Bibliography

[1] H. Kamerlingh Onnes, Communications from the Physical Laboratory of the University of
Leiden 29, 1 (1911).

[2] W. Meissner and R. Ochsenfeld, Naturwissenschaften 21,787 (1933)

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01504252

[3] H. London and F. London, The electromagnetic equations of the supraconductor, Proceed-
ings of the Royal Society A 149, 71 (1935).

[4] V. L. Ginzburg and L. D. Landau, Soviet Physics JETP 20, 1064 (1950).

[5] A. A. Abrikosov, On the Magnetic Properties of Superconductors of the Second Group, Sov.
Phys. JETP Lett. 32, 1174–1182 (1957)

[6] J. Bardeen, L. N. Cooper and J. R. Schrieffer, Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity,

Physical Review 106, 162 (1957).

[7] H. K. Barron, J. G. Collins, and G. K. White, Thermal expansion of solids at low temper-
atures Adv. Phys. 29, 609 (1980)

[8] J. L. Tallon and J. W. Loram, The doping dependence of T* - what is the real high-Tc
phase diagram ?, Physica C 349, (2001) 53.

[9] R. Küchler, C. Stingl, P. Gegenwart, A uniaxial stress capacitive dilatometer for high-
resolution thermal expansion and magnetostriction under multiextreme conditions, Review
of Scientific Instruments 87, 073903 (2016)

146
[10] T. G. Holesinger, D. J. Miller, L. S. Chumbley, M. J. Kramer, and K. W. Dennis, Char-
acterization of the Phase Relations and Solid Solution Range of the Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 Oy Super-
conductors, Physica C (Amsterdam), 202, 109 (1992).

[11] K. Knizek, E. Pollert, D. Sedmidubsky, J. Hejtmanek, and J. Pracharova, Single-Phase

Region of the 2212-Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconductor, Physica C (Amsterdam), 216, 211–18
(1993).

[12] D. C. Sinclair, Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Formation of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 Od Solid Solutions,
J. Mater. Chem., 2 [5] 579–80 (1992)

[13] S. J. Golden, T. E. Bloomer, F. F. Lange, A. M. Segadaes, K. J. Vaidya, and A. K.

Cheetham, Processing and Characterization of Thin Films of the Two-Layer Superconduct-
ing Phase in the Bi-Sr-C-Cu-O System: Evidence for Solid Solution, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,
74 [1] 123–29 (1991).

[14] Winnie Kwai Wong-Ng and Lawrence P. Cook, Melting Equilibria of the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O
(BSCCO) System in Air: The Primary Crystallization Phase Field of the 2212 Phase and
the Effect of Silver Addition, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81 [7] 1829–38 (1998)

[15] R. Muller, M. Cantoni, and L. J. Gauckler, Phase Compatibilities in the Bi-poor Region
of the System Bi-Sr-Ca-O at 820 and 900◦ C in Air, Physica C (Amsterdam), 243, 103–12
(1995).

[16] B. Hong and T. O. Mason, solid solution ranges of the n=2 and n=3 superconducting
phases in Bi2 (Srx Ca1−x )n+1 Cun Oy and the effect on Tc , J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, 1045-52
(1992)

[17] B. Liang, C.T. Lin, Journal of Crystal Growth 237–239 (2002) 756–761

[18] Nagao, M. Crystal Growth Techniques for Layered Superconductors. Condens. Matter
2017, 2, 32.

[19] S. Sachdev and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2411 (1992).

147
[20] A. Perali, C. Castellani, C. Di Castro, and M. Grilli, Phys. Rev. B 54, 16216 (1996).

[21] C. M. Varma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3538 (1999).

[22] S. A. Kivelson, E. Fradkin, and V. J. Emery, Nature 393, 550 (1998).

[23] S. Chakravarty, R. B. Laughlin, D. K. Morr, and C. Nayak, Phys. Rev. B 63, 094503
(2001).

[24] F. F. Balakirev, J. B. Betts, A. Migliori, S. Ono, Y. Ando, and G. S. Boebinger, Nature

424, 912 (2003).

[25] F. F. Balakirev, J. B. Betts, A. Migliori, I. Tsukada, Yoichi Ando, and G. S. Boebinger,

Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 017004 (2009).

[26] H. Funabiki, K. Okanoue, C. Takano, K. Hamasaki, Journal of Crystal Growth 85–89,

259 (2003)

[27] D. Larbalestier, J. Jiang, U. Trociewitz, Nat. Mater 13, 375–381 (2014).

[28] H. Maeda, Y. Tanaka, M. Fukutomi and T. Asano 1988 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27 L209

[29] R. Küchler, T. Bauer, M. Brando, and F. Steglich, A compact and miniaturized high
resolution capacitance dilatometer for measuring thermal expansion and magnetostriction,
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 095102 (2012)

[30] J. J. Neumeier, T. Tomita, M. Debessai, J. S. Schilling, P. W. Barnes, D. G. Hinks, and

J. D. Jorgensen, Phys. Rev. B 72, 220505 2005.

[31] Majewski, P. Materials aspects of the high-temperature superconductors in the system

Bi2 O3 –SrO–CaO–CuO. J. Mater. Res. 15, 854-870 (2000).

[32] Majewski, P., Su, H-L. & Hettich, B. The High-Tc superconducting solid solution
Bi2+x (Sr,Ca)3 Cu2 O8+d (2212 Phase)—chemical composition and superconducting proper-
ties. Adv. Mater. 4, 508-511 (1992).

