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11.4 ANIMAL KINGDOM

Cellular level Porifera
Coelenterata
Radial Diploblastic Ctenophora
Kingdom Animalia Acoelomates Platyhelminthes
Tissue/organ/organ system Pseudocoelomates Aschelminthes
Bilateral Coelomate Annelida
Triploblastic Arthropoda
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
Anamniotes- Vertebrates without embryonic membranes. E.g. Fishes, amphibians
Amniotes- Vertebrates with embryonic membranes (chorion, amnion, allantois, yolk sac). E.g. Reptiles,
birds, Mammals
Zooplankton- The aggregate of passively floating animals in a body of water. E.g. Some protists
Benthic animals- The animals which live at the bottom of lakes, oceans and seas. E.g. Star fishes, sponges
Littoral animals- These animals live near the sea share
Neritic animals- Animals which live in the shallow waters of sea.
Lentic animals- Animals which live in stagnant water body such as ponds, lakes etc.
Lotic animals- Animals which live in running water such as streams etc.
Euryhaline animals- Animals which have wide salinity tolerance. E.g. Marine animals
Stenohaline animals- Animals which have only a narrow range of salinity tolerance. Remain restricted to
either fresh water or saline water.
Eurythermal animals- Animals which can tolerate a wide range of temperature variations.
Sternothermal animals- Animals which can tolerate only a narrow range of temperature variations.
Cursorial animals- Animals which run fast. E.g. Kangaroo
Fussorial animals- Animals which live in burrows. E.g. Rabit
Arboreal animals- Animals which live on tree. E.g. Monkey
Scansorial animals- Animals that climb walls, rocks etc. E.g. Wall lizard
Volant animals- Animals which can fly. E.g. Birds
Gregarious animals- Which live in groups.
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Sanguivores- Which feed on blood

Cannibals- Which eat their fellows. E.g. Cockroach
Poikilothermal/Ectothermal- Cold blooded animals
- Blood/Body temperature varies according to surrounding
- E.g. All invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles.
Homoiothermal/Endothermic- Warm blooded animals
- Body temperature remain constant
- E.g. Birds, mammals
Nocturnal- Active in darkness. E.g. Owl
Diurnal- Active during day. E.g. Man
Crepuscular- Move in twilight. E.g. Rabbit
Vespertine- Active during evening or dusk. E.g. Small insectivorous bats
Auroral- Active during dawn
Hibernation- Winter sleep
Aestivation- Summer sleep
Parthenogenesis- Development of an egg into a complete individual without fertilization.
Paedogenesis- When parthenogenesis occurs in larva
Neoteny- When larva acquires adult characters such as gonads and starts producing young ones by sexual
reproduction.
Metachrosis- Capability of changing skin colour in frog according to external environment.
Body plans - Protostomic- Mouth of digestive tract develops first; anus is formed later. E.g. Roundworms
- Deuterostomy- Anus of digestive tract develops first; mouth is formed later. E.g. Chordates

Symmetry:
Radial- Body of individual can be divided into equal halves by any
plane passing through the centre from top to bottom. E.g. Sponges,
Echinoderms
Bilateral- Body can be divided into two equal halves by a single
plane only. E.g. Vertebrates

Diploblastic animals:

 Organisms have two germ layers i.e. ectoderm and endoderm

 An undifferentiated layer called mesoglea present between two layers.
 E.g. Porifers

Triploblastic animals:
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 Organisms have three germ layers i.e. ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
 E.g. Chordates

Types of eggs:
(A) Based on quantity of yolk

 Microlecithal- Contain very small amount of yolk. E.g. Sea urchin

 Mesolecithal- Contain moderate amount of yolk. E.g. Frogs, toads
 Macrolecithal- Contain large amount of yolk. E.g. Reptiles, birds

(B) Based on distribution of yolk

 Homolecithal- Yolk is uniformly distributed. E.g. Echinoderms

 Telolecithal- Yolk concentrated in vegetal half. E.g. Amphibians
 Meiolecithal- Yolk very large, occupies nearly entire ooplasm. E.g. Reptiles, birds

Acoelomate- Animal which do not have coelom. E.g. Sponges, cnidarians, ctenophore, flatworm
Pseudocoelomate- Animals which have mesoderm scattered in patches in between ectoderm and endoderm.
E.g. Roundworm
Coelomate - Animals which possess true coelom. E.g. Annelida
- Coelom is body cavity between the body wall and gut wall lined by mesoderm.
- True coelom is of two types - Schizocoelom
- Enterocoelom
Schizocoelom - Develops as a split in the mesoderm sheet. E.g. Annelid, Arthropod, Mollusc
Enterocoelom - Mesoderm arises from wall of embryonic gut (enteron) as hollow outgrowth and forms
enterocoelom. E.g. Echinoderm, chordates

ANIMAL KINGDOM
PHYLUM- PORIFERA
 Also called ‘pore bearers’
 Term coined by Grant (1836)
 Commonly known as sponges.
 Mostly asymmetrical, are sessile organisms.
 Cellular level of organisation.
 Coelom absent.
 Central cavity called spongocoel.
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 Body bears pores - Ostia – Inhalant pores; many, small

