International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)

E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

Design and Simulation of Advanced Solar power

Electric Vehicle Charging Station
Mugdha M. Kulkarni1, Pooja R. Shasttri2, Ajit M. Bansode3
1,2,3
Assistant Professor, KJ College of Engineering Management and Research, Pune, India

Abstract
The main aim of this thesis is to design such a charging station coupled with solar energy for urban cities.
Simplified EV load models are developed by considering most popular commercial EV in the market.
The designed solar powered charging station is tested with the developed EV load models and, would be
located in selected urban cities. In this paper, battery of electric vehicle is charge through two source,
solar and electricity board. Solar is primary source, if any case solar isn’t working (in winter season or
rainy season), EV draws power from electricity board.

Keywords: Solar Power, Electric Vehicle

I. INTRODUCTION
From portable electronics to electric vehicles (EVs), batteries are widely used as a main energy source in
many applications. Interest in batteries for EVs can be traced back to the mid-19th century when the first
EV came into existence. Today, since EVs can reduce gasoline consumption up to 75The U.S. Council
for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the U.S. Advanced Bat- tery Consortium (USABC) have set
minimum goals for battery characteristics for the long-term commercialization of advanced batteries in
EVs and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). To enlarge the market share of EVs and HEVs, safety and
reliabil- ity are the top concerns of users. However, both of them are subject to not only the battery
technology but also the management system for the battery. Therefore, a battery management system
(BMS), as the connector between the battery and the vehicle, plays a vital role in improving battery
performance and optimizing vehicle operation in a safe and reliable manner. Pure-electric and plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles, hereafter denoted as Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs), are more and more
running on the roads. They represent an effective solution to the increasing worry about environmental
pollution and energy consumption of the thermal vehicles. PEV batteries are recharged from the utility
by help of either a house connection or a recharging bollard. In Europe, the house connection provides
electric energy from a single phase 230V outlet whilst the recharging bollard does it from a three-phase
400V outlet. Almost all the PEVs are fitted with battery chargers that comply with both the outlets.
Different types of Electric Vehicles (EVs) are being developed nowadays as alternative to the Internal
Combustion Engines (ICE) vehicles, namely, Battery.Electric Vehicles (BEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (PHEV), in its differ ent configurations, and Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV). Nevertheless,
they are usually used in conjunction with ultra capacitors to store energy during transient moments, as
during the vehicle regenerative braking. Actually, the ultra-capacitors are used in this way to receive a
significant amount of energy in a short time, and to provide this energy to the next acceleration, or to
help charging the batteries. The electrical power grids were not designed for this new type of load,

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

which corresponds to the batteries charging systems of EVs, therefore the impact caused by the
proliferation of EVs cannot be neglected. The challenge is to rebuild the electrical power grids, as early
as possible, as “smarter” as possible, and the most environmentally friendly as possible.

II. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The hybrid power generation systems are installed through parallel connection of two or more
conventional and renewable energy generation systems to each other. The hybrid power generation
systems are one of the best solution methods to meet the electric energy need of mini or micro networks
far distance from energy generation and distribution centers and of small settlement units. Most
commonly, the wind-solar hybrid power generation system is used. For electric generation systems in
various structures, recently, hybrid energy generation systems are realized by combining mainly the
wind and the solar energy and fuel cell and soon. However, as more staff will be used for hybrid energy
generation systems installed with more than one renewable energy source, the cost and installation area
need will increase and structure and inspection of the system will become complicated. In this paper, a
battery-supported hybrid wind-solar energy generation system with switching power flow control is
presented to supply stable electrical power.

III. BASIC CONCEPTS OF SOLAR ELECTRIC VEHICLE

As the world is gearing up to unleash an EV revolution, it is still true that the rate of adaption is slow.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) despite being a greener, smoother and cheaper mode of transport does not seem
to be practical yet. The reason is two words, Cost and Ecosystem. Currently EV’s are priced
substantially at par with Gasoline cars making it a less significant choice for buyers, the advancement in
battery technology and government schemes are expected to bring down the cost of EV in Future.

Electric Vehicle Supply (EVS)

The equipment’s that constitute an Electric Vehicle Charging Station are collectively called as Electric
Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). The term is more popular, and it refers nothing but to the charging
stations. Some people also refer it as ECS which stands for Electric charging station. An EVSE is
designed and engineered to charge a battery pack by using the grid for Power Delivery; these battery
packs might be present in an Electric Vehicle (EV) or in a Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV). The power,
connector and protocol for these EVSE will vary based on it design which we will discuss in this article.

