GC2 - Quarter 1 - Lesson 1DProperties of Water

Properties of Water
Most Essential Learning

Competency (MELC)
Explain the properties of water with its molecular
structure and intermolecular forces. (GC11IMFIIIa-c-103)
Learning Objectives:
After going through this learning activity sheet, you are
expected to:
1. identify the properties of water; and
2. discuss the properties of water in relation to molecular
structure and intermolecular forces.
Pre- Test
1. Which of the following refers to the pressure at which
equilibrium occurs between the gaseous phase and the
liquid phase of water molecules, in a closed container?
A. Vapor Pressure
B. Capillary Action
C. Surface Tension
D. Molar Heat of Vaporization
2. You take a dry leaf, throw it to a pond and observed that
it does not sink but instead it floats on top of the surface.
How would you apply your knowledge on the properties of
water in explaining the reason behind?
A. Both oxygen and hydrogen are positively charged and
therefore much stronger
B. There is enough weight to break the hydrogen bonds
between water molecules at the surface of the water
C. The surface area of the leaf is quite large and is
breaking the hydrogen bonds of the water molecules on the
surface
D. The covalent bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen
atoms are not breaking apart due to the lack of weight
placed upon them
3. Why does ice float?
A. As water freezes, it expands, and its density decreases.
B. As water freezes, air becomes trapped between the
hydrogen bonds of water molecules.
C. As water freezes, it takes up more oxygen from the
atmosphere, causing it to have a greater buoyancy.
D. As water freezes, it takes up more hydrogen from the
4. How are you going to demonstrate your understanding
about the density of water?
A. get a glass of water and a spoonful of honey, then stir
until it hardens
B. Boil some water in a closed container and observe what
happened to the water.
C. get a dropper with water in it and a leaf, squeeze the
dropper and drop some water to the leaf, then observe
D. get an ice cube and place inside a glass, pour the glass
with water and observe what happens to the ice cube
5. Water molecules are polar, so they form hydrogen
bonds, it gives water unique properties such as a high
boiling point, high specific heat cohesion, adhesion and
density. What properties does water have because of its
intermolecular forces?
A. High surface tension and a high heat of vaporization
B. High surface tension and a lower heat of vaporization
C. Lower surface tension and a high heat of vaporization
D. Lower surface tension and a lower heat of vaporization
1. Which of the following refers to the pressure at which
equilibrium occurs between the gaseous phase and the
liquid phase of water molecules, in a closed container?
A. Vapor Pressure
B. Capillary Action
C. Surface Tension
D. Molar Heat of Vaporization
2. You take a dry leaf, throw it to a pond and observed that it does
not sink but instead it floats on top of the surface. How would you
apply your knowledge on the properties of water in explaining the
reason behind?
A. Both oxygen and hydrogen are positively charged and therefore
much stronger
B. There is enough weight to break the hydrogen bonds between
water molecules at the surface of the water
C. The surface area of the leaf is quite large and is breaking the
hydrogen bonds of the water molecules on the surface
D. The covalent bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
are not breaking apart due to the lack of weight placed upon
them
3. Why does ice float?
A. As water freezes, it expands, and its density
decreases.
B. As water freezes, air becomes trapped between the
hydrogen bonds of water molecules.
C. As water freezes, it takes up more oxygen from the
D. As water freezes, it takes up more hydrogen from the
4. How are you going to demonstrate your understanding
about the density of water?
A. get a glass of water and a spoonful of honey, then stir
until it hardens
B. Boil some water in a closed container and observe what
happened to the water.
C. get a dropper with water in it and a leaf, squeeze the
dropper and drop some water to the leaf, then observe
D. get an ice cube and place inside a glass, pour the
glass with water and observe what happens to the ice
cube
5. Water molecules are polar, so they form hydrogen
bonds, it gives water unique properties such as a high
boiling point, high specific heat cohesion, adhesion and
density. What properties does water have because of its
intermolecular forces?
A. High surface tension and a high heat of vaporization
B. High surface tension and a lower heat of vaporization
C. Lower surface tension and a high heat of vaporization
D. Lower surface tension and a lower heat of vaporization
Key Concepts
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF
WATER
The water molecule ( figure 1) is

