹bR, = design slip force specified in Equation (10-172a), Mcthod, in accoi dance with the specifications, will be
kips; considered as compliance with the specifications.
HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.61
10.fi1 CONSTRUCTIBILITY d,
for < 0.4 k = 11.64
The moment and shear capacity ola steel beam or girder D,
shall meet the requirements specified below to control local
where
buckling of the web and compression flange, and to prevent
lateral torsional buckling of the cross section under the d, = the distance from the centerline of a plate longi-
noncomposite dead load prior to hardening of the deck tudinal stiffener or the gage line of an angle lon-
slab. The casting or placing sequence of the concrete deck gitudinal stiffener to the inner surface or the leg of
specified in the plans shall be considered in determining the the compression flange component.
applied moments ancl shears. A load factor of = 1.3 shall
For members with or without a longitudinal stiffener,
be used in calculating the applied moments and shears.
k shall be taken equal to 7.2 when both edges of the web
are in compression.
111.61.1 Web Bend Buckling
The web thickness requirements specified in Articles
10.48.5.1, 10.48.6.1, 10.49.2, and 10.49.3.2(b) shall not
The maxiinuiri factored noncomposite dead load com- be applied to the constructibility load case.
pressive bending stress in the web shall not exceed the
value gwen below:
10.61.2 Web Shear Buckling
26, 200, 000ok
fb '
D ' The sum of the factored noncomposite and composite
dead-load shears shall not exceed the shear buckling ca-
pacity of the web specified in Article 10.48.8. 1 (Equation
where 10-113) .
F,, — specified minimum yield strength of the web
D, = depth of thc web of the steel beam or girder in 10.61.3 Lateral•Torsional Buckling of the Cross
compression Section
D = web depth
tq — thickness of web The maximum factorecl non-composite dead-load mo-
k — 9(D/D,)' for members without a longitudinal ment shall not exceed the value of M e calculated for the
stiffener steel beam or girder using the equations specified in Arti-
n = 1.3 for members without a longitudinal stiffener cle 10.48.4.1, rior M,.
n — 1.0 for members with a longitudinal stiffener
Sections without longitudinal stiffeners that do not satisfy 10.61.4 Compression Flange I.neal Buckling
Equation (10-173) shall either be modified to comply with
the requircment or a longitu‹linal stiffener shall be added The ratio of the top compression flange width to thick-
to the web at a location on the web that satisfies both Equa- ness in positive—moment regions shall not exceed the
tion (10-173) and all strength requirements, which may or value determined by the formula
may not correspond to the optimum location of the longi-
tudinal stiffener specified in Article 10.49.3.2(a). For lon- b 4, 400
gitudinally stiffened girders, the buckling coefficient, k, is (10-174)
calculated as
d, D D ' where fu is the top-flange compressive stress due to the

for ñ 0.4 k = 5.17 factored noncomposite dead load divided by the factor R b
D, D, specified in Article 10.48.4.1, but not to exceed F,.

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Section 10

10.1 APPLICATION = total area of longitudinal i einforcing steel at

e = distance from the center line of a splice to the

10.2.1 General 10.2.6.2 Malleable Castings

Minimum Material Properties

10.3.2.2 Allowable fatigue stress ranges shall apply

Allowable Range of Stress, F,, (ksi)„

Allowable Range of Stress, F,, (ksi)b

TABLE 10.3.IB (Continued)

TABLE 10.3.IB (Continued)

FIGURE 10.3.TC Illusti-ative Examples

10.13.5 Any partial length end-bolted cover plate shall

Girders should be cambered to compensate for dead _ ’DL

10.16 TRUSSES 10.16.2.2 If the shape of the truss permits, compres-

10.16.5 Camber 10.16.8.1 The ratio of length, in direction of stress, to

10.16.12.1 The vertical truss members and the floor

Bents preferably shall have a sufficient spread at the

10.16.14.4 At a splice, the total stress in the member

10.16.14.5 When determining the unit stress on any

10.18.2 Flexural Members M, = maximum bending strength of the section in pos-

10.18.2.I. 7 Riveted and bolted flange angle splices

where: 10.IB.2. 2.4 For checking the strength of flange

The diameter of the holes shallbe tal‹en as s¡›ecified in Ar-

10.18.2.3.2 As a minimum, in the case of the strength

f, and f ¡shall be computed using the gross section of the

where: 10.18.4 Tension Members

DETAIL OF WIDTH TRANSITION

(b) Straight Tapered Transition

(a) 2'-0" R ad ius T ra ns itlon

FIC•URE 10.18.SA Splice Details

10.19.3.2 Vertical connection plates such as trans-

nor inspected to the requirements of Article 11 .5.6.4.9, Di-

10.24.1.3 All bolts, except high-strength bolts ten-

10.24.3.3 Hardened washers shall be used under the

10.24.5.1 Pitch and Gage of Fasteners 10.24.6.2 Stitch Fasteners

The maximuin pitch of fasteners in built-up members 10.24.8 Long Rivets

For l-inch fasteners, l ? inches 10.25.2 Location of Pins

The maximum distance from the center of any fastener steel)

10.27.2.3 Steel filling rings shall be provided, if

10.27 EYEBARS 10.29.1.2 Spans of less thali 50 feet may be arranged

10.30.4.1 To provide for expansion and contraction

10.30.5 End Floor Beams 10.30.8 Stay-in-Place Deck Forms

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

10.31 SCOPE Butt Welds:

10.32 ALLOWABLE STRESSES where,

Axial tension in member‟s with holes Gross

Compression in extremo fibers of

Compression in concentrically loaded columns"

with C, = (2s'E/F,)"'= 126. 1 107.0 107.0 90.4 75. 7 79.8

16,980 — 23,580 — 23,580 — 33,020 — 47, 170 — 42,450 —

Shear in pins F, = 0.40F, l4,00tl 20,000 20,000 28,000 40,000 36,0011

Bearing on connected material at Low

S,, - section modulus with respect to compression flange (in.’).

of j‹›ints should be investigated at interme‹liate load Where

Hole Type and Direction of Load Application

AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO

Not more than 20,000 38 47

TABLE 10.32.4.3A Allowable Stresses—Steel Bars and Steel Forgings

ª May substitute rolled material of the same properties.

TABLE 10.32.5.1A Allowable Stresses—Cast Steel and Ductile Iron