Types of EV Charging Stations (EVSE)

Charging Stations can be broadly classified into two types, AC charging Station and DC charging
Station. An AC charging Station as the name implies provides AC power form the grid to the EV which
is then converted to DC using the On board charger to charge the vehicle. These chargers are also called
the Level 1 and Level 2 Chargers which is used in residential and commercial places. The advantage of
an AC charging station is that the on-board charger will regulate the voltage and current as required for
the EV hence it is not mandatory for the charging station to communicate to the EV. The disadvantage is
its low output power which increase the charging time. A typical AC charging system is show in the
below picture. As we can see the AC from grid is supplied directly to OBC through EVSE, the OBC
then converts it to DC and chargers the battery through the BMS. The Pilot wire is used to sense the type
of charger connected to the EV and set the required input current for the OBC.

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A DC charging Station gets AC power form the grid and converts it to DC voltage and uses it charge the
Battery pack directly by by-passing the On-board Charger (OBS). These chargers normally output high
voltage of upto 600V and current upto 400A which enables the EV to be charged in less than 30 minutes
as compared with 8-16 hours on AC charger. These are also called Level 3 chargers and commonly
known as DC Fast Chargers (DCFC) or Super chargers. The advantage of this type of charger is its fast
charging time while the disadvantage is its complex engineering where it needs to communicate with EV
to charge it efficiently and safely. A typical DC charging system is shown below, as you can see the
EVSE provides DC directly to Battery pack bypassing the OBS. The EVSE is arranged in stacks to
provide high current.gh c current due to power switch limitations.

Charging Station Charger AC Supply Voltage Charger Time to charge a

Type Level and Current Power 24kWH battery
Pack

AC charging Level 1 - Single Phase – ~1.44 kW to ~ 17 Hours

Station Residential 120/230V and ~12 to ~1.92kW
16A

AC charging Level 2 - Split Phase – ~3.1 kW to ~ 8 Hours

Station Commercial 208/240V and ~15 to ~19.2 kW
80A

DC charging Level 3 – Single Phase – ~120 kW to ~ 30 minutes

Station Supercharger 300/600V and ~400A ~240 kW

Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) use electricity from the energy grid to charge large battery packs, then
use the batteries to power an electric motor. They are primarily powered by electricity instead of liquid
fuels and produce no tailpipe emissions. Plug-in vehicles can also generate power from regenerative
braking systems, which convert kinetic energy from the vehicle’s brakes into electricity that is stored in
the battery pack. Since plug-in vehicles rely on rechargeable batteries for power, each vehicle has an
electric range—the maximum number of miles it can travel on battery power before it needs to recharge.
Applications for these vehicles go be yond just passenger cars (though U.S. consumer passenger PEVs
are largely the focus of this fact sheet), as there are currently plug-in electric buses, utility trucks, high-
performance vehicles, and motorcycles. There are two main types of plug-in electric vehicles: • All-

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
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electric (or battery electric) vehicles (BEVs) only use electric power from the grid; they do not have an
internal combustion engine and do not use any type of liquid fuel. BEVs use large battery packs to give
the vehicle a long electric range, with some traveling up to 335 miles on a single charge.

IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM

The main aim of this paper is to analyses the potential for zero carbon car travel by exploring whether:
Zero carbon personal car travel is technically possible and affordable, and can be achieved in the next
five years ; and Zero carbon personal car travel compares to present transport systems, when considered
their cost, co-benefits, attractiveness and convenience,.

Fig.5.1 Architecture of proposed system

V. DESIGN OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES CHARGING STATION

Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Fig circuit diagram of proposed system

Above circuit diagram to the connection of circuit which is consist of what parameters used and
proposed circuit we have used there is detailed explanation step by step in below chapters.

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Vehicle charging system:

Fig Vehicle charging station

Controller circuit:

Fig - Charging controller circuit

Figure shows the charging controller circuit schematics. Various functions are performed through the
EVSE by using the relays of high power rating in the circuit. For safely operating the relay, a driver with
a suitable protection circuit should be applied as the following.

• An overcurrent relay (solid state type) for short circuit and overload protection.
• An electronic contactors witch for latching-up the connector with the supply.
• A controller circuitry which interfaces the on board charger and provides line-to-ground fault
protection.

VI. IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

With the use of a low cost simple ON-OFF controller, only two control states are possible, like fully ON
or fully OFF. It is used for a limited control application where these two control states are enough for the
control objective. However oscillating nature of this control limits its usage and hence it is being
replaced by PID controllers. PID controller maintains the output such that there is zero error between the
process variable and set point/ desired output by closed-loop operations. PID uses three basic control
behaviors that are explained below Proportional or P- controller gives an output that is proportional to
current error e (t). It compares the desired or set point with the actual value or feedback process value.
The resulting error is multiplied with a proportional constant to get the output. If the error value is zero,
then this controller output is zero.