148
[33] A. Yamamoto, M. Onoda, E. Takayama-Muromachi, F. Izumi, T. Ishigaki and H.
Asano, Rietveld analysis of the modulated structure in the superconducting oxide Bi2 (Sr,
Ca)3 CaCu2 O8+x , Phys. Rev. B 42, (1990) 4228.

[34] Y. Yuan, J. Jiang, X. Y. Cai, D. C. Larbalestier, E. E. Hellstrom, Y. Huang and R. Par-

rella, Significantly enhanced critical current density in Ag-sheathed (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox
composite conductors prepared by overpressure processing in final heat treatment. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 84, 2127–2129 (2004).

[35] S. Kobayashi, T. Kato, K. Yamazaki, K. Ohkura, K. Fujino, J. Fujikami, E. Ueno, N.

Ayai, M. Kikuchi, K. Hayashi, K. Sato, and R. Hata, Controlled over pressure processing
of Bi2223 long length wires. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 15, 2534–2537 (2005).

[36] P. Onnerud, Y. Andersson, R. Tellgren, P. Norblad, F. Bourée and G. André, The crystal
and magnetic structures of ordered cubic Pd3 MnD0.7 , Solid State Comm. 101, 433 (1997).

[37] Maintenance Operation and Manual ”Andeen-Hagerling AH 2700A 50 Hz-20 kHz Ultra
precision Capacitance Bridge”, Andeen Hagerling, Inc, USA, June 2003

[38] A. I. W. S. Ramadani and S. Pratapa, Line broadening correlation in X-ray diffraction

analysis for nanomaterials characterization using calcined yttrium oxide powder as stan-
dard material, Proceeding of International Conference On Research, Implementation And
Education Of Mathematics And Sciences 2015, Yogyakarta State University, 17-19 May
2015, (2015) 1-8.

[39] A. Nurhayati and S. Pratapa, Development of Yttria and Corrundum for Line Broaden-
ing Standard in X-Ray Diffraction Data Analysis, Indonesian Journal of Material Science,
(2008) 256–259.

[40] G. Baldinozzi, J. F. Berar and G. Calvarin, Rietveld Refinement of Two-Phase Zr-Doped

Y2 O3 , Materials Science Forum 278-281, (1998) 680-685.

[41] J. Orenstein and A. J. Millis, Advances in the Physics of High-Temperature Superconduc-

tivity, Science 288, (2000) 468.

149
[42] B. Keimer, S. A. Kivelson, M. R. Norman, S. Uchida and J. Zaanen, From quantum matter
to high-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides, Nature 518 (2015) 179.

[43] S. Maekawa, T. Tohyama, S. E. Barnes, S. Ishihara, W. Koshibae, G. Khaliullin, Physics

of Transition Metal Oxides, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004).

[44] J. Nieminen, I. Suominen, R. S. Markiewicz, H. Lin, and A. Bansil, Spectral decomposition

and matrix element effects in scanning tunneling spectroscopy of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ Phys.
Rev. B 80, (2009) 134509.

[45] Y.-F. Lv, W.-L. Wang, J.-P. Peng, H. Ding, Y. Wang, L. Wang, K. He, S.-H. Ji, R. Zhong, J.
Schneeloch, G.-D. Gu, C.-L. Song, X.-C. Ma and Q.-K. Xue, Mapping the Electronic Struc-
ture of Each Ingredient Oxide Layer of High-Tc Cuprate Superconductor Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ ,
cond-mat 1508.07460.

[46] K. McElroy, D.-H. Lee, J. E. Hoffman, K. M. Lang, J. Lee, E. W. Hudson, H. Eisaki, S.

Uchida, and J. C. Davis, Coincidence of Checkerboard Charge Order and Antinodal State
Decoherence in Strongly Underdoped Superconducting Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ , Phys. Rev. Lett.
94 (2005) 197005 .

[47] K. McElroy, J. Lee, J. A. Slezak, D.-H. Lee, H. Eisaki, S. Uchida, J. C. Davis, Atomic-Scale
Sources and Mechanism of Nanoscale Electronic Disorder in Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ , Science 309
(2005) 1048.

[48] S. Sachdev, Order and quantum phase transitions in the cuprate superconductors Rev.
Mod. Phys. 75, (2003) 913.

[49] M. Hashimoto, I. M. Vishik, R.-H. He, T. P. Devereaux and Z.-X. Shen, Energy gaps in
high-transition-temperature cuprate superconductors, Nature Phys. 10 (2014) 483.

[50] M. R. Norman, H. Ding, M. Randeria, J. C. Campuzano, T. Yokoya, T. Takeuchik, T.

Takahashi, T. Mochiku, K. Kadowaki, P. Guptasarma and D. G. Hinks, Destruction of the
Fermi surface in underdoped high-Tc superconductors, Nature 392 (1998) 157.

150
[51] D. S. Marshall, D. S. Dessau, A. G. Loeser, C-H. Park, A. Y. Matsuura, J. N. Eckstein,
I. Bozovic, P. Fournier, A. Kapitulnik, W. E. Spicer, and Z.-X. Shen, Unconventional Elec-
tronic Structure Evolution with Hole Doping in Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ : Angle-Resolved Photoe-
mission Results, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, (1996) 4841.

[52] P. Coleman and A. J. Schofield, Quantum criticality, Nature 433 226 (2005).

