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A Comprehensive Evaluation of Performance through Strength

Properties in Modified Steel Fiber Concrete

Chandra Prakash Pareek1, Jitendra Kumar2
1
M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur,
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur
E-mail:2022mtechchandra12764@poornima.edu.in

(Received month date, year; Revised month date, year; accepted month date, year).

Abstract: Concrete is mainly used popular building material in the world. The demand of concrete
for today’s infrastructural expansion is increasing gradually. Since the plain, unreinforced concrete
is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength and a low strain capacity. Addition of steel fiber can
increase strength properties. FRC provides better tensile strength than plain concrete. Fiber
introduced in concrete also works as a crack arrester and crack width reducer in concrete.
Aggregate and cement are the major component of concrete. Use of Granite Dust (GD)/sludge,
marble dust, fly ash such industrial waste materials as a replacement of cement provides several
advantages, such as improved strength and durability properties, and environmental benefits related
to the disposal of waste materials. Sometimes concrete structures have to survive in adverse
conditions under chemical attacks like chloride attack, sulphate attack and acid attack. These
chemical attacks affect the durability of concrete structure.
In this study, a viewpoint is made to use of granite dust as partial replacement of cement in
concrete with addition of steel fibers, and an attempt has been made to investigate the strength and
durability parameters of concrete. For preparation of control concrete, IS method of mix design is
adopted and considering this a basis, mix design for replacement method has been made.
Replacement level of 20% by the weight of cement is selected for the study concern to replacement
method and addition of various percentages (0%, 0.5%, 1% & 1.5%). Large range of curing periods
starting from 14 days, & 28 days are considered in the present study. Normal curing in tap water
and the environmental simulation for chloride attack 5% NaCl solution was prepared.
This study deals with; strength properties based performance analysis of modified steel fiber
concrete. Total 108 specimens were cast. It includes 12 controlled mix concrete cube specimens
(0% steel fiber), 12 controlled mix concrete cylinder specimens (0% steel fiber) and 3 controlled
mix concrete beam specimens (0% steel fiber) and 81 specimens with above percentage of steel
fiber. The specimens have been prepared of the Mix-Design M30 grade concrete based on IS
10262:2009. Cube specimens of the dimensions 150×150×150 mm, cylinder specimens 300mm
(length) × 150mm (dia.) and beam specimens of dimensions 100×100×500 mm. Results are
obtained in form of compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength.

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Keywords: Granite dust, Marble dust, Fly ash, Steel fiber, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile
Strength and Flexural Strength.

1. INTRODUCTION across the cracks that provides some post cracking

Concrete is the most popular building material in the ductility. If the fibers like steel fibers which are strong

world. After aggregate cement is the major component of enough and perfectly bonded to the material, permits the

concrete. The yearly production of cement is nearly 3 FRC to carry noteworthy stresses over a relatively large

billion tons. The construction industry relies heavily on strain capacity in post cracking state. Different types of

cement for production of concrete. Nearly 8% of the steel fibers can be used to reinforce concrete. Steel fibers

global CO2 emission is contributed by cement industries. are generally classified on their manufacturing process.

Reducing the consumption of cement in the concrete will

thus reduce the emission. The quality of concrete is
determined by the quality of paste/mix. It is the world’s
most consumed man made material. Its great adaptability
and relative economy in filling wide range of needs has
made it a competitive building material. The demand of (a) Straight

concrete for today’s infrastructural expansion is

increasing gradually. Following a natural growth in
population, the quantity and variety of waste materials
have increased accordingly creating thus environmental
hazard. Mostly industrial wastes have created waste
management and pollution problems. The utilization of (b) Hook Ended

by-products of industries is an environmental-friendly

technique of disposal of large quantities of materials that
would or else pollute land, water and air. Substantial
efforts are being taken worldwide to use industrial waste
and by- product as supplementary cementing materials to
improve the properties of cement concrete. Granite Dust
(GD)/sludge, marble dust, fly ash such materials. (c) Crimped

Disposal of the sludge by land filling is causing serious Figure 1.1: Different Types of Steel fibers

environmental concern. Using it provides several

advantages, such as improved strength and durability
Sometimes concrete structures have to survive in adverse
properties, and environmental benefits related to the
conditions under chemical attacks like chloride attack,
disposal of waste materials and to reduced carbon
sulphate attack and acid attack. These chemical attacks
dioxide emissions.
affect the durability of concrete structure. For hardened
Fibers like steel fibers, plastic fibers and glass fibers etc.
reinforced concrete chloride attack is considered as a
The function of randomly dispersed fibers is to bridge
cause for corrosion. Chemicals percolate through the

