DSP 1

Lecture Notes: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
by Dr. W G Chathuranga Kumarage

Department of Physics and Electronics, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
1 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

Definition: DSP involves the manipulation of signals (such as audio, video, and biomedical signals)
using digital systems and algorithms.
Importance: DSP is critical for modern technologies such as digital media, telecommunications,
and medical devices.
Key Components:
• Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC): Converts continuous analog signals into digital form.
• Digital Signal Processor (DSP): Performs operations on the digital signal (e.g., filtering, com-
pression, analysis).
• Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC): Converts processed digital signals back into analog form.
2 Block Diagram of a DSP System

Below is a block diagram of a typical DSP system:
Analog Input ADC DSP DAC Analog Output
Explanation of Each Block:

• Analog Input: Receives real-world continuous signals (e.g., voltage, sound, light).
• ADC: Converts the continuous-time analog signal into a discrete-time digital signal.
• DSP: Processes the digital signal using algorithms like filtering, compression, and Fourier trans-
forms.
• DAC: Converts the processed digital signal back into an analog form.
• Analog Output: Outputs the processed analog signal for real-world applications.
3 Key DSP Concepts

Analog vs Digital Signals:
• Analog: Continuous in time and amplitude (e.g., temperature, voltage).
• Digital: Discrete in time and amplitude (e.g., binary data in a computer).
Sampling:
• Sampling converts an analog signal into a digital signal by taking discrete samples at uniform
intervals.
• Nyquist Theorem: The sampling rate should be at least twice the highest frequency of the signal
to avoid aliasing.
Aliasing: Aliasing occurs when the signal is undersampled, causing high-frequency components to
be misrepresented as lower frequencies. Anti-aliasing filters are used to prevent this.
1
4 Digital Filtering Example
Problem: A noisy signal contains unwanted high-frequency components.
Solution: A digital lowpass filter can remove high-frequency noise while retaining useful low-frequency
signals.
Noisy Signal Lowpass Filter Clean Signal
Explanation of Digital Filtering:

• Noisy Signal: Contains both low-frequency components (useful) and high-frequency noise.
• Lowpass Filter: Passes the low-frequency components of the signal while attenuating high-
frequency noise.
• Clean Signal: The resulting signal after filtering, free from high-frequency noise.
5 Real-World Applications of DSP

5.1 Digital Crossover Audio System
In audio systems, DSP splits audio signals into high and low frequencies. The low frequencies are sent
to the woofer, while the high frequencies go to the tweeter. This allows for more flexible and precise
control over the sound.
5.2 Interference Cancellation in ECG

ECG signals are often corrupted by 60Hz interference from power lines. DSP can apply a digital notch
filter to remove this interference, leading to cleaner ECG signals for accurate diagnosis.
5.3 Speech Coding and Compression

DSP is used to compress audio files for efficient storage and transmission. For example, MP3 players use
DSP to store high-quality sound in compressed formats.
5.4 Compact-Disc Recording System

DSP processes and stores high-quality audio signals at a high sampling rate. In CD playback systems,
DSP techniques ensure accurate reconstruction of the original audio signal.
5.5 Vibration Analysis for Gearbox Faults

DSP analyzes vibration data from industrial gearboxes to detect defects in gear teeth, preventing catas-
trophic failures.
6 Summary
• DSP enables the manipulation of digital signals, offering precision and flexibility.
• Key components of DSP systems include ADC, DSP algorithms, DAC, and filters.
• Applications of DSP include audio processing, telecommunications, and medical imaging.
2
7 Multiple-Choice Questions
1. What is the main function of an ADC in a DSP system?

a) To convert digital signals to analog form.
b) To filter the input signal.
c) To convert analog signals to digital form.

d) To process the digital signal using algorithms.
2. Which theorem states that the sampling rate should be at least twice the highest
frequency of the signal?
a) Shannon’s Theorem
b) Nyquist Theorem
c) Fourier Theorem
d) Bandwidth Theorem
3. What type of filter would be used to remove high-frequency noise from a signal?
a) Highpass Filter
b) Bandpass Filter
c) Lowpass Filter
d) Notch Filter

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Lecture Notes: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing

by Dr. W G Chathuranga Kumarage

1 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

2 Block Diagram of a DSP System

Analog Input ADC DSP DAC Analog Output

Explanation of Each Block:

3 Key DSP Concepts

Noisy Signal Lowpass Filter Clean Signal

Explanation of Digital Filtering:

5 Real-World Applications of DSP

5.2 Interference Cancellation in ECG

5.3 Speech Coding and Compression

5.4 Compact-Disc Recording System

5.5 Vibration Analysis for Gearbox Faults

1. What is the main function of an ADC in a DSP system?

c) To convert analog signals to digital form.

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