[53] S. Sachdev, Quantum magnetism and criticality, Nat. Phys. 4 (2008) 173.

[54] L. Zhu, M. Garst, A. Rosch, and Q. Si, Universally Diverging Gruneisen Parameter and
the Magnetocaloric Effect Close to Quantum Critical Points, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003)
066404.

[55] M. Vojta, Quantum phase transitions, Rep. Prog. Phys. 66 (2003) 2069.

[56] S. Takekawa, H. Nozaki, A. Umezono, K. Kosuda and M. Kobayashi, Single crystal growth
of the superconductor Bi2.0 (Bi0.2 Sr1.8 Ca1.0 )Cu2.0 O8 , Journ. Cryst. Growth 92 (1988) 687.

[57] I. Tanaka, T. Iwamoto, A. T. M. N. Islam and S. Watauchi, Growth of Bi-2212 single

crystals by the travelling solvent zone melting method, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 15 (2002)
458.

[58] H. Tanaka and S. Kishida, Growth of large Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 Oy single crystals by a modified
vertical Bridgman method, Journ. of Cryst. Growth 237–239 (2002) 749.

[59] H. Tanaka, S. Kishida and H. Deguchu, Effects of rotating crucibles on the growth of Bi-
2212 single crystals by a modified vertical Bridgman method, Physica C 378–381 (2002)
674.

[60] S. C. Gadkari, K. P. Muthe, K. D. Singh, S. C. Sabhrwal and M. K. Gupta, Growth of

single crystals in Bi2 (Sr, Ca)n+1 Cun Ox , Journ. of Cryst. Growth 102 (1990) 685.

[61] Y. Hidaka, M. Oda, M. Suzuki, Y. Maeda, Y. Enomoto and T. Murakami, Large Anisotropy
of the Upper Critical Magnetic Field in Single Crystal Bi-(Sr, Ca)-Cu-O, Jap. Journ. Appl.
Phys. 27 (1988) L538.

151
[62] H. Imao, S. Kishida and H. Tokutaka, Effects of starting powders and cooling process on
the growth of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 Oy single crystals, Physica C 357−360 (2001) 719.

[63] H. Imao and S. Kishida, Growth of Bi-2212 superconducting single crystals by a self-flux
method with large crucibles, Physica C 426−431 (2005) 573.

[64] H. Imao and S. Kishida, Re-growth of large Bi-2212 single crystals by a self-flux method,
Physica C 378−381 (2002) 660.

[65] A. J. S. Chowdhury, B. M. R. Wanklyn, F. R. Wondre, J. W. Hodby, A. V. Volkozub

and P. A. G. de Groot, Growth of high-quality 2212 BSCCO crystals in Pt crucibles and
characterisation, Physica C 225 (1994) 388.

[66] H. Funabiki, K. Okanoue, C. Takano, K. Hamasaki, Growth conditions and characteriza-

tion of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ single crystals, Journ. of Cryst. Growth 259 (2003) 85.

[67] H. Ishida, K. Okanoue, H. Funabiki, K. Hamasaki, Simple growth technique of

Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ single crystals and transport characteristics of intrinsic Josephson junc-
tions, Physica C 412−414 (2004) 1406.

[68] M. V. Indenbom, C. J. van der Beek, V. Berseth, Th. Wolf, H. Berger and W. Benoit,
Morphology of growth of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8 single crystals, Journ. Low Temp. Phys. 105
(1996) 1529.

[69] J. A. Osborn, Demagnetizing Factors of the General Ellipsoid, Phys. Rev. 67 (1945) 351.

[70] D. M. Gokhfeld, D. A. Balaev, M. I. Petrov, S. I. Popkov, K. A. Shaykhutdinov, and V.

V. Val0 kov, Magnetization asymmetry of type-II superconductors in high magnetic fields,
Journ. Appl. Phys. 109 (2011) 033904.

[71] A. I. Rykov and S. Tajima, Advances in Superconductivity-X, Springer (1997).

[72] R. A. Hein, T. L. Francavilla and D. H. Liebenberg, Magnetic susceptibility of supercon-

ductors and other spin systems, Springer (1991).

152
[73] W. P. Liu, M. T. Li and C. T. Lin, Effect of Te Doping on the Structure and Supercon-
ductivity of Kx Fe2−y Se2−z Tez Single Crystals, J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 27 (2014) 2419.

[74] C. P. Bean, Magnetization of High-Field Superconductors, Rev. Mod. Phys. 36 (1964) 31.

[75] E. M. Gyorgy, R. B. van Dover, K. A. Jackson, L. F. Schneemeyer, and J. V. Waszczak,

Anisotropic critical currents in Ba2 YCu3 O7 analyzed using an extended Bean model, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 55 (1989) 283.

[76] G. Blatter, V. B. Geshkenbein, and J. A. G. Koopmann, Weak to Strong Pinning Crossover,

Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 067009.

[77] W. W. Schmahl, M. Lehmann, S.Rath, M. Gerards and R. Riddle, An improved method to

determine the weight fraction of 2212 and 2201 phase impurities in BSCCO-2223 powders
from x-ray powder diffraction peaks, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 11 (1998) 1269.

[78] J. Rodriguez-Carvajal, in Satellite Meeting on Powder Diffraction of the XV Congress of

the IUCr (Toulouse, France, 1990).

[79] R.A. Young, The Rietveld Method, (Oxford University Press, 1993).

