Commands of Linux

 types of commands :
>> built-in Linux(shell) : bash supports several commands internally.
>> An executable program : programs can be compiled binaries as C++ program.
>> shell function : These are miniature shell scripts incorporated into the environment.
>> An alias : commands built from other commands.

 Ls => to show list of folders.

 Ls -l => to show list of folders with details (permissions).
 Ls -l / folder-name => to show properties of folder.
 ls -a => to show the list from folders with hidden files.
 Ls -s => to print the allocated size of each file or folder.
 Pwd => (print working directory) to print name of your current position
path.
 who => to show who is logged on and date and time of logged in ( usually
used in server).
 whoami => to print effective user id or name.
 w => to show who is logged on and what they are doing.
 date => to show the date and time.
 cal => to show the calendar of current year.
 clear => used to clear the terminal screen.
 exit => to close the terminal screen.
 uname => to show only the name of operating system.
 uname -a => to show the information about operating system.
 uptime => to show the current time.
 history => to show all commands you already applied in terminal screen.
 history -c : to clear all commands from history.
 command --help => to show information about command.
 man command=> is an interface to the system reference manuals (To
clarify what the command do).
 Whatis command => display one-line manual page descriptions.
 hostname => to show or set the system ‘s hostname.
 hostname -i => to show the addresses for the hostname.
 df => to report file system disk space usage (size used in hard disk).
 poweroff => used to close linux operating system.
 last => show a listing of last logged in users.
 file name => to determine file type.

Commands of dealing with folder :-

 cd name-of-folder => to enter the folder by its name.
 cd .. => to get out from current folder to parent folder.
 cd ../.. => to get out from current folder to parent folder of parent folder.
 mkdir folder-name ==> to make a new folder with the name of folder.
 mkdir -p folder-name1/ folder-name2/ folder-name3 ==> to make a new
folder with name1 and contain folder with name2 and contain folder with
name3.
 rmdir folder-name => delete folder with name but not embedded folder.
 rmdir -r folder-name => delete embedded folder with name.
 rm -r name => delete the embedded folder (or file) with name.
 mv folder(x) folder(y) => move folder(x) to inside folder(y).
 cp -r folder(x) folder(y) => copy folder(x) and paste inside folder(y).
 mv folder(x) ../ => to remove the folder from position folder to parent
folder (previous folder).
 mv folder(x) ../.. => to remove the folder from position folder to parent
folder of parent folder(previous folder).
 mkdir . folder(x) => to make a new hidden folder with name x.
 Commands to file :-
 touch file.name(x) => to make file (like notepad )with name x
 cat file.name(x) ==> to show the information in file x.
 nano file.name(x) => to open file and write data in there.
 open file-name(x) => to open file x and write data in there.
 mv file-name(x) new-name(y) => to change the name(x) of file to another
name(y).
 head file-name(x) => to show the first ten lines in file x.
 tail file-name(x) => to show the last ten lines in file x.
 grep word file-name(x) => to search for word in file x.
 Types of Permission : read write execute (drwxrwxrwx)
>> d : refer to directory (folder)
>> - : refer to file.
>> l : refer to link.
>>Directions of Permission : user /
group of owner / other users.
>> first rwx : refer to permission for
file owner (u).
>> second rwx : refer to permission
for group from file owner(g).
>> third rwx : refer to permission for other users (o).

>> r = 4 / w=2 /x=1 sum of all permission = 7 (this mean take all per)

 ./file-name => to execute command in file.

 chmod +x file-name(x) => to add the ability to execute the file in all
directions of permission.
 chmod +r file-name(x) => to add the ability to read the file in all directions
of permission.
 chmod +w file-name(x) => to add the ability to write in the file in all
directions of permission.
 chmod -r file-name(x) => to prevent the ability to read the file in all
directions of permission.
 chmod u-r file-name(x) => to prevent the ability to read the file from user.
 chmod g-r file-name(x) => to prevent the ability to read the file from group
owner.
 chmod o-r file-name(x) => to prevent the ability to read the file from other
users.
 chmod 777 file-name(x) => to add all
abilities (read-write-execute) in all
directions of permission.
 touch .file-name(x): to make new
hidden file with name x.

Commands of compression and Decompression :-

 gzip file.name (x) => to compress only file with the name (x).
 gunzip compressed file.name (x).gz => to decompress the compressed file
with the name (x).
 zcat file-name(x) => to show data in compressed file with name(x).
 du -h folder(x) => to show the size of folder(x).
 tar -zcvf compressed-file-name.tgz folder(x) : to compress the folder(x)
into compressed-file name with extension (tgz) for decreasing the size of
folder.
 tar -zxvf compressed-file-name.tgz folder(x) : to decompress the folder(x)
from compressed file with extension (tgz).
Root Mode
>> is a special mode that help to make some operations that
need a high permission to do it.
>> To make any command in root mode: you must write ( sudo ) before any
command expect command of ( ls ).
>> sudo :- execute a command as another user.

>> “/” :- is the symbol used to represent the top-level directory.

Commands of root mode :-

 cd => to return to user mode.
 cd / => to enter to root mode.
 sudo command => to execute the command in root mode then enter the
password of user to perform this command.
 sudo adduser name-of-user => to add a user or group to the system.
 sudo chown name-of-user file/folder-name => change ownership of a file
to access by new user.
 sudo chown name-of-user:name-of-user file/folder-name => change file
owner and group to access by new user.
 cat /etc/passwd => concatenate the file passwd from folder etc and print all
`operation done and the name of user that do it.