- Osculum – Exhalant pore; large
 Supporting endoskeleton of either spicules or sponging fibres or both.
 Are diploblastic.
 Body wall:
(a) Dermal layer- Pinacoderm, contain pinacocytes
(b) Gastral layer- Choanoderm, contain choanocytes - Ingestion of food
- Secretion of mesohyl
- Differentiation of sex cells
(c) Mesohyl layer (mesenchyme)- Contain amoebocytes which modified into:
 Archaeocytes- Totipotent cells
 Trophocytes- Nurse cells (provide food to developing
cells.
 Thesocytes- Store food granules
 Spongioblasts- Secrete spongin fibres
 Scleroblasts- Secrete spicules- Calcoblast (calcium)
- Silicoblasts (silica)
 Myocytes- Closing/opening of osculum
Choanocytes or collar cells, because have collar of microvilli:

 Characteristic cells of porifers.

 Create water current, take part in ingestion of food.
Digestion: Food particles filter by microvilli of collar cells.
Taken up by choanocytes into food vacuoles and digested afterwards.
Asexual reproduction: Fragmentation, budding, Gemmule formation.
Gemmule - Internal buds formed during unfavourable conditions.
- Mean of dispersal as well as reproduction.
Sexual reproduction: Hermaphrodite
Internal fertilization → Zygote (2n) → Larva- Amphiblastula (hollow larva of sycon)
- Parenchymula (Solid larva of leucosolenia)
Development: Indirect
Nervous system: No nerve cells
Canal system: Ascon type or Sycon type or Leucon type
Ascon type: Water → Ostia → Spongocoel → Osculum → Outside (symplast). E.g. Leucosolenia
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Functions of canal system:

 Food gathering
 Respiratory exchange
 Removal of waste
 Transfer of sperms

Classification:
1. Calcarea- Skeleton of calcareous spicules. E.g. Sycon, Leucosolenia
2. Hyalospongiae- Skeleton of siliceous spicules. E.g. Euplectella
3. Demospongiae- Skeleton of sponging fibres or siliceous spicules. E.g. Euspongia

Distinguishing points about porifera:

 Loose masses of cells

 Presence of spongocoel but no coelom.
 Spicules as the endoskeleton.
 Water canal system present.
 Presence of choanocytes.
E.g. Sycon, Spongilla (fresh water sponge), Euspongia (bath sponge), Euplectella

PHYLUM: COELENTRATA (CNIDARIA)

 Term created by Leuckart (1847)
 Aquatic, mostly marine; solitary (Hydra) or colonial (Obelia)
 Polymorphic- 2 types of zooids
1. Polyp (cup shaped)- Sessile, cylindrical structure with
mouth and tentacles facing upward
2. Medussa (umbrella shaped)- Free swimming zooid with
mouth and tentacle facing downward
𝑆𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Medusae → Polyp

Vegetative budding
 Metagenesis: Those cnidarians which exist in both the forms show alternation of generation called
metagenesis.
 Development: May be direct or indirect
 Symmetry: Radial
 Diploblastic: Outer epidermis, inner gastrodermis enclose mesoglea. Interstitial cells help in
regeneration (totipotent).
 Body soft with calcareous exo or endoskeleton (corals have
CaCO3 skeleton).
 Cnidoblasts or stinging cells have stinging capsule
nematocytes (filled with poisonous fluid-Hypnotoxin) for
offence and defence, attachment; occur in epidermis.
 Coelom absent.
 Digestion: Body bear central gastrovascular cavity opens
outside through a single opening mouth.
-Called Gastrovascular cavity because helps in digestion of food as well as in
circulation of material.
- Tentacles help in feeding, feeling and grasping of prey.
- Carnivorous and holozoic.
- Single opening for ingestion/egestion.
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 Gaseous exchange through body surface; Nitrogenous waste- Ammonia

 Simple nervous system; Nerve cells are modified epidermal cells.
 E.g. Hydra (fresh water polyp)
Important characters of Hydra- Flourish well in coal, clean, stagnant water
- Number of tentacles = 6-10
- Food= water fleas (Daphnia, Cyclops)
- Development direct
- Mostly dioecious
Class Hydrozoa: Obelia - Sea fur
- Planula larva stage
Physalia - Portuguese man of war
Hydra - Fresh water polyp
Class Scyphozoa: - Commonly called jelly fishes
- Has both medusa and polyp stages
Aurelia - The moon jelly or jelly fish
- Sense structures- Rhopalia/ tentaculocysts
- Larval stage- Planula, Ephyra
Class Anthozoa: - Only polyp form present
Adamsia - Sea Anemone
Astraea - Star coral (Not component of coral reef)
- Form corallium mode of fused corallites of CaCO3
Pennatula - Sea pen or sea feather
Gorgonia - Sea fan
Meandrina - Brain coral
CORAL REEFS - Anthozoa related
- Lagoon- Lake between reef and shore
- Atolls- Coral islands; E.g. Fiji islands, Lakshadweeps, Maldives
- Largest atoll- Suvadiva of Maldives
- Moonga- Red coral (Corallium nobile)

PHYLUM: CTENOPHORA
 Commonly known as comb jellies or sea walnuts.
 Mostly marine or exclusively marine; free swimming animals.
 Carnivorous; feeding on zooplankton.
 Possess bioluminescence, have special light producing cells called
photocytes.
 Radial symmetry (Biradial).
 Diploblastic.
 Tissue level organisation.
 Acoelomate
 No skeleton
 Eight equidistant meridional plates having bands of cilia present called
comb plates; called swimming plates (help in locomotion).
 Lasso cells/ colloblasts called adhesive cells occur over tentacles.
 Digestive tract: Mouth (slit like) → Stomodaeum → Stomach → Anal pores
 Sensory organ is statocyst for equilibrium.
 Asexual reproduction unknown.
 Sexual reproduction occurs (are hermaphrodite).
 Fertilization external
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 Development indirect; Larval stage called Cydippid is present.