[80] D. Majer, B. Khaykovich, T. W. Li, M. Konczykowski, E. Zeldov, and P. H. Kes, Phase

Diagram of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 08 in the mixed state: effects of anisotropy and disorder, Proc. 21st
Int. Conf. on Low Temp. Phys. Prague, August 8-14, 1996.

[81] T. P. Beales, M. Molgg and J. Juston, An XRD study of the phase equilibria of
(Bi2−x Pbx )Sr2 Ca2 Cu3 O10−δ /Ag tapes at the ceramic-silver interface in the temperature
range 810 to 846◦ C, Phys. Status Solidi a 158 (1996) 143-53.

[82] X. H. Gao, J. Li, S. F. Jiang, D. Gao, G. D. Zheng and S. Gao, The kinetics of the
formation of the Bi-based superconducting phase, Physica C 244 (1995) 321.

[83] N. K. Rajak, M. Arya and D. Jaiswal-Nagar, Comparison of quality of single crystals of

Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+x grown using various methods using Rietveld refinement. (To be submit-
ted).

153
[84] A. B. Kulakov, D. Maier, A. Maljuk, I. K. Bdikin and C. T. Lin, Study of
growth/intergrowth behavior and structural analyses of Bi2 Sr2 Ca2 Cu3 O10+δ single crystals,
J. Cryst. Growth 296 (2006) 69.

[85] B. Liang, C. T. Lin, A. Maljuk and Y. Yan, Effect of vacuum annealing on the structure
and superconductivity of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ single crystals, Physica C 366 (2002) 254.

[86] S. Adachi, H. Tanaka, M. Fujiwara, T. Ishigaki and S. Kishida, Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 Oy single
crystals grown using various crucibles, Physica C 463−465 (2007) 449.

[87] D. K. Singh, B. Tiwari, R. Jha, H. Kishan and V. P. S. Awana, Role of MgO impurity on
the superconducting properties of MgB2 Physica C 505 (2014) 104.

[88] T.G.Holesinger, D.J.Miller, L.S.Chumbley, M.J.Kramer, K.W.Dennis. Characterization of

the phase relations and solid solution range of the Bi2 Sr2 Ca1 Cu2 Oy superconductor. Physica
C 202 (1992) 109.

[89] T.G.Holesinger, D.J.Miller, L.S.Chumbley. Solid solution region of the Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 Oy
superconductor. Physica C 217 (1993) 85.

[90] M.R. De Guire, N.P. Bansal, D.E. Farrell, V. Finan, C.J. Kim, B.J. Hills, and C.J. Allen,
The series Bi2 Sr2 Can−1 Cun O2n+4 (1≤n≤5): Phase stability and superconducting proper-
ties.Physica C 179 (1991) 333.

[91] P. Majewski, H.-L. Su, F. Aldinger, The oxygen content of the high-temperature supercon-
ducting compound Bi2+x Sr3−y Cay Cu2 08+d as a function of the cation concentration Physica
C 229 ( 1994 ) 12-16.

[92] K. Ishizaki, M. Takata, H. Seino, HIP-enhanced diffusion of calcium, copper and oxygen
in 85 K Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting materials, Journ. Mat. Sci. Lett. 9 (1990) 16-17.

[93] E. Giannini, V. Garnier, R. Gladyshevskii and R. Flükiger, Growth and characterization

of Bi2 Sr2 Ca2 Cu3 O1 0 and (Bi,Pb)2 Sr2 Ca2 Cu3 O10−δ single crystals Supercond. Sci. Technol.
17 (2004) 220-226

154
[94] M. Boekholt, M. Fleuster, F. Nouvertné M. Herrmann, G. Güntherodt, C. Jaekel,
D. Anselmetti, H. J. Gütherodt, D. Wehler, G. Muller Growth and characterization of
Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 08+∆ and Bi2 Sr2 Cu06+y single crystals Physica C 203 (1992) 180-192.

[95] Styve, V. J., Elthon, D. & Meen, J. K. Phase Equilibria in BiO1.5 -SrO-CaO-CuO. IEEE
Trans. Appl. Supercond. 17, 3000-3003 (2007).

[96] Majewski, P. Materials aspects of the high-temperature superconductors in the system

Bi2 O3 –SrO–CaO–CuO. J. Mater. Res. 15, 854-870 (2000).

[97] Majewski, P. & Hettich, B. in Layered Superconductors—Fabrication, Properties and Ap-

plication, edited by Shaw, D.T., Tsuei, C. C., Schneider, T. R. & Shiohara, Y. Mater. Res.
Soc. Symp. Proc. 275, 627-632 (1992).

[98] Hiraga, K., Hirabayashi, M., Kikuchi, M., & Syono, Y. High-resolution electron Microscopy
of the High-Tc Superconductor Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27, L573-L576 (1988).

[99] Maltsev, V., Leonyuk, L., Babonas, G.-J., Vetkin, A., & Reza, A. A use of the
melt decanting method for the separation of co-crystallizing phases in the system
Bi(Pb)–Sr–Ca(Y,RE)–Cu–O. Journ. Cryst. Growth 198, 626-630 (1999).

[100] Majewski, P. Phase diagram studies in the system Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O-Ag. Supercond. Sci.
Technol. 10, 453-467 (1997).

[101] Wesche, R. Physical properties of high-temperature superconductors. (Wiley, 2015).