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cracks developed in the concrete structures and corrode above percentage of steel fiber. The specimens have been
the reinforcement provided in the concrete and thus the prepared of the Mix-Design M30 grade concrete based
deterioration of structure starts and the durability of on IS 10262:2009. Cube specimens of the dimensions
structure get affected. Although use of steel fibers 150×150×150 mm, cylinder specimens 300mm (length)
reduced the generation of cracks but still there is some × 150mm (dia.) and beam specimens of dimensions
deterioration due to the chloride attack on concrete. 100×100×500 mm were cast. Normal curing in tap water
Mostly the chloride attack is seen in structures those are and the environmental simulation for chloride attack 5%
immersed in saline water or situated near saline water. NaCl solution was prepared. Strengths tests at two
It is hoped that this research will help in some way to different ages 14 & 28 days were conducted.
improve knowledge by bringing out the results of an Mix-Design M-
30
experimental program carried out to evaluate the
effectiveness of using a mixture of GD by the 20% Tests to analyze Mix-
Strength Proportioning
weight of cement as alternative for cement with addition
of steel fiber (0%, 0.5%, 1% & 1.5%) for production of
low cost concrete. As a basis for in-depth understanding
of the performance of this concrete, this research was
Curing For Compaction
geared towards checking its basic mechanical and 14 & 28 Days Factor Test

chemical properties and also investigating its effect on

Casting (Mould
the critical properties of concrete covering workability filling)

and strength characteristics.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
Concrete is the base of any construction, without Figure 2.1: Methodology adopted in Experimentation

concrete no construction could ever exist. Concrete

2.1 Materials Selection and Finalization
consists of Cement, Sand (Fine Aggregate), Gravels
A. Cement: 43 grade Ordinary Portland Cement (IS:
(Coarse Aggregate), Water, Admixtures, Additives. Here
8112-2000) most widely used cement for general
we are partially replacing cement by Granite Dust (GD)
construction work. It provides minimum 28 days strength
by certain percentage (20%) replacement and with
of 43 N/mm2. It is used for construction of residential,
addition of various percentages of steel fiber (0%, 0.5%,
commercial and industrial buildings, roads, bridges,
1% & 1.5%) in concrete.
flyovers, irrigation projects and other general civil
In this study M-30 grade Mix-Design is done, the effect
construction works. It is also suitable for all types of
of use of granite dust as Partial Replacement of Cement
applications RCC, plastering and masonry. Cement used
in Concrete with addition of steel fibers has been
in present experimentation is ‘43 Grade OPC Normal
investigated with casting of total 108 specimens. It
Cement’.
includes 12 controlled mix concrete cube specimens (0%
steel fiber), 12 controlled mix concrete cylinder Table 2.1: Physical Properties of Procured 43 Grade OPC

specimens (0% steel fiber) and 3 controlled mix concrete

Particulars Test Results
beam specimens (0% steel fiber) and 54 specimens with
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Specific Gravity 3.15 respectively

Fineness (m2/kg) 225 Insoluble residue (% by

Not more than 5.0
mass)
Normal Consistency 33%

Setting Time (Minutes): Chlorides (% by mass) Not more than 0.05

Initial 30 Min Lime saturation factor (ratio Not greater than 1.02

of %) and not less than 0.66

Final 600 Max

Alumina to iron oxide (ratio

Soundness Not less than 0.66
of %)
Le Chatelier Expansion 10

Autoclave Expansion 0.8

B. Steel Fiber: Steel fiber used in the present
Compressive experimental study is hooked end steel fiber, cold drawn
Strength(Mpa) type from mild steel wire for general engineering
purpose conforming to ASTM A820/A820M-06
72 + 1 hr. (3 days) 23 Shaktiman steel fiber and was obtained from Stewols

168 + 2 hr. (7 days) India (p) Ltd, 5-8B, Nagpur Industrial Estate, Kamptee
33
Road, Uppalawadi, Nagpur – 440026, India.
672 + 4 hr. (28 days) 43
Table 2.3: Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber

Mechanical Properties of Hooked End Steel Fiber

Table 2.2: Chemical Properties of Procured 43 grade OPC Diameter 0.75 mm

Requirements of
Length 50 mm
Particulars
IS: 8112
Aspect Ratio 66.67
Total Loss on Ignition (% by
Not more than 5.0 Tensile Strength 1195 MPa
mass)

