C++ Programming: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction
C++ is a powerful, general-purpose programming language that combines the efficiency of C
with object-oriented features. It's widely used for system programming, game development, and
data structures.
Basic Concepts
● Variables: Containers that store data values of different types (e.g., int, float, char, bool).
● Data Types: Define the type of data a variable can hold.
● Operators: Perform operations on variables (e.g., arithmetic, comparison, logical).
● Control Flow: Determines the order in which statements are executed (e.g., if-else, switch,
for, while).
Loops
● For Loop: Executes a block of code a specified number of times.
C++
for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {
// code to be executed
}
● While Loop: Executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.
C++
while (condition) {
// code to be executed
}
Functions
● Declaring Functions: Define a function with a name, return type, and parameters.
C++
return_type function_name(parameter_type parameter1, parameter_type
parameter2) {
// function body
}
● Calling Functions: Invoke a function with its arguments.
Classes and Objects
● Classes: Blueprints for creating objects. They define properties (data members) and
behaviors (member functions).
C++
class MyClass {
// data members
int x;
string y;
// member functions
void display() {
// code
}
};
● Objects: Instances of a class.
C++
MyClass obj; // Create an object of MyClass
● Encapsulation: Bundling data and functions within a class.
● Inheritance: Deriving a class from another class to inherit its properties and methods.
● Polymorphism: Ability of objects of different classes to be treated as if they were of the
same type.
Example:
C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int num = 5;
string name = "Alice";
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
cout << "Iteration " << i << endl;
}
int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
cout << "Factorial of 5: " << factorial(5) << endl;
return 0;
}
This code demonstrates the use of variables, loops, functions, and basic output operations in
C++.
Sources
1. https://github.com/forinda/react-series--SPARK-