 Only ctenophore having cnidoblasts = Euchlorarabra
 E.g. Pleurobrachia (sea gooseberry), Ctenoplana, Hormiphora (sea walnut)

PHYLUM: PLATYHELMINTHES
 Commonly called flatworms.
 Term coined by Gagenbaur (1859).
 Dorsoventrally flattened, acoelomate, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical with blind sac body plan.
 Free living, parasitic (mainly endoparasite; e.g. Fasciola, liver fluke)
 Organisation- primitive organ level.
 Have pseudosegmentation because of strobilation (repeated budding).
 Definite head for first time cephalisation.
 No skeleton
 Gaseous exchange through body surface.
 Incomplete digestive system, single opening (absent in tapeworm).
 Blood absent instead parenchymal fluid, help in food transport.
 Excretory system - Flame cells
- Connected to tubules that open outside through
excretory pores.
- Excretory products: Ammonia, fatty acids
 Parasitic adaptations - Hooks- Adhesive structure- Help in attachment
- Suckers- Help in adhesion as well as ingestion
- Direct adsorption of food through body surface
- Thick tegument- Protective layer protect from
digestive juices of host.
 Nervous system - Well developed/ladder like nervous system
- Cerebral ganglia or primitive brain is present
Eye spot - Photosensitivity
Ciliated pits - Chemo receptor Limited to free living forms
Tactile reception- Tango receptor Parasites are devoid of these
Water currents - Rheo receptor
Asexual reproduction: Binary fission, regeneration
Sexual reproduction: Hermaphrodite or monoecious; Fertilization- Internal
Development: Mostly indirect; a larval or more larval stages present. E.g. Miracidium, sporocyst, redia,
cercaria, metacercaria.
E.g. Dugesia (Planaria)- Class Turbellaria (fresh water flatworm)
- Very high power of regeneration
Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)- Class Trematoda
𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑆𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Fertilized egg → Capsule → Miracidium → Sporocyst → Redia → Many radiae →
𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠
Cercariae → Metacercariae → Sheep/ Goat (Bile duct)
Taenia solium (tapeworm): Digenetic endoparasite
(Class- Cestoda) Primary host- Man (small intestine)
Second host- Pig
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Apolysis: Phenomenon in which last gravid proglottid usually detach one by one and pass out with the
faeces of the host.

PHYLUM: ASCHELMINTHES (NEMATODA*) *One of the classes

Phylum of triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical but cylindrical worms having pseudocoelom, primitive level
of organisation and an elastic cuticle on outside.
Created by Grobben (1910).
 Mostly parasitic, may be aquatic or terrestrial. E.g. Rhabditis is terrestrial aschelminthes
 Body cylindrical, hence called round worm.
 Bilateral symmetry
 Primitive organ system level body organisation.
 Triploblastic
 Pseudocoelomic; filled with hydrolymph.
 Body wall of elastic cuticle, an epidermis and a muscular layer is present.
 Digestive tract complete (Mouth → Muscular pharynx → Intestine → Anus)
 Gaseous exchange through body surface.
 Excretory system contains protonephridia.
 Nervous system consists circumpharyngeal nerve ring, ganglia, commissures, connectives, nerve
cords, nerves.
 Asexual reproduction absent.
 Sexual reproduction - Fertilization internal, dioecious
- Are oviparous
 Eutely: Number of cells and nuclei of cells do not change after maturity.
 Examples: Ascaris, Ancyclostoma (Hook worm), Enterobius (pin worm), Wuchreria (filarial worm),
Loaloa (eye worm), Trichinella, Dracanculus (guinea worm)
 Ascaris: Development- Monogenetic, optimum temperature for development = 85oC, 25 day cycle
Zygote → Rhabditiform larva (first stage juvenile; 10-14 days; inside egg shell, not infective)
10 days
Second stage juvenile (infective stage)
Faeces out/ contaminated food
Shell dissolved inside intestine

Second stage released

To lungs

Moulting (2)

Various body parts

Intestine (last moulting)

MALE ASCARIS FEMALE ASCARIS

1. Shorter Longer
2. Narrower Broader
3. Curved posterior end Straight posterior end
4. Distinct gonophore absent Present mid ventrally
5. Separate anus absent Present
6. Pre anal, post anal papillae present Absent
7. Two penial spicules present Absent
8. Genital tract, digestive tract connected Not connected; separate
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Ancyclostoma (Hookworm): -Monogenetic