(±) 10% (As

Magnesia (% by mass) Not more than 6.0 Tolerance for Diameter and Length
per ASTM)
Sulphuric anhydride(% by Not more than 2.5 and

mass) 3.0 when C3A percent

by mass is 5 or less and

greater than 5

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Table 2.4: Chemical Composition of steel fiber Table 2.6: Chemical Properties of Granite Dust

Chemical Composition of Sr. No. Particulars Proportion

%
Mild Steel Wire
1 Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 65.84%
C 0.071
2 Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 13.0%
Mn 0.380
3 Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 7.118%
Si 0.075
4 Calcium Oxide (CaO) 5.540%
P 0.012
5 Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 0.871%
S 0.016
6 Sodium Oxide (Na2O) 3.140%

C. Granite Dust: Granite dust used in the present

7 Potassium Oxide (K2O) 3.740%
experimental study is by product of granite stone cutting
industry and was obtained from Shree Ganseh Granite & 8 Titanium dioxide (TiO2) 0.332%
Marble, Kishangarh, Ajmer (Rajasthan). There are some
Phosphorus pentoxide
similar chemical components in cement and granite dust. 9 0.280%
(P2O5)
Table 2.5: Physical Properties of Granite Dust
10 Others 0.139%
Sr. No. Particulars Properties

Black, White,
1 Colour
Grey, Red, Pink D. Aggregates: Aggregates are important constituent of
concrete mix. Aggregates are generally thought of as
2 Shape Texture Irregular
inert filler within a concrete mix. But a closer look

3 Mineralogy Crystalline reveals the major role and influence aggregate plays in
the properties of both fresh and hardened concrete.
4 Particle Size < 90 micron Changes in gradation, maximum size, unit weight, and
moisture content can all alter the character and
5 Odour Odourless
performance concrete mix.
6 Specific gravity 2.37 E. Superplasticizer: The Superplasticizer used in the
experiment for preparation of Mix-Design is Master
7 Appearance Fine
Glenium® SKY 8233. It is a High-performance super
plasticizer based on PCE (Polycarboxylic ether) for
concrete.
Granite dust has some chemical components same as
cement that’s why it’s used as the replacement of cement 2.2 Mix Proportioning of M-30 Concrete:
in concrete. Table 2.6 shows the chemical components of Mix proportions considered with addition of steel fiber

granite dust. by 0%, 0.5%, 1% & 1.5% volume of concrete and a fixed
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20% replacement of cement with granite dust in M-30 I) Coarse aggregate 2.74
Grade Concrete. 2) Fine aggregate 2.74
Table 2.7: Stipulations for Proportioning
Water absorption:
Grade Designation M30
1) Coarse aggregate 0.5 %
OPC 43 grade
2) Fine aggregate 1.0 %
Type of cement conforming to IS
8112 Free (surface) moisture:

Type of mineral admixture Granite dust 1) Coarse aggregate Nil

Type of fiber Steel fiber 2) Fine aggregate Nil

Maximum nominal size of

20mm 3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
aggregate 3.1 Workability of Concrete
(a) Compaction Factor Test
Minimum cement content 320 kg/m3
Before casting of each concrete mix compaction factor
Maximum water-cement ratio 0.45 test was conducted and workability was analyzed and
compared. Results of test for different mixes are
Workability 100 mm (slump) presented in table 3.1
Table 3.1: Compaction Factor of Concrete w.r.t.
Severe (for reinforced Steel Fiber Percentage
Exposure condition Steel Fiber % Compaction Factor
concrete)

Method of concrete placing Pumping 0% 0.93

Degree of supervision Good 0.5% 0.89

Crushed angular 1% 0.87

Type of aggregate
aggregate 1.5% 0.84

Maximum cement (OPC)

450 kg/m3
content

Chemical admixture type Superplasticizer

Table 2.8: Test Data for Materials

OPC 43 grade
Cement used conforming to IS
8112

Specific gravity of cement 3.15

Specific gravity of Granite

2.37
dust

MasterGlenium® SKY
Chemical admixture
8233

Specific gravity of:

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Table 3.1 shows values of compaction factor for the For 28 Days NaCl Curing
different values of steel fiber content in concrete.
Concrete without fiber has high compaction factor
whereas concrete with maximum fiber content showed Figure 3.3: % Weight Increased of Cylinders Due to
lowest compaction factor. NaCl Curing of 28 days

