Second Partial Exam File

Education in Mexico
Education in Mexico has a long history. The Mexican state

has been directly involved in education since the
nineteenth century, promoting secular education. Control
of education was a source of an ongoing conflict between
the Mexican state and the Catholic Church, which since
the colonial era had exclusive charge of education. During
the long tenure of President Porfirio Díaz, the expansion
of education became a priority under a cabinet-level post
held by Justo Sierra; Sierra also served President
Francisco I. Madero in the early years of the Mexican
Revolution.
The 1917 Constitution strengthened the Mexican state's

power in education. During the presidency of Álvaro
Obregón in the early 1920s, his Minister of Public
Education José Vasconcelos implemented a massive
expansion of access to public, secular education and
expanded access to secular schooling in rural areas. This
work was built on and expanded in the administration of
Plutarco Elías Calles by Moisés Sáenz. In the 1930s, the
Mexican government under Lázaro Cárdenas mandated
socialist education in Mexico and there was considerable
push back from the Catholic Church. Socialist education
was repealed during the 1940s, with the administration of
Manuel Ávila Camacho.
Education in Mexico is currently regulated by the

Secretariat of Public Education (Spanish: Secretaría de
Educación Pública) (SEP). Education standards are set by
1
this Ministry at all levels except in "autonomous"
universities chartered by the government (e.g.,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México). Accreditation
of private schools is accomplished by mandatory approval
and registration with this institution. Religious instruction
is prohibited in public schools; however, religious
associations are free to maintain private schools, which
receive no public funds.
Primary school
The terms "Primary School" or "Elementary School"
usually corresponds to primaria, comprising grades 1–6,
when the students are 6 to 12 years old. It starts the
basic compulsory education system. These are the first
years of schooling.
Depending on the school, bilingual education may be

offered from the beginning, where half the day instruction
is in Spanish, and the rest is in another language.
Junior high school.

The terms "Junior High School" or "Middle School" usually
correspond to secundaria, comprising grades 7–9 when
the student's age is 12 to 15 years old. It is part of the
basic compulsory education system, following primary
school and coming before "high school" (preparatoria).
At this level, more specialized subjects may be taught

such as Physics, Chemistry, and World History. There is
also the técnica which provides vocational training, and
the telesecundaria which provides distance learning.
2
Despite the similarities of the words "Secondary school"
and secundaria, in Mexico the former is usually translated
to preparatoria, while in other countries, such as Puerto
Rico, or within the Spanish-speaking populations of the
United States, the term secundaria refers to university.
High school.
The term "High School" usually corresponds to
preparatoria or bachillerato, and follows "secundaria"
comprising grades 10–12, when the student's age is 15 to
18 years old. Students may choose between two main
kinds of high school programs: The SEP incorporated, and
a University Incorporated one, depending on the state.
Another minority of programs are available only for
private schools, such as the International Baccalaureate
which carries a completely different system.
Nevertheless, in order to be taught, it must include at
least one national subject. In addition, there are programs
such as tecnología and comercio that prepare students for
a particular vocational career.
Preparatoria traditionally consists of three years of

education, divided into six semesters, with the first
semesters having a common curriculum, and the latter
ones allowing some degree of specialization.
Educational integration
In 1993, educational integration was formally
implemented nationwide through the reform article 41 of
3
the General Education Law. This law mandates the
integration of students with special needs into regular
classrooms. Although formally, the term 'educational
integration' is used, 'inclusive education' is often used to
describe the educational system. Implementation of
educational integration has taken many years and still
continues to face obstacles. Under the current model,
students with severe disabilities that would not benefit
from inclusion, study the same curriculum as regular
classrooms in separate schools called Centros de Atencion
Multiple [Multiple Attention Center], or CAM.

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Education in Mexico

Education in Mexico has a long history. The Mexican state

The 1917 Constitution strengthened the Mexican state's

Education in Mexico is currently regulated by the

Depending on the school, bilingual education may be

Junior high school.

At this level, more specialized subjects may be taught

Preparatoria traditionally consists of three years of

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