-Have filariform larva; punctures epidermis and enter host
-Cause acute anaemia
Wuchereria (the filarial worm): -Digenetic
- Primary- Human; Secondary- Female culex
- Cause lymphodema (black lymph nodes)
- Cause elephantiasis
Trichinella (Trichina worm) - Occurs in voluntary muscles of man

PHYLUM: ANNELIDA
Triploblastic bilaterally symmetrical coelomate animals having true organ system level of organisation and
metamerically segmented body.
Commonly called segmented worms.
 Both free living and parasitic.
 Body elongated, cylindrical or flattened.
 Metamerically segmented body; septa present.
 Bilateral symmetry.
 Organ system level of body organisation.
 Are triploblastic, coelomate
 Have definite head
 Paired appendages in form of parapodia (help in swimming in aquatic form), tantacles and cirri.
 Setae/Chaetae- Chitinous structures for locomotion.
 Digestive system complete, extracellular.
 Respiration mostly cutaneous.
 Circulatory system closed. Heart present, Haemoglobin
or erythrocruorin present, RBC absent, free amoeboid
blood corpuscles present.
 Excretory system have nephridia (help in excretion as
well as osmoregulation)
 Nitrogenous waste- Urea, ammonia
 Nervous system has circumpharyngeal nerve ring, subpharyngeal ganglia, connectives etc.
 Asexual reproduction → Fission, budding, regeneration
 Sexual reproduction - Many monoecious (Earthworm, leech) or dioecious (Nereis)
- Fertilization external often
- Oviparous
 Development direct or indirect (Trochophore larva)
 E.g. Nereis, Pheretima, Hirudinaria, Aphrodite (sea mouse)

Nereis (sand worm):

Class – Polychaeta; E.g. Nereis, Aphrodite, Chaetopterus
- Epitoky: Transformation of non sexual phase into sexual phase. E.g. Nereis → Heteronereis
- Two regions form i.e. epitoke (sexual) or atoke (asexual)
- Sexual reproduction includes Trochophore larva.
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Pheretima (earthworm):
Class – Oligochaeta. E.g. Tubifex (blood worm), Megascolex
Common – Pheretima posthuma
- Have f shaped setae
- Liver cells of earthworm - Chloragogen cells/ yellow cells/ amoebocytes
- Synthesize and store fats/glycogen; formation of urea
- Clitellum – 14-16 segment
- Female genital pore – 14th segment
- Male genital pore – 18th segment
- Genital papillae – 17th and 19th segment
- Spermathecal pores – 5/6 to 8/9 segment
- Young ones develop in ootheca or cocoon
- Is hermaphrodite

Hirudinaria:
Class – Hirudinae; E.g. Hiruda, Hirudinaria, Polygordius
- Anticoagulant – Hirudin
- Connective tissue – Botryoidal tissue
- Setae absent
Class Archiannelida; e.g. Dinophilus, Polygordius
Class Echiurida; e.g. Bonellia, Echiuris

PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA
 Term coined by Von Siebold
 Largest phylum of animal kingdom.
 First animals to migrate to land.
 Cosmopolitan
 Body segmented: Head, thorax and abdomen
 Bilateral symmetry
 Organ system level of body organisation.
 Triploblastic
 Coelomate
 Distinct head, eyes compound made of units called ommatidia
 Have jointed appendages which are paired.
 Exoskeleton of chitin, segmented (segments called sclerites).
Ecdysis → Sheding of exoskeleton (sclerites)
Stadium → Time internal between two moultings
 Digestive tract complete; three parts i.e. Stomodaeum (forgut), Mesenteron
(midgut) and Proctodaeum (Hindgut)
 Respiratory system includes - gills (in aquatic arthropods; e.g. prawn, crab)
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- tracheae (Air tubes open outside through pores called spiracles; e.g.
butterfly, mosquito)
- book gill (possess plate like structures called lamellae; e.g. Limulus
- book lungs (modified book gills; e.g. spider)
 Circulatory system - open type
- Blood passes into open spaces called sinuses
- Blood colourless called haemolymph; have WBC
 Excretory system have green glands or malphigian tubules..
 Sensory system well developed (compound eyes, antennae, statocyst i.e. balancing organs)
 Nervous system well developed; divided into CNS, PNS and sympathetic nervous system.
 Asexual reproduction – Absent
 Sexual reproduction - Dioecious (few are hermaphorodite)
- Fertilization external as well as internal (usually internal)
- Mostly oviparous
 Development - Direct or indirect
- Larval stages include nauplius, metanauplius, zoea, metazoea
- Metamorphosis: Larva → Adult
- Mosquito: Egg → Larva (Wriggler) → pupa (tumbler) → Adult
* larva of beetles - Grub
* larva of mosquito - Wriggler
* larva of butterfly, moth- Caterpillar
* larva of housefly - Maggot
 Parthenogenesis: common
 E.g. Prawn, crab, centipede, spider, cockroach, honey bee

Classification of arthropods:
Class 1: Crustacea

 Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen

 Head and thorax (cephalo thorax) covered by thick exoskeleton carapace.
 Respiration through body surface or gills
 Excretion → green glands (antennary)
 Development: Indirect (larva- Nauplius, Zoea etc)
 E.g. Paleomon, Astacus (cray fish), Lucifer (shrimp)

Class 2: Chilopoda

 Body long segmented (head, trunk)

