Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2 views

    Going From Gas/Liquid To SCF Is Not A Phase Transition: Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

    Uploaded by

    graduationp19

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Going From Gas/Liquid To SCF Is Not A Phase Transition: Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

    Uploaded by

    graduationp19
    2 views16 pages

    Original Title

    4

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views16 pages

    Going From Gas/Liquid To SCF Is Not A Phase Transition: Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

    Uploaded by

    graduationp19

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    Element of phase diagram

    • Solid: in this region, the solid phase is the most stable phase or the
    phase with the lowest free energy for the pressure and
    temperature conditions.
    • Liquid: in this region, the liquid phase is the most stable phase or
    the phase with the lowest free energy for the pressure and
    temperature
    • Gas: in this region, the gas phase is the most stable phase with the
    lowest free energy for the pressure and temperature conditions.
    • Super critical fluid (SCF): in this region, the super critical fluid is the
    most stable phase or the phase with the lowest free energy for the
    pressure and temperature conditions.
    Going from liquid to gas there is a change in enthalpy, entropy, volume,
    density. This is the phase transition. Crossing the line from gas to SCF
    there are no discrete changes it is a continuous change. So Going from
    gas/liquid to SCF is not a phase transition.
    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh
    Phase Diagram for CO2

    Note that at 1 atm,


    only the solid and
    vapor phases of CO2
    exist.

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    Given a pressure and a temperature you can find the stable phase
    (S,L or g). As temperature increase you go from solid to liquid to
    vapour. As pressure increase you go from gas to solid or gas to liquid
    or liquid to solid.
    Phase Diagram for H2O

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    Liquid–Vapor Equilibrium

    More vapor forms; rate … until equilibrium


    of condensation of that is attained.
    vapor increases …

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    Vaporization and Condensation
    • Vaporization is the conversion of a liquid to a gas.
    • The enthalpy of vaporization (DHvapn) is the quantity of heat that
    must be absorbed to vaporize a given amount of liquid at a
    constant temperature.
    • Condensation is the reverse of vaporization. The enthalpy of
    condensation (DHcondn) accompanies this change of a gas to a
    liquid.
    • Enthalpy is a function of state: therefore, if a liquid is vaporized
    and the vapor condensed at constant temperature, the total DH
    must be zero:

    DHvapn + DHcondn = 0
    DHcondn = –DHvapn

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    The Critical Point

    At Tc, the densities


    At room temperature there At higher temperature,
    of liquid and vapor
    is relatively little vapor, and there is more vapor, and its
    are equal; a single
    its density is low. density increases …
    phase.

    … while the density of the


    liquid decreases; molecular
    motion increases.

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    Boiling Point and Critical Point
    • Boiling point: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the
    liquid equals the external pressure.

    • Normal boiling point: boiling point at 1 atm.

    • Critical temperature (Tc): the highest temperature at which a liquid


    can exist.

    • The critical pressure, Pc, is the vapor pressure at the critical


    temperature.

    • The condition corresponding to a temperature of Tc and a pressure


    of Pc is called the critical point.

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    Heating Curve for Water

    … until the solid begins


    to melt, at which time
    the temperature
    remains constant …
    The temperature
    of the solid
    increases as it is
    heated …

    … until all the solid


    is melted, at which
    time the temperature
    again rises.

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    Cooling Curve for Water

    Once all of the


    liquid has
    The liquid water solidified, the
    cools until … temperature
    again drops.

    … the freezing
    point is reached,
    at which time the
    temperature
    remains constant If the liquid is
    as solid forms. cooled carefully, it
    can supercool.

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    Terminology
    • Liquidus - The line separating the field of all liquid from that of
    liquid plus crystals.

    • Solidus - The line separating the field of all solid from that of liquid
    plus crystals.

    • Eutectic point - The point on a phase diagram where the maximum


    number of allowable phases are in equilibrium. When this point is
    reached, the temperature must remain constant until one of the
    phases disappears. A eutectic is an invariant point.

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    • Intermediate compound - A phase that has a composition intermediate
    between two other phases.

    • Congruent melting - Melting where in a phase melts to a liquid with the


    same composition as the solid.

    • Incongruent melting - Melting where in a phase melts to a liquid with a


    composition different from the solid and produces a solid of different
    composition to the original solid.

    • For the case of incongruent melting, we will use the system forsterite
    (Mg2SiO4) - silica (SiO2), which has an intermediate compound, enstatite
    (MgSiO3).

    • This system is a prime example of the phenomena of incongruent


    melting in rocks, and therefore gives insights into many aspects of
    mineral formation.
    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh
    Surface Tension

    To create more surface, the


    molecules at the surface
    must be separated from
    one another.

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    Surface tension
    Surface tension is a property of liquids that arises from unbalanced
    molecular cohesive forces at or near a surface. At an air water interface the
    surface tension results from the greater attraction of water molecules to
    each other (due to cohesion) than to the molecules in the air (due to
    adhesion). The net effect is an inward force at its surface that causes water
    to behave as if its surface were covered with a stretched elastic membrane.
    Because of the relatively high attraction of water molecules for each other,
    water has a high surface tension.

    The cohesive forces between molecules in a liquid are shared with all
    neighboring molecules. Those on the surface have no neighboring
    molecules above and, thus, exhibit stronger attractive forces upon their
    nearest neighbors on and below the surface. For molecules in center of
    water, all attractive forces are balanced. On the surface, molecules have
    unbalanced surface ... fluid tries to minimize it's surface area. This is why
    water forms a drop. the surface tries to minimize area and inside liquid is
    under pressure.
    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh
    The meniscus is the curve in the upper surface of a liquid close to the surface
    of the container or another object. It is caused by surface tension. It can be
    either convex or concave, depending on the liquid and the surface. A shown
    on Left -- a concave meniscus occurs when the particles of the liquid are
    more strongly attracted to the container than to each other, causing the
    liquid to climb the walls of the container. This occurs between water and
    glass.

    B shown on Right -- a convex meniscus occurs when the particles in the liquid
    have a stronger attraction to each other than to the material of the container.
    Convex menisci occur, for example, between mercury and glass in
    barometers.

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    Examples of surface tension in action include the following:
    --formation of liquid droplets,
    --the ability of a needle to float on water,
    --why bubbles are round
    --soap being used the break up water tension.

    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh


    • The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the
    phenomenon of surface tension. Polarity of water molecules explain the
    strong surface tension of water.

    • Substances with very low surface tension wet surfaces very easily.

    • Hydrocarbon solvents such as gasoline spread across glass and greasy


    surfaces with about equal ease because the hydrocarbon molecules
    attract each other so weakly.

    Examples of surface tension:

    Walking on water (e.g. water strider insect).


    Soaps and detergents (help the cleaning of clothes by lowering the surface
    tension of the water ).
    Clinical test for jaundice.
    Common rainproof materials.
    Dr. Awni AlKhazaleh

    You might also like