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BSM401

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28 views7 pages

BSM401

Uploaded by

suparna deb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Technical Report Writing on

Approximation in Numerical
Computation
Submitted by
Name: Suparna Deb
Department: Electronics and Communication Engineering
Semester: 4th
Roll number: 16900322089

Department: Electronics and Communication


Engineering

ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGYAEDCONAGAR,
HOOGHLY-712121
WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Abstract:
In this report we will be discussing about
different types of errors, how/why they occur, how do they
propagate through/in any mathematical operation and how to
estimate them to get near to the original /correct value.

Introduction:
Numerical methods are mathematical
techniques that use approximations and iterative procedures
to solve problems that can't be solved using analytical
methods. These methods are particularly important in fields
such as engineering, physics, computer science, and finance,
where complex mathematical models often lack analytical
solutions.
Numerical methods typically involve converting a
problem into a sequence of simpler computational steps,
such as arithmetic operations, iterations, or algorithms.
These steps are performed using numerical approximations,
such as finite differences, interpolation, integration, and
optimization techniques.
However, it's important to note that numerical
methods involve approximations, and the accuracy of the
results depends on factors such as the choice of method, step
size, and numerical stability.

Procedure & Discussion:


Numerical methods mostly considers the method of
approximation. And there the main problem starts, i.e. when
we are using numerical methods or algorithms
approximation or rounding off and truncation are introduced
and this leads to error generations. Analysing these errors to
find the nearest value with respect to the actual one is call
error analysis.

Now first see what is an exact number and approximate


number
Exact numbers are those who have an everlasting constant
value/ completely certain
for example:- 3,6,9…there values were fixed and will
be till infinite time. Whereas
Approximate numbers are those which are also known as
rough numbers or rough estimates, are values that are not
exact but are close enough to provide a reasonable
approximation of a quantity or measurement.
For example:- √2 = 1.4141 … , 𝜋, √3 = 1.732 …, etc.

Now dealing with these approximate numbers gives rise to


different types of errors.

➢Rounding-off Error – it arises when a number is rounded


off to a fixed number of digits, the difference the exact
number and the rounded off number is called the rounded
off error.
Example: Let the exact number = 29.3257 Its 3 decimal
places approximation = 29.326 Therefore, the Round-off
error = (29.3257~29.326)

Rules for rounding-off numbers-


• Discard all the digits to the right of the n th place, if
the (n+1)th digits less than 5, leave the n th digit
unchanged. If the (n+1)th digit is greater than 5 add
one to the n th digit.
Example: If 27.73 is rounded off to three decimal places,
the result is 27.7, since the digit 3 is being dropped. If
27.76 is rounded off to three decimal places, the value is
27.8, since the digit 6 is being dropped.
• If the discarded digit is exactly then leave the n th
digit unaltered if it's an even number and add one to
the nth digit if it's an odd number.
Example: If 27.75 is rounded off to three significant
figures, the value 27.8 results, since number only the digit
5 is being dropped. If 9.2652 is rounded off to three
significant figures, the value 9.27 results, since the digit 5
is being dropped.

➢Truncation Error - Truncation error is a type of error that


arises in numerical methods when an approximation is
made by truncating an infinite process, such as an infinite
series or an infinite expansion, to a finite number of terms
or steps.

➢Absolute Error - It is the numerical difference between the


true value of a quantity and its approximate value. Let
assume true value of a data item is Xt and its approximate
value is Xa, the absolute error (e) is taken as Xt - Ха.
The absolute may be positive or negative depending on
the values of Xt and Xa. In error analysis the important thing
is the magnitude not the sign therefore absolute error
generally represented as, Ea = |Xt-Xa|

➢Relative error – It is defined as the ratio of the absolute


error of the measurement to the actual measurement.
Absolute error = Ea
Er = Absolute error/ True value = Ea/|Xt| = | Xt - Xa |
/|Xt|
➢Relative percentage error - The computation of percentage
error involves the use of the absolute error, which is
simply the difference between the observed and the true
value. The absolute error is then divided by the true value,
resulting in the relative error, which is multiplied by 100
to obtain the percentage error.

Absolute Error = |𝑣𝐴 − 𝑣𝐸 |

|𝑣𝐴 − 𝑣𝐸 |
Percentage Error = × 100%
|𝑣𝐸 |

𝑣𝐴 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 )𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒


𝑣𝐸 = 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Conclusion:
Mathematical Errors can give us insight into their
misconceptions and depending on our instructional
reactions, can enable them to develop deeper understanding
of the mathematics they are learning. How we respond to
productive errors can encourage or discourage our thinking
and learning.

Reference:
✓ Higher Engineering Mathematics by B.S. Grewal
✓ Higher Engineering Mathematics by Ramana B.V

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