 Each trunk segment bears a pair of legs.
 Single pair of antennae and ocelli.
 Excretion → Malphigian tubules
 Development → Direct
 E.g. Scolopendra (centipede)

Class 3: Diplopoda

 Body divisible into head, thorax and abdomen

 Single pair of antennae and ocelli (normal eye)
 Each thoracic segment bears a pair of legs except first thoracic segment.
 Respiration by tracheae.
 Excretion – Malphigian tubules
 Development – Direct.
 E.g. Julus (millipede)
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Class 4: Hexapoda (Insecta)

 Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen; three segments, three pair of legs, two pair of wings
 Pair of antennae, compound eyes.
 Respiration- Through tracheae
 Heart – Tubular; divided into chambers
 Excretion – Malphigian tubules
 Development – Direct or indirect.
 Insects communicate with help of Pheromones (ectohormones)
 E.g. Silver fish, cockroach, bedbug, wasp, aphid

Butterfly Moth
Diurnal Nocturnal
Body not robust Body robust
Antennae- knobbed distantly Antennae- Taper distantly
When at rest, deep wings held At rest keep wings hold out
together vertically on its back. horizontally.

Class 5: Arachnida

 Body divided into cephalo thorax and abdomen

 Bear simple eyes and 6 pair of appendages
 Antennae absent
 Respiration – Book lungs, tracheae or both
 Excretion – Malphigian tubules or coxal glands or both
 Development – Direct
 Spider web is secretion of abdominal glands
 E.g. Spider, Palamneus (scorpion)

Culex Anopheles
Egg laid vertically Eggs laid horizontal
Rafts are formed Rafts not formed
Egg cigar shaped Egg boat shaped
Larva bottom feeder Larva surface feeder
Long conical respiratory siphon Respiratory siphon absent
Pupa colourless Pupa green in colour
Respiratory trumpet long Respiratory trumpet short

PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA
Phylum of triploblastic soft bodied but shelled animals with reduced coelom, open circulatory system and
little segmentation where the body is differentiated into head, foot and visceral mass covered by a special
fold of body wall called mantle.
 Term coined by Johnston (1650)
 Second largest phylum of animal kingdom
 Mostly aquatic and marine
 Bilateral symmetry (asymmetric- Pila)
 Body differentiated into head, foot and visceral hump
 Mantle/Pallium – Soft, glandular fold of dorsal body wall
which covers the visceral mass
 Shell, secreted by mantle made of CaCO3; shinning part called NACRE.
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 Coelomate
 Head fused with foot in cephalopods
 Digestive system complete, alimentary canal and digestive glands present. Radula; a file like rasping
organ present in many cases.
 Gaseous exchange occurs with the help of feather like gills called CTENIDIA, skin (mantle) or
pulmonary sac (lung).
 Circulatory system is of open type. Heart present with arteries, sinuses and veins.
Blood contain haemocyanin (blue copper containing respiratory pigment)
 Excretory system contains sac like kidneys.
Other excretory organs are organ of Bojanus, Keber’s organ and nephridia
 Sensory system includes photoreceptor eyes, tentacles, statocyst.
In some cases osphradium (test chemical nature of water) a physiochemical sensory organ is also
present.
 Nervous system contains 3-4 pairs of ganglia
 Asexual reproduction – absent
 Sexual reproduction - dioecious; oviparous
 Development direct or indirect; Larva – Veligar (Pila), Trochophore, Glochidium (Unio)
 E.g. Chaetopleura (chiton; also called sea mouse or sea beef), Pila, Unio, Pinctada, Loligo, Octopus
Pinctada margaritifera - Pearl oyster
- Foreign body between mantle and shell
- Nacre deposited on it
- Takes about 7 years

CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCS (BASED ON SHELL AND FOOT)

Class 1: Monoplacophora

 Flattened, bilateral and oval body

 Some exhibit metameric segmentation
 Nephridia present
 Body enclosed in mantle
 Broad, flat muscular foot for locomotion
 E.g. Neopilina (connecting link between annelida, mollusca)

Class 2: Polyplacophora/Amphineura:

 Elongated body which is bilaterally symmetrical.

 All marine
 Ventral surface has flat foot
 E.g. Chiton, Chaetopleura

Class 3: Scaphopoda (tooth shell or tusk shell)

 Marine, burrow in mud and sand

 Bilateral symmetry
 Conical foot, used for digging
 E.g. Dentalium (elephant tusk shell)
Class 4: Gastropoda

 Largest class of molluscs, contain limpets, slugs, snails

 Terrestrial, fresh water and marine
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 Head is distinct, has eyes and tentacles

 Buccal cavity has odantophore with a radula bearing chitinous teeth.
 Development shows torsion due to which body become asymmetrical. In adult mouth and anus are
anterior.
 E.g. Pila (apple snail), Aplysia (sea hare), Doris (sea lemon), Limax (grey slug-slowest terrestrial
invertebrate), Achantina (land snail)

Class 5: Pelecypoda

 Include clams, mussels, oysters, scallops

 No head, tentacles, eyes, jaws, radula
 Mostly filter feeders
 Development includes veliger or glochidium larva
 E.g. Unio (fresh water mussel), Teredo (shipworm), Pinctada (pearl oyster)