Figure 3.3 shows the change in mass of concrete

cylinders due to NaCl curing for 28 days. It is observed
that minimum increment is 0.89% at 1.5% steel fiber and
maximum increment is 0.99% at 0% steel fiber content
in concrete.
3.2 Strength of Concrete
3.2.1 Compressive Strength Test (Water curing)
Figure 3.4: Compressive strength of Cubes (Water Curing)

Compressive strength N/mm2

Figure 3.1: Compaction Factor of Concrete w.r.t. Compressive strength of concrete
in N/mm2
Steel Fiber Percentage
60
49.95
50 43.2
Figure 3.1 shows the comparison of Compaction factor 42.44 40
40 36.44
for various fiber content percentages. It is observed that 29.22 36 14 Days Com-
30 26.665 pressive Strength
as the steel fiber content in concrete increases 20 28 Days Com-
10 pressive Strength
compaction factor of concrete decreases accordingly
0
hence the workability decreases. So concrete with 0% 0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50%
fiber has high workability and concrete with 1.5% has Steel Fibre %
lowest workability.
(b) Changes in Mass of Concrete Cubes

For 14 Days NaCl Curing It was observed from Figure 3.4 that minimum
compressive strength was obtained at 0% addition of
steel fiber (26.665 N/mm2) while optimum
compressive strength was obtained at 1% addition of
steel fiber (42.44 N/mm2) at 14 days curing of cubes.
It was also observed from Figure 3.4 that minimum
compressive strength was obtained at 0% (29.33
N/mm2) while optimum compressive strength was
obtained at 1.5% addition of steel fiber (49.95
N/mm2) at 28 days curing of cubes.

It was observed form Figure 3.5 that optimum

Figure 3.2: % Weight Increased Due to NaCl Curing percentage increment in compressive strength of
concrete was 59% (form 0% to 1% addition of steel
of 14 days fiber) at 14 days of curing. While it was also observed
that optimum percentage increment in compressive
Figure 3.2 show the change in mass of concrete cubes strength of concrete was 70.30% (from 0% to 1.5%
due to NaCl curing for 14 days. It is observed that addition of steel fiber) at 28 days curing.
minimum increment is 0.79% at 1% steel fiber and
maximum weight increment is 0.98% at 1.5% steel
fiber content.
 ETISD-2024

obtained at 1% (39.82 N/mm2) at 14 days curing.

It was also observed from Figure 3.6 that minimum

compressive strength was obtained at 0% (26.66
N/mm2) while optimum compressive strength was
obtained at 1.5% addition of steel fiber (46.57

N/mm2) at 28 days curing of cubes.

Figure 3.5: Percentage Strength Increased (Water Curing)

3.2.2 Compressive Strength Test (NaCl curing)

Figure 3.6: Compressive Strength of Cubes (NaCl Curing) Figure 3.7: Percentage Strength Increased (NaCl Curing)

It was observed from Figure 3.6 that minimum It was observed form Figure 3.7 that optimum
compressive strength was obtained at 0% (22.55 percentage increment in compressive strength of
N/mm2) while optimum compressive strength was concrete was 55.85% (form 0% to 1% addition of
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steel fiber) at 14 days of curing. While it was also compressive strength between water and NaCl curing,
observed that optimum percentage increment in
compressive strength of concrete was 74.68% (from for 14 Days. Maximum variation is 8.87% with 0.5%
0% to 1.5% addition of steel fiber) at 28 days curing. steel fiber and minimum variation is 0.55% with 1.5%

3.2.3 Comparison of Compressive steel fiber.

Strength (Water & NaCl 14 Days) 3.2.4 Comparison of Compressive Strength
(Water & NaCl 28 Days)

Figure 3.8: Compressive Strength Comparison of

Cubes (Water & NaCl 14 Days)
Figure 3.10: Compressive Strength Comparison of
Figure 3.8 shows the comparison of strength between Cubes (Water & NaCl 28 Days)
water and NaCl curing, for 14 days.

Figure 3.10 shows the comparison of compressive

strength between water and NaCl curing, for 28 days.