[102] Kharissova, O. V. et al. Recent Advances on Bismuth-based 2223 and 2212 Superconduc-
tors: Synthesis, Chemical Properties, and Principal Applications. Crit. Rev. Solid State 39,
253-276 (2014).

[103] Müller, R., Schweizer, T., Bohac, P., Suzuki, R. O., & Gauckler, L. J. Compositional
range of the Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 Ox HTc -superconductor and its surrounding phases. Physica C
203, 299-314 (1992).

155
[104] Schulze, K., Majewksi, P., Hettich, B. & Petzow, G. Phase equilibria in the system Bi2 O3 -
SrO-CaO-CuO with emphasis on the high-Tc superconducting compounds. Z. Metallkd. 81,
836 (1990).

[105] Manaila, R., Malis, O., Manciu M. & Devenyi, A. Effect of Intergrowth Defects on the
X-Ray Diffraction Pattern (I). Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 147, 31-43 (1995).

[106] Malis, O., Manciu, M., Manaila, R. & Devenyi, A. Effect of Intergrowth Defects on the
X-Ray Diffraction Pattern (II). Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 147, 325-333 (1995).

[107] Alexander, L. & Klug, H. P. Basic aspects of X-Ray absorption in quantitative diffraction
analysis of powder mixtures. Anal. Chem. 20, 886-889 (1948).

[108] Luo, J. S. et al. Effect of Lead Loss and Sheath Structure on Phase Formation and
Alignment in (Bi,Pb)2 Sr2 Ca2 Cu3 O10+δ /Ag Composite Conductors. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 78,
2785-2789 (1995).

[109] Luo, J. S., Merchant, N., Maroni, V. A., Riley G. N. J., & Carter, W. L. Influence of
silver cladding on the formation and alignment of the (Bi2−x ,Pbx )2 Sr2 Ca2 Cu3 O10+δ Phase.
Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 690-692 (1993).

[110] Chung, F. H. Quantitative interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns of mixtures:

Matrix-Flushing method for quantitative multicomponent analysis. J. Appl. Cryst. 7, 519-
525 (1974).

[111] Zhu W. & Nicholson, P. S. The quantitative X-ray phase analysis in Bi-(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O
superconductor system. Mat. Lett. 12, 191-194 (1991).

[112] Rietveld, H. M. Line profiles of neutron powder-diffraction peaks for structure refinement.
Acta Cryst. 22, 151-152 (1967).

[113] Rietveld, H. M. A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. J.
Applied Cryst. 2, 65-71 (1969).

156
[114] Rodriguez-Carvajal, J. FULLPROF: A program for Rietveld refinement and pattern
matching analysis. Abstracts of the Satellite Meeting on Powder Diffraction of the XV
Congress of the IUCr. 127 (1990).

[115] Rodriguez-Carvajal, J. Recent developments of the program FULLPROF. Commission

on powder diffraction, International Union of Crystallography Newsletter No. 26, (2001);
https://www.ill.eu/sites/fullprof/php/old-windows.html

[116] Petřı́ček, V., Dušek M. & Palatinus, L. Crystallographic Computing System JANA2006:
General features. Z. Kristallogr. 229(5), 345-352 (2014); http://jana.fzu.cz/

[117] Rajak N. K., & Jaiswal-Nagar, D. Single crystal growth and orthorhombic CmCm crystal
structure in a layered compound. (to be submitted).

[118] Brindley, G. W. The effect of grain or particle size on x-ray reflections from mixed powders
and alloys, considered in relation to the quantitative determination of crystalline substances
by x-ray methods. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal
of Science 36(256), 347-369 (1945).

[119] Petricek, V., Gao, Y., Lee P. & Coppens, P. X-ray analysis of the incommensurate mod-
ulation in the 2212 Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-0 superconductor including the oxygen atoms. Phys. Rev.
B 42, 387-392 (1990) .

[120] Hill R. J. & Howard, C. J. Quantitative phase analysis from neutron powder diffraction
data using the Rietveld method. J. Appl. Cryst., 20(6):467-474 (1987).

[121] Young R. A. & Wiles, D. B. Profile Shape Functions in Rietveld Refinements. J. Appl.
Cryst. Vol. 15, No. 4, 430-438 (1982).

[122] Caglioti, G., Paoletti A. & Ricci, F. P. Choice of collimators for a crystal spectrometer
for neutron diffraction. Nucl. Instrum. 3, 223-228 (1958).

[123] Thompson, P., Cox, D. E. & Hastings, J. B. Rietveld Refinement of Debye-Scherrer

Synchrotron X-ray Data from Al2 O3 J. Appl. Cryst 20, 79-83 (1987).

157
[124] March, A. Mathematische Theorie der Regelung nach der Korngestah bei affiner Defor-
mation. Z. Kristallogr. Cryst. Mater. 81, 285-297 (1932).

[125] Dollase, W. A. Correction of intensities for preferred orientation in powder diffractometry:

application of the March model. J. Appl. Cryst. 19, 267-272 (1986).

[126] Kanai, T., Kamo T. & Matsuda, S.-P. Degradation by Mechanical Grinding and Recovery
by Annealing in the Superconducting Phases of the Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O System. Jpn. J. Appl.
Phys. 29, L-412 (1990).

[127] Suono Y. & Kikuchi, M. Bull. Jpn. Inst. Met. 27 574 (1988).