Class 6: Cephalopoda/ Siphonopoda

 Exclusively marine
 Includes squids, octopus, cuttle fish and nautiloids (a living fossil)
 Foot on head, modified in form of oral arms.
 Shell eithr reduced or lost entirely except nautilus.
 Part of foot forms, a funnel shaped siphon.
 Locomotion is by expelling water as jet through siphon.
 Ink glands present for offence and defence.
 E.g. Sepia (cuttle fish), Loligo (squid), Octopus (devil fish)

PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA
Phylum of spiny skinned, triploblastic, enterocoelomic marine animals having calcareous skeleton, water
driven tube system and radial symmetry (adults).
 Term coined by Jacob Klein (1734)
 Group appeared in Cambrian
 Exclusively marine
 Body shape variable- Star, cylinder, globule, cucumber, flower.
 Larva- Bilateral; adult – radial symmetrical
 Organ system level of body organisation.
 Triploblastic
 Coelomate; coelomic cavity contains amoeboid cells called
coelomocytes.
 Definite head absent
 Have “tube feet” on under surface. It have ampulla, podium
and sucker
 Have both exo (spines and pedicellariae) and endoskeleton
(ossicles)
Pedicellariae: Pinser like small structure occur in between and
around spine. Clear debris of body (calcareous)
 Digestive system complete (except ophiuroidea); mouth on
lower side, anus on upper side of body
 Respiration with help of tube feet, papulae, genital bursae;
respiratory pigment absent
 Circulatory system open called “haemal system”; heart absent
 Excretory system not specialized; excretion through diffusion and partly through papulae
 Sensory system includes photoreceptors, tentacles, statocysts.
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 Brain absent, reduced nervous system

 Asexual reproduction- Self division, autotomy, regeneration
 Sexual reproduction- Sexual dimorphism absent; generally oviparous
 Fertilization external
 Development indirect; (larva- bipannaria, brachiolaria, doliolaria, auricularia, dipleurula, pluteus etc)
 Water vascular system called Ambulacral system which takes part in locomotion, respiration and
excretion.
 E.g. Star fish, brittle star, sea urchin, sea dollar, sea cucumber, sea lily

CLASSIFICATION OF ECHINODERMATA
Class 1: Asteroidea

 Body flat, star shaped, five arms (show autotomy)

 Respiration by dermal brachiae and tube feet
 Spines short, pedicellariae present
 Larva of star fish- Dipleurula, bipinnaria, brachiolaria
 E.g. Asterias (star fish), Pentacerous, Astropecton

Class 2: Ophiuroidea

 Body flat, star like.

 Anus, ambulacral grooves absent.
 Spines, short, pedicellariae absent
 Larva- Ophiopleuteus
 E.g. Ophiothrix (brittle star), Ophiura, Ophiocoma

Class: Echinoidea

 Body globular or disc shaped

 Arms, ambulacral grooves absent
 Biting and chewing apparatus with teeth called Aristotle’s lantern present
 Spines may be small or large
 Pedicellariae present
 Larva- Echinopluteus
 E.g. Echinus (sea urchin), Echinocardium (heart urchin), Echinarachinus (sand dollar)

Class 4: Holothuroidea

 Body elongated, cylindrical

 Arms absent
 Madreporite internal
 Ambulacral grooves, spines, pedicellariae absent
 Larva- Auricularia
 E.g. Holothuria (sea cucumber), Cucumaria

Class 5: Crinoidea (Feather stars or sea lilies)

 Body has central disc which is attached to substratum

 Arms are branched
 Oral surface has mouth and anus
 Ambulacral grooves present
 Spines, pedicellariae, madreporite absent
 Larva- Doliolaria
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 E.g. Antedon (sea lily)

PHYLUM: HEMICHORDATA (Tongue worms)

Group of chordate like animals which have pharyngeal gill slits are called hemichordates.
 Notochord (stomochord) present atleast in some stage of life.
 Dorsal hollow nerve cord is also present.
 Lack brain, cranium, vertebral column, jaws and paired appendages.
 Have single layered epidermis.
 Marine (exclusively)
 Worm like body divisible into Probosis, collar and trunk.
 Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry, entero coelomic, organ system level of
organisation present.
 Excretory system contains glomerulus; are ammonotelic (excretion through
proboscis gland).
 Circulatory system open type.
 Digestive tract complete
 Asexual reproduction- commonly absent
 Sexual reproduction- Hermaphrodite; fertilization external
 Development indirect; Larva- Tornaria
 E.g. Balanoglossus (Ciliary feeder), Saccoglossus

Non chordates Chordates

Notochord Absent Present at some stage of development.
Nervous system Central nervous system, solid and ventral Hollow and dorsal
Heart If present, dorsal Ventral
Circulation Vascular system may be open or closed Closed
Haemoglobin If present, dissolved in plasma Present in RBC
Gill slits Pharyngeal gill slits are absent Present
Post anal tail Anus is posterior and , no post anal tail Present

PHYLUM: CHORDATA
Chordates have four fundamental features:
1. Notochord: Elastic, solid, rod like structure of vacuolated turgid cells which is present throughout life or
only during early embryonic development.
In vertebrates, notochord is replaced by cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in adults.
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord:-Present above notochord
-Differentiated into brain and spinal cord

3. Paired Pharyngeal gill slits:

- Take part in circulation of water for respiration.
- In higher chordates, they occur only in embryonic stage.