Figure 3.9: % Variation of Strength of Cubes (Water

& NaCl 14 Days) Figure3. 11: % Variation of Strength of Cubes (Water &

NaCl 28 Days)
Figure 3.9 shows the percentage variation of
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Figure 3.11 shows the percentage variation of strength It was observed from Figure 3.13 that optimum
between water and NaCl curing, for 28 Days. percentage increment in split tensile strength of
Maximum variation is 10.01% with 0% steel fiber and concrete was 127% (from 0% to 1.5% addition of
minimum variation is 04.44% with 0.5% steel fiber. steel fiber) at 14 days of curing. While it was observed
that optimum percentage increment in split tensile
3.2.5 Split Tensile Strength Test strength of concrete was 108% (from 0% to 1.5%

(a) Split Tensile Strength Test (Water curing)

Figure 3.12: Split Tensile Strength of Cylinders (Water

addition of steel fiber) at 28 days curing.
Curing) (b) Split Tensile Strength Test (NaCl curing)

It was observed from Figure 3.12 that minimum split

tensile strength was obtained at 0% addition of steel fiber Figure 3.14: Split Tensile Strength of Cylinders (NaCl

(3.11 N/mm2) while optimum split tensile strength was Curing)

obtained at 1.5% addition of steel fiber (7.07 N/mm2) at It was observed from Figure 3.14 that minimum split
14 days curing of cubes. tensile strength was observed at 0% addition of steel
fiber (1.69 N/mm2) while optimum split tensile strength
It was also observed from Figure 3.12 that minimum was obtained at 1.5% addition of steel fiber (5.66
split tensile strength was obtained at 0% (3.53 N/mm2) N/mm2) at 14 days of curing of cubes.

while optimum split tensile strength was obtained at

1.5% addition of steel fiber (7.36 N/mm2) at 28 days of
curing.

It was also observed from Figure 3.14 that minimum

spit tensile strength was obtained at 0% (3.23 N/mm2)
while optimum spit tensile strength was obtained at
1.5% addition of steel fiber (6.51 N/mm2) at 28 days
Figure 3.13: Percentage Strength Increased (Water Curing) of curing of cylinders.
Figure 3.15: Percentage Strength Increased (NaCl Curing)

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It was observed from Figure 3.15 that optimum 11.51% at 1% steel fiber and maximum variation was
percentage increment in split tensile strength was 84% at 0% steel fiber content in concrete.
234% (from 0% to 1.5% addition of steel fiber) at 14 (d) Comparison of split tensile strength (Water &
days of curing. While it was also observed that NaCl 28 Days)
optimum percentage increment in split tensile strength Figure 3.18: Split Tensile Strength Comparison of
of concrete was 101.54% (from 0% to 1.5% addition
of steel fiber) at 28 days curing. Cylinders (Water & NaCl 28 days)
(c) Comparison of split tensile strength (Water &
NaCl 14 Days) Figure 3.18 shows the comparison of split tensile
strength between water and NaCl curing of cylinders. It
is observed from figure that water curing cylinders have
more split tensile strength than NaCl curing cylinders
after 28 days of curing, for each respective steel fiber
content percentage.

Figure 3.16: Split Tensile Strength Comparison of

Cylinders (Water & NaCl 14 days)

Figure 3.16 shows the comparison of split tensile

strength between water and NaCl curing of cylinders.
It was observed from figure that water curing
cylinders have more split tensile strength than NaCl
curing cylinders after 14 days of curing, for each
respective steel fiber content percentage.
Figure 3.19: % Variation of Strength of Cylinders (Water
& NaCl 28 days)

Figure 3.19 shows the percentage variation of strength of

cylinder between water and NaCl curing, for 28 days. It
Figure 3.17: % Variation of Strength of Cylinders (Water was observed that minimum variation was 4.7% at 1%
& NaCl 14 days) steel fiber and maximum variation was 15% at 0.5%
steel fiber content in concrete.
Figure 3.17 shows the percentage variation of strength
(e) Flexural Strength Test
of cylinder between water and NaCl curing, for 14
days. It was observed that minimum variation was
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Figure 3.20: Flexural Strength of Concrete Beams fiber, due to this the bond between matrix and fiber is
more effective and stress transfer is more proficient.
It was observed from Figure 3.20 that minimum
flexural strength was obtained at 0% (3.2 N/mm2) (4) Performance of concrete is also examined under the
while optimum flexural strength was obtained at 1.5% chloride attack after 14 & 28 days curing in NaCl
(6 N/mm2) addition of steel fiber at 28 days or curing.
solution. It was observed that deterioration in weight of
It was observed from Figure 3.21 that optimum concrete didn’t occur after 14 & 28 days curing in NaCl
percentage increment in flexural strength of concrete
was 87.5% (from 0% to 1.5% addition of steel fiber) solution.
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 Template for Evergreen - Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences & Green Asia Strategy

Journal of Engineering Research & Technology

(IJERT) Vol. 1, Issue 3, May 2012, pp. 01-07.