[128] W.-J. Kim, S.-C. Kwon, H. J. Lee, H.-G. Lee, G.-W. Hong and I.-H. Kuk, Mechanical
grinding of precursor powder and its effect on the microstructure and critical current density
of Ag/Bi-2223 tapes, Physica C 294, (1998) 147.

[129] Luo, J. S., Lee, H. G. & Sinha, S. N. Microstructure and superconducting properties of
attrition-milled Bi2 Sr2 Cu2 Ox . J. Mater. Res. 9, 297-304 (1994).

[130] Manju, P., Ajith, M. R. & Jaiswal-Nagar, D. Synthesis and characterization of BaZrO3
nanoparticles by citrate-nitrate sol-gel auto-combustion technique: Systematic study for the
formation of dense BaZrO3 ceramics, J. Eur. Ceram. 39, 3756-3767 (2019).

[131] Gao, Y., Lee, P., Coppens, P., Subramanian, M. A., Sleight, A. W. The Incommensurate
Modulation of the 2212 Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconductor. Science 241, 954-956 (1988).

[132] Lee, P. et al. Anomalous scattering study of the Bi distribution in the 2212 superconduc-
tor: implications for Cu valency. Science 244, 62-63 (1989).

[133] Coppens, P. et al. in Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Superconductivity

and Applications. Buffalo, 1989, edited by H. S. Kwok (Plenum, New York, 1990), 285-301
(1990).

158
[134] P. A. Miles, S. J. Kennedy, G. J. McIntyre, G. D. Gu, G. J. Russell and N. Koshizuka,
Refinement of the incommensurate structure of high quality Bi-2212 single crystals from a
neutron diffraction study, Physica C 294, (1998), 275–288.

[135] C. Patterson, P. D. Hatton, R. J. Nelmes, X. Chu, Y. F. Yan and Z. X. Zhao, An x-

ray diffraction study of the incommensurate modulations in single crystal Bi2 Sr2 Cu2 Oy ,
Supercond. Sci. Technol. 3 (1990) 297-301.

[136] De Wolff, P. M., Janssen, T. & Janner, A. The superspace groups for incommensurate
crystal structures with a one-dimensional modulation. Acta Cryst. A37, 625-636 (1981).

[137] Yamamoto, A. et al. Rietveld analysis of the modulated structure in the superconducting
oxide Bi2 (Sr, Ca)3 CaCu2 O8+x . Phys. Rev. B 42, 4228-4239 (1990).

[138] Petřı́ček, V. & Dušek, M. Methods of structural analysis and computer program
JANA2000. Z. Kristallogr. 219, 692-700 (2004).

[139] Akhtar, Z. N., Akhtar, M. J., Clark, S. M. & Catlow, C. R. A. The effect of pressure on
the crystal structures of some bismuth based superconductors. Solid State Commun. 92,
535-540 (1994).

[140] Onnerud, P. et al. The crystal and magnetic structures of ordered cubic Pd3 MnD0.7 . Solid
State Comm. 101, 433-437 (1997).

[141] Kulakov, A. B., Maier, D., Maljuk, A., Bdikin, I. K. & Lin, C. T. Study of intergrowth
behaviour and structural analyses of Bi2 Sr2 Ca2 Cu3 O10+δ single crystals, J. Cryst. Growth
296, 69-74 (2006).

[142] Hendricks, S. & Teller, E. X-Ray Interference in Partially Ordered Layer Lattices. J.
Chem. Phys. 10, 147-167 (1942).

[143] Cowley, J. M. Short-Range Order and Long-Range Order Parameters. Phys. Rev. 138,
A1384-A1389 (1965).

159
[144] Suzuki, I. S., Suzuki, M. Stage disorder of random-mixture graphite intercalation com-
pounds. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 3, 8825-8839 (1991).

[145] David, W. I. F. & Matthewman, J. C. Profile refinement of powder diffraction patterns

using the voigt function. J. Appl. Cryst. 18, 461-466 (1985).

[146] Kan X. B. & Moss, S. C. Four-Dimensional Crystallographic Analysis of the Incommen-

surate Modulation in a Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 08 Single Crystal. Acta Cryst. B48, 122-134 (1992).

[147] Beskrovnyi, A. I., Jirak, Z., Nevriva, M., Shelkova, I. G. Neutron diffraction study of the
modulated structure of Bi2 Sr3−x Yx Cu2 O8+γ (x ∼ 0.6). Physica C 206, 27-32 (1993).

[148] Mironov, A. V., Petricek, V., Khasanova, N. R. Antipov, E. V. New insight on bismuth
cuprates with incommensurate modulated structures. Acta Cryst. B 72, 395-403 (2016).

[149] Gladyshevskii, R. E. & Flukiger, R. Modulated structure of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ , a high-Tc
superconductor with monoclinic symmetry. Acta. Cryst. B 52, 38-53 (1996).

[150] Le Bail, A., Duroy, H., and Fourquet, J. L. Ab Initio structure determination of LiSbWO6
by X-ray powder diffraction. Mater. Res. Bull. 23, 447–452 (1988).

[151] Toby, B. H. R factors in Rietveld analysis: How good is good enough? Powder Diffraction
21, 67-70 (2006).

[152] Zhou, S. et al. Study on incommensurate modulation structures in Ca-doped Bi-2201

system J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 27, 383-388 (2014).