4. Post anal tail:

- Present for balancing.
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- Chordates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate with organ system level of organisation and
close circulatory system.
- Phylum chordate is divided into 3 sub phyla- Urochordata/Tunicata. E.g. Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum
- Cephalochordata. E.g. Branchiostoma
- Vertebrata

UROCHORDATA
 Adult body enclosed within a leathery test or tunic formed of cellulose like organic substance termed
tunicin.
 Notochord present only in tail of larva and disappears in adult.
 Circulatory system open.
 Development – Indirect
 Show retrogressive metamorphosis; i.e. larva (developed) → Adult (less developed)
 Excretion – Neural gland
 E.g. Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum, Herdmania (sea squirt), Pyrosoma (bioluminescent)

CEPHALOCHORDATA
 Notochord from head to tail and persist throughout life.
 Digestive tract complete.
 Circulatory system well developed, closed, without heart.
 Development indirect, include free swimming larva.
 Excretion by protonephridia with solenocytes.
 Paired appendages absent. Median fins (dorsal, ventral, caudal) present.
 E.g. Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or lancelet)

VERTEBRATA* *sub phylum

 Brain enclosed in cranium.

 Notochord in embryonic period only; replaced by cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in adult.
 Heart ventral
 Excretion by kidneys.
 Locomotion by paired appendages (fins or limbs)
 Unisexual, have single pair of gonads.

DIVISION 1: AGNATHA (JAWLESS VERTEBRATES)

 Mouth lack jaws

 Notochord throughout life.
 No exoskeleton and paired appendages.
 Have single nostril and cold blooded.
Class: Cyclostomata - Are ectoparasite on fishes
- Body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration
- Mouth without jaws
- Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.
- Circulation closed type
- Are marine but migrate to fresh water for spawning (larva return to ocean)
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- E.g. Petromyzon (lamprey)- larva ammocete larva; Myxine (hagfish)

Anadromous migration: Spend life in sea; migrate to river for spawning/breeding.
Catadromous migration: Spend life in river; migrate to sea for spawning.

DIVISION 2: GNATHOSTOMATA (JAWED VERTEBRATES)

 Mouth has jaws

 Embryonic notochord, replaced in adult by vertebral column.
 Paired fins or limbs.
 Paired nostrils.
 Both cold blooded and warm blooded.
Superclass: Pisces - Aquatic
- Respiration by gills
- Eyelids absent
- Heart two chambered (S-shaped) i.e. Sinus venous and conus arteriosus
- Monocondylic skull
- Slimy glands on skin.
- Vertebrae- Amphicoelous type
- Renal portal system and hepatic portal system found.
- Mesonephric kidneys
- Ammonotelic (sharks- Ureotelic)
Class 1: Condrichthyes- Marine, endoskeleton of cartilage
- Mouth ventral, teeth are modified placoid scales
- Notochord throughout life.
- Kidney – mesonephric
- Skin contain placoid scales
- Gill slits without operculum except chimaerus.
- Air bladder absent
- Heart two chambered, cold blooded.
- Show sexual dimorphism
- Pelvic fins bear claspers used in copulation
- Fertilization internal
- 10 pair of cranial nerves
- E.g. Scoliodon (dog fish), Pristis (saw fish), Trygon (sting ray), Carcharodon (great white shark)
Class 2: Osteichthyes- Both marine and fresh water fishes
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- Endoskeleton of bone
- Notochord persist throughout life
- Mouth terminal
- Skin covered by cycloid/ctenoid scales
- Four pair of gills covered by operculum
- Air bladder present
- Heart 2 chambered (except lung fishes-3*)
- Caudal fin - homocercal
- Kidney mesonephric
- 10 pair of cranial nerves
- Oviparous, fertilization external
- Development direct
- E.g. Marine - Exocoetus, Hippocampus, Latimeria
Fresh water – Labeo (rohu), Catla, Clarius
Betta (fighting fish), Pterophyllum (angel fish)
*Lung fishes: Lepidosiren (S.America), Protopterus (Africa), Neoceratodus (Australia)

Super class 2: Tetrapoda

Class 1: Amphibia:

 Cold blooded
 Usually without scales
 Gills in larva, sometimes adult also carry (Necturus)
 Heart 3 chambered
 Kidney mesonephric
 Ear consists of internal and middle ears; middle ear has a single
ear ossicle called columella auris.
 Ten pair of cranial nerves.

S.No. Frog Toad

1. Lives in or near water Lives in dark shady corners
of garden
2. Diurnal Nocturnal
3. Lays eggs in a mass Lays eggs in line
4. Skin moist, smooth, slimy Skin dry, rough
5. Head triangular Head, semicircular
6. Body longer in size Body shorter in size
7. Webs well developed Webs rudimentary
8. Tongue bifid Tongue entire

Class 2: Reptilia
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 First true land vertebrates

 Body covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales
 No external ear openings (Tympanum)
 Heart 3 chambered (except crocodile- 4 chambered)
 Mouth terminal with conical teeth - Pleurodont; E.g. lizard, snake
- Thecodont; E.g. crocodile
 Endoskeleton – Bony
 Kidney – Metanephric
 Excretion – Uricotelic. (urinary bladder absent in snake, crocodile)
 Cranial nerve – 12 pairs
 Jacobson organ – Smell (snake, lizard)
 Cold blooded
 Sexes separate
 Fertilization internal; development – direct
 Oviparous
 E.g. Chelone, Chameleon, Naja

S.No. Tortoise Turtle

1. Larger in size Comparatively smaller
2. Semiterrestrial and fresh water form Aquatic and marine
3. Carapace – oval Heart shaped
4. Fore limbs, hind limbs present Modified into paddles
5. E.g. Testudo E.g. Chelone

*Saurology- Study of lizards

*Serpentology/Ophiology- Study of snakes

*Viviparous lizards- Phrynosoma, Chameleon

*Viviparous snakes- Vipera russelli, Hydrophis

*Poison glands of snake – Modified parotid glands or superior labial

*Poison - Neurotoxic- Cobra, krait, sea snake, mambas, tiger snake, ceral snake, death adder

- Haemotoxic- Viper

*Venom contains enzymes mainly- Proteolytic, phospholipases, hyaluronidases

POISONOUS VS NON POISONOUS SNAKES

Points Poisonous Non poisonous

Belly scales Large: Cover entire breath of belly Small: Never cover
Head scales Usually small in vipers (except pit viper) Usually large
Fangs Hollow like hypodermic needle Short and solid
Tail Compressed Not markedly compressed
Habits Usually nocturnal Not so
Teeth bite Two fang marks with or without marks of other Two fang marks with number of small
marks teeth teeth marks

Class 3: Aves

 Flying vertebrates except flightless birds.

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 Possess beak, have streamlined body.

 Forelimbs modified into wings.
 Hind limbs have scales.
 Skin is dry without glands except oil glands/preen
gland/uropygeal gland at base of tail.
 Endoskeleton bony; have pneumatic bones (lack bone
marrow)
 Heart 4 chambered.
 RBCs – Minute, oval and nucleated
 Kidney – Metanephric
 Urinary bladder absent; have cloaca; are uricotelic.
 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
 Eyes have ‘pecten’- nourish eye ball (except-kiwi)
 Warm blooded
 Respiration by lungs
 Syrinx- produces voice; present at junction of trachea and bronchi.
 Sexes separate; fertilization internal; oviparous; develop – direct
*study of birds – ornithology; bird man of India – Salim Ali

Types of feathers:
1. Quills:
 Large feathers; in wings and tail
 Has central axis called shaft.
 Small proximal part of shaft is hollow, translucent and cylindrical- termed
Calamus :Inferior umbilicus- Small hole on proximal end
Superior umbilicus- Hole on distal end
 Long – distal, solid, opaque part of stem called rachis.
 Each vane composed of parallel filaments – Barbs
 Barbs bear barbules

2. Coverts:
 Small feathers found in wings and tail.
 Fill up the gap between bases of quills.

3. Contour:
 Small feathers that cover the body.

4. Filoplumes:
 Occur beneath contour feathers.
 Consists of long calamus.

5. Down feathers:
 Cover the newly hatched bird.
 Also called nestling downs.
 Have short calamus, reduced rachis.
 Found beneath contours.

6. Bristles:
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 Have short calamus, a long rachis bearing few vestigial barbs.

FLIGHTLESS BIRDS:
African ostrich- Struthio
South American ostrich – Rhea
Cassowary – Casuarius
Emu – Dromaius
Tinamou – Tinamus
Kiwi – Apteryx
*Pygostyle: Formed by fusion of last 3 or 4 vertebrae of tail

Class 4: Mammalia
 Mammary glands are modified sweat (sudoriferous) glands.
 Young ones are nourished by mammary glands.
 Found everywhere/ cosmopolitan.
 Two pairs of limbs- Adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming, flying.
 Skin possesses hair.
 External ear pinnae present.
 Heart 4 chambered.
 Homeothermous
 Respiration by lungs.
 Sexes separate and fertilization is internal.
 Viviparous except Platypus.
 Development is direct.
 In males, testes lie outside body cavity in scrotal sacs.
 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
 Middle ear has three ear ossicles- Malleus, incus, stapes
 Neck has 7 cervical vertebrae.
 Aquatic mammals- Whale, Dolphin
Neoteny: Retention of juvenile characters into the adult stage.
Skull: Dicondylic- Amphibians, mammals
Monocondylic- Fish, reptile, birds

MAMMALIA

PROTOTHERIA METATHERIA EUTHERIA

Order- Monotremata Order- Marsupilia Order- Placentalia
Oviparous Viviparous Viviparous
Ear pinnae absent Ear pinnae present Pinnae present except aquatic
forms
Scrotum absent in male Scrotum present in front of penis Scrotum present behind penis
Vagina, uterus absent Double vagina and uterus Single
Nipples absent Nipples present Nipples present
E.g. Ornithorhynchus (platypus) E.g. Macropus (kangaroo) E.g. Human
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Types of feet of mammal:

Plantigrade - Human
Digitigrade - Cat
Unguligrade - Horse