composed of two (2) hydrogen (H)
atoms and one (1) oxygen (O) atom.
The oxygen atom has 8 electrons, and
each hydrogen atom has 1 electron.
The covalent bond is formed when
atoms of hydrogen share electrons
with an oxygen atom.
Water (H2O) molecule is polar with strong
intermolecular forces. It forms a special dipole bond called
a hydrogen bond. Four hydrogen bonds can be formed in a
water molecule (figure 2). These bonds are strong, however,
it is constantly breaking, shifting and re-forming giving the
water its unusual properties.
PROPERTIES OF WATER
Surface Tension
Water molecules attract with

other water molecules forming a
bond that creates an elastic film
on the surface of water resulting to
surface tension. Surface tension
allows the surface of the water to
support weights and pull water
droplets into round shapes.
Capillary Action
Intermolecular forces also cause a polar liquid like
water to rise against gravity into a small-diameter tube (a
capillary), as shown in figure 7. This is also because the
molecules of water are attracted to the substance in the
tube (figure 8). This phenomenon is called capillary action.
When a glass tube is placed in water, the water rises into
the tube. Water rises higher in a tube with a smaller
diameter.
Viscosity
Water has a viscosity of 1 centipoise or 0.001 Pa/s at
20 oC. Polar water is more viscous than nonpolar liquids
like liquid nitrogen. But compared to long-chain molecules,
water is less viscous.
Vapor Pressure of Water
The vapor pressure of water refers to the pressure at
which equilibrium occurs between the gaseous phase and
the liquid phase of water molecules, in a closed container.
In this condition vapor pressure is constant. Water has low
vapor pressure because of the high surface tension.
• In an open container, equilibrium would not be reached
because the molecules in the gaseous phase will just fly
off and some gas molecules will change to the liquid
phase.
Molar Heat of Vaporization and
Boiling Point
• Water at the boiling point has a molar heat of

vaporization equal to 40.7 kJ/mol. This means that 40.7
kJ of heat is absorbed from the surroundings as 1 mol of
water at 100°C and 1 atm pressure is converted to 1 mol
of water vapor at 100°C.
Other Properties of Water
1. Universal Solvent
Water is a universal solvent. Water has a unique
ability to dissolve many chemical substances. It can
dissolve salts and other ionic compounds, polar covalent
compounds like alcohols, and gases like oxygen and
carbon dioxide. Nutrients needed by plants are dissolved in
water and are absorbed by plants. Water can also absorb
pollutants from farming and industrial plants resulting in
water pollution.
2. Specific Heat
• Water has high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount

of heat needed to increase the temperature of one gram of
a substance by 1 oC. Water has a very high specific heat
with 1 calorie/g-oC (4.18 J/g-oC). This is the reason that
water can absorb a greater amount of heat even the
temperature rises very slightly.
• For example, at the beach on a sunny day, we observe
that the sand is usually quite hot to walk on. The water
on the other hand always feels cool. This is due to the
fact that the sand has a lower specific heat capacity
compared with water. The sand takes less energy to raise
the temperature by one degree while water with a high
heat capacity, requires more heat energy to increase its
temperature by one degree. The sun heats sand more
quickly but the water more slowly.
3. Boiling Point
• The boiling point of water is unusually high. Water boils
at 100 oC. Due to intermolecular forces, the water stays
to be in a liquid state at a large range of temperatures.
During summer days, a pond does not dry quickly
because the amount of energy required to evaporate the
water is so high.
4. Density
• Solid water is less dense and floats on liquid water. The

molecules in solid water are different than they are in
liquid water. In solid water, the hydrogen bonds have an
open structure with unoccupied spaces, resulting in a
larger volume. This makes solid water or ice becomes less
dense causing ice to float on water. In temperate
countries, water bodies freeze. Ice will float, causing the
aquatic organisms to still live and survive under the
surface which remains liquid.
Activity 1. What Do I Have?
Learning Objectives:
1. Identify the properties of water.
2. Discuss the properties of water in relation to molecular
structure and intermolecular forces.
What you need: Pen and Paper
What to do: Complete the table below by writing in
column 2 the property of water illustrated in column 1 and
give a brief discussion about each property in column 3.
Number 1 is answered as your guide.
Reflection
• Swimmers are encouraged to practice swimming in
freshwater like lakes or rivers rather than in seawater.
Why?

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Properties of Water

Most Essential Learning

The water molecule ( figure 1) is

Water molecules attract with

• Water at the boiling point has a molar heat of

• Water has high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount

• Solid water is less dense and floats on liquid water. The

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