[153] J. Zhao, C. Dong, F. Wu, H. Chen, G. C. Che, S. L. Jia and Z. X. Zhao, The unsymmetry
x-ray diffraction method and quantitative texture analysis of textured Bi-2212 samples,
Supercond. Sci. Technol. 8 (1995) 439-442.

[154] Schmahl, W. W., Lehmann, M., Rath, S., Gerards, M. & Riddle, R. An improved method
to determine the weight fraction of 2212 and 2201 phase impurities in BSCCO-2223 powders
from x-ray powder diffraction peaks. Supercond. Sci. Technol. 11, 1269-1276 (1998).

160
[155] Dellicour, A. et al. Preferred Orientation Contribution to the Anisotropic Normal State
Resistivity in Superconducting Melt-Cast Processed Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+δ , Materials 10, 534
(2017).

[156] Parrish W. & Langford, J. I. Int. Tables for Crystallography C 42-79 chapter 2.3 (2006).

[157] Monecke, T., Köhler, S., Kleeberg, R. & Herzig, P. M. Quantitative phase-analysis by the
Rietveld method using X-Ray powder-diffraction data: application to the study of alteration
halos associated with volcanic-rock-hosted massive sulfide deposits. Can. Mineral. 39, 1617-
1633 (2001).

[158] Landau, L. D. & Lifshitz, E. M. Course of theoretical physics: statistical physics-part 2

(Butterworth-Heinemann 1980).

[159] J.B. Bednorz and K. A. Müller, Z. Phys. B 64 (1986) 189.

[160] Y. S. Touloukian, R. K. Kirby, R. E. Taylor and P. D. Desai, Thermal expansion Metallic

Elements and Alloys (Springer, 1975).

[161] T. H. K. Barron, J. G. Collins and G. K. White, Adv. Phys. 29, 609-730 (1980).

[162] T. H. K. Barron, Thermal Expansion of Solids, edited by C. Y. Ho (ASM International,

1998).

[163] E. Grüneisen, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 39, 257 (1912).

[164] L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford,

1959).

[165] L. Zhu, M. Garst, A. Rosch and Q. Si, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 066404-4 (2003).

[166] P. Gegenwart, F. Weickert, M. Garst, R. S. Perry and Y. Maeno, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96,
136402-4 (2006).

[167] T. Lorenz, O. Heyer, M. Garst, F. Anfuso, A. Rosch, Ch. Rüegg and K. Krämer, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 100, 067208-4 (2008).

161
[168] S. Zaum, K. Grube, R. Schäfer, E. D. Bauer, J. D. Thompson and H. v. Löhneysen, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 106, 087003-4 (2011).

[169] C. Meingast, O. Kraut, T. Wolf, H. Wühl, A. Erb and G. Müller-Vogt, Phys. Rev. Lett.
67, 1634-1637 (1991).

[170] M. Kund and K. Andres, Physica C 205, 32-38 (1993).

[171] C. Meingast, A. Junod and E. Walker, Physica C 272 106-114 (1996).

[172] P. Nagel, V. Pasler, C. Meingast, A. I. Rykov and S. Tajima, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2376-
2379 (2000).

[173] R. Lortz, C. Meingast, U. Welp, W. K. Kwok and G. W. Crabtree, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90,
237002-4 (2003).

[174] N. V. Anshukova, A. I. Golovashkin, L. I. Ivanova, I. B. Krynetskil̆ and A. P. Rusakov,

Phys. Solid State 48, 1358-1365 (2006).

[175] J. Orenstein and A. J. Millis, Science 288, 468-472 (2000).

[176] P. Manju, N. K. Rajak, A. P. Andrews and D. Jaiswal-Nagar, Orthorhombic crystal struc-

ture and oxygen deficient cluster distribution model for YBa2 Cu3−x Alx O6+δ superconductor.
Sci Rep 10, 7814 (2020).

[177] H. Castro and G. Deutscher, Phys. Rev. B 70, 174511-8 (2004).

[178] B. Keimer, S. A. Kivelson, M. R. Norman, S. Uchida and J. Zaanen, Nature 518, 179-186
(2015).

[179] E. Sterpetti, J. Biscaras, A. Erb and A. Shukla, Nat. Commun. 8, 2060-8 (2017).

[180] G. K. White, Cryogenics 1, 151-158 (1961).

[181] R Pott and R Schefzyk, J. Phys. E 16, 444-449 (1983).

162
[182] C. A. Swenson, Thermal Expansion of Solids, edited by R. E. Taylor (ASM International,
1998, Chap. 8, p. 207).

[183] M. Rotter, H. Müller, E. Gratz, M. Doerr, and M. Loewenhaupt, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69,
2742 (1998).

[184] M. O. Steinitz, J. Genossar, W. Schnepf and D. A. Tindall, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 57, 297-298
(1986).

[185] M. Kund, Uniaxiale Effekte in Organischen und Keramischen Supraleitern (Verlag Harri
Deutsch, Frankfurt, 1995).

[186] F. R. Kroeger and C. A. Swenson, J. Appl. Phys 48, 853-864 (1997).

[187] J. J. Neumeier, T. Tomita, M. Debessai, J. S. Schilling, P. W. Barnes, D. G. Hinks and

J. D. Jorgensen, Phys. Rev. B 72, 220505-4 (2005).

[188] G. M. Schmiedeshoff, A. W. Lounsbury, D. J. Luna, S. J. Tracy, A. J. Schramm, S. W.