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So finally we observed that by combining these three controllers, we can get the desired response
for the system. Different manufacturers design different PID algorithms.

Maximum power point tracking:

It isolates the dc input from the dc output, so the output can be adjusted for maximum power. Figure
6.10 Operation of an MPPT Charge Controller Perturb and observe; an algorithm that changes a
parameter and observes the results The load is varied and the power is monitored to find the highest
power. This is the same as the perturb and observe algorithm.

VII. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Hardware Requirement
1. Solar panel: solar energy begins with the sun. Solar panels (also known as "PV panels") are used to
convert light from the sun, which is composed of particles of energy called "photons", into electricity
that can be used to power electrical loads. Solar panels can be used for a wide variety of applications
including remote power systems for cabins, telecommunications equipment, remote sensing, and of
course for the production of electricity by residential and commercial solar electric systems.

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We have used solar panel of 4 series modules with 2 parallel strings for simulation. It is used to charge
battery of electric vehicle.
Type of Product : Polycrystalline Solar Panel
Rated Power Range : 1-30 W
Watt : 5W
Voltage at Pmax ( V) : 8.3 V
Module Voltage : 6V

2. Battery: battery is charged from solar panel. Electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries of various
designs, similar to those used in cell phones and laptop computers, only on a much larger scale. Lithium-
ion batteries have a high energy density and are less likely than other types of batteries to lose their
charge when not being used. An EV’s battery capacity is expressed in terms of kilowatt-hours, which is
abbreviated as kWh. More is better here.
Voltage- 12V
Battery Capacity- 1.3Ah
Terminal Standard F3-TAB 187E

Operation Temperature :
Charge 0°C (32°F) - 40°C (104°F)
Discharge -20°C (-4°F) - 50°C (122°F)
Storage -20°C (-4°F) - 40°C (104°F)
Capacity 25° (77°F)
20 hour rate (0.165A) 1.3AH
10 hour rate 1.17AH
5 hour rate 1.04AH
1 hour rate (1.98A) 0.78AH

VIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

MATLAB Simulation of ”Design and Simulation Of Advanced Solar-Powered Electric Vehicl Charging
Station” is shown in fig 9.1. It consists of charge controller, invert Station” is show in fig 9.1. It consists
of charge controller, inverter, rectifier, PI controller and distribution panel. rectifier, PI controller and
distribution panel.

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
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IX. CONCLUSIONS
Electric vehicles are a zero emissions transport technology. Charged from renewable electricity, and
with no tailpipe emissions, EVs are a personal transport solution that can help address climate change
while also delivering a range of benefits. EV technology, especially batteries, is advancing rapidly and
prices continue to fall. We are rapidly approaching a cross-over point where the lifetime costs of ICEs
are greater than that of electric cars. Moreover, there has been an explosion in the development of a
diverse range of electric personal mobility devices, such as electric bicycles and scooters. The transport
sector is electrifying and diversifying, all at the same time. Most importantly, a shift to 100 per cent EVs
for urban travel alone would eliminate six per cent of greenhouse gas emissions. This would increase to
8 per cent of emissions if regional car travel is also included. This would make a major dent in India’s
emissions and bring India closer to a zero emissions economy. EV charging promotes the self-
consumption of PV and these results in increased PV revenues when feed-in tariffs are lower than retail
electricity price. Thus the dual benefit of lower fuel cost and emission make EV charging from PV to be
both economical and environmentally beneficial. If in case, sunlight is not available then one can use
power from electricity board, making it uninterrupted power supply.

X. REFERENCES
1. Samir M. Shariff, Mohammad Saad Alam, Furkan Ahmad , Yasser Rafat, M. Syed JamilAsghar and
Saadullah Khan, “System Design and Realization of a Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging
Station”, IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, 1937-9234 © 2019 IEEE
2. Energies 2011, 4, 1840-1857; doi:10.3390/en4111840 energies ISSN 1996- 107
www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Review Battery Management Systems in Electric and Hybrid
Vehicles Yinjiao Xing 1 , Eden W. M. Ma 1, Kwok L.Tsui 1,2and Michael Pecht
3. Hu, X., Zou, C., Zhang, C., Li, Y. (2017). Technological Developments in Batteries: A Survey of
Principal Roles, Types, and Management Needs. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 15(5), 20–31.
doi:10.1109/mpe.2017.2708812
4. Caspar, M., Eiler, T., Hohmann, S. (2014). Comparison of Active Bat- tery Balancing Systems. 2014
IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC). doi:10.1109/vppc.2014.7007027
5. Cao, J., Schofield, N., Emadi, A. (2008). Battery balancing methods: A comprehensive review. 2008
IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Confer- ence. doi:10.1109/vppc.2008.467766

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