Tozer, V. F. Correa, S. T. Hannahs, T. P. Murphy, E. C. Palm, A. H. Lacerda, S. L. Bud’ko,
P. C. Canfield, J. L. Smith, J. C. Lashley and J. C. Cooley, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 123907-8
(2006).

[189] J. J. Neumeier, R. K. Bollinger, G. E. Timmins, C. R. Lane, R. D. Krogstad and J.

Macaluso, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 033903 (2008).

[190] R. S. Manna, B. Wolf, M. de Souza and M. Lang, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 085111-7 (2012).

[191] R. Küchler, T. Bauer, M. Brando and F. Steglich, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 095102 (2012).

[192] J.-H. Park, D. Graf, T. P. Murphy, G. M. Schmiedeshoff and S. W. Tozer, Rev. Sci.
Instrum. 80, 116101-3 (2009).

[193] R. Daou, F. Weickert, M. Nicklas, F. Steglich, A. Haase and M. Doerr, Rev. Sci. Instrum.
81, 033909-5 (2010).

163
[194] R. Radebaugh, J. Zimmerman, D. R. Smith and B. Louie, A comparison of three types of
Pulse tube refrigerators: New methods for reaching 60 K, edited by R. W. Fast, Advances
in Cryogenic Engineering (Plenum Press, New York, 1986).

[195] R. Radebaugh, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 (2009) 164219.

[196] A. T. A. M. de Waele, J. Low Temp. Phys. (2011) 164:179–236.

[197] W. C. Heerens and F. C. Vermeulen, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 2486 (1975).

[198] Maintenance Operation and Manual ”Physical Property Measurement System-Model

Evercool-II”, Quantum Design Inc, USA.

[199] Maintenance Operation and Manual ”Physical Property Measurement System-Model Dy-
nacool”, Quantum Design Inc, USA.

[200] Maintenance Operation and Manual ”Andeen-Hagerling AH 2700A 50 Hz-20 kHz Ultra
precision Capacitance Bridge”, Andeen Hagerling, Inc, USA.

[201] Bitter R, Mohiuddin T, Nawrocki M. LabVIEW: Advanced programming techniques. Crc

Press; 2006.

[202] Origin(Pro), 9, OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA.

[203] P. A. Flinn and G. M. McManus, Phys. Rev. 132, 2458-2460 (1963).

[204] AC/DC Module User’s Guide, pp. 75-84. COMSOL Multiphysics v. 5.4. COMSOL AB,
Stockholm, Sweden.

[205] R. von Mises, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse 1, 582–592 (1913).

[206] Rajak, N. K. et al. Growth and physical properties of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+x crystals grown
by a simple pressure technique and comparison with regrowth self-flux technique. Journ.
Cryst. Growth 498, 277-288 (2018).

[207] John W. Eaton, David Bateman, Sφren Hauberg, Rik Wehbring (2019). GNU Octave
version 4.4.1 manual: a high-level interactive language for numerical computations.

164
[208] J. A. Slezak, Jinho Lee, M. Wang, K. McElroy, K. Fujita, B. M. Andersen, P. J. Hirschfeld,
H. Eisaki, S. Uchida, J. C. Davis, Imaging the impact on cuprate superconductivity of
varying the interatomic distances within individual crystal unit cells, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
2008, 105 (9) 3203-3208

[209] M. Catti, D. Levy, and G. Artioli, Synchrotron X-Ray Powder Diffraction Study of
(Bi,Pb)1.64 Sr1.43 Ca1.57 Mn2 O9 , Mn-Analogue of BSCCO-2212 Superconductor, J. Sol. State
Chem. 147, 501-508 (1999)

165
 List of Publications

1. Neeraj K. Rajak, Trupti S. Gaikwad, Amrutha Mukundan, P. Manju, Arya Mohan,

Dharmendra K. Singh, A. Thamizhavel and D. Jaiswal-Nagar,Growth and physical prop-
erties of Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+x crystals grown by a simple pressure technique and comparison
with regrowth self-flux technique, Journal of Crystal Growth 498, 277–288 (2018).

2. Neeraj K. Rajak, Arya Mohan and D. Jaiswal-Nagar, Quantitative phase analysis of

Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O8+x and competing intergrowth and co-crystallising phases via a Rietveld
refinement study (Under Review, Journal of applied crystallography)

3. Neeraj K. Rajak, Neha K., Husna Jan and D. Jaiswal-Nagar, Setup of a miniaturised
capacitive dilatometer in cryogen-free cryostats for high resolution thermal expansion
measurements. (Manuscript in preparation)

List of contributed publications

1. Manju P., Neeraj K. Rajak, Alex Andrews and D. Jaiswal Nagar, Orthorhombic crystal
structure and oxygen deficient cluster distribution model for YBa2 Cu3 O6+δ superconduc-
tor, Scientific Reports 10:7814 (2020)

2. George Mathew, Sebastian Francis, Neeraj K. Rajak, Praveen S. G., C. V. Tomy, and
D. Jaiswal-Nagar, A simple synthesis method for growing single crystals of a copper co-
ordination polymer [Cu(C2 O4 )(4-aminopyridine)2 H2 O]n , and its theoretical and physical
properties studies, (accepted in Crystal Research and Technology).

Conferences and workshop

1. PRL conference on condensed matter physics-2016, 11th -13th April, 2016

2. Thematic workshop on diffraction methods for structural analysis in material science,

organised by UGC-DAE consortium for scientific research, Mumbai center, July